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Purpose: This paper combines a synthetic index system by the variables and evaluates China's financial safety through the change of indexes in a comprehensive way. First of all, it builds the financial industry evaluation index system composed of 25indicators in terms of the operation of the financial industry and external economic environment and particularly takes into consideration factors which might trigger liquidity risks such as off-balance-sheet business, interbank business and shadow banking; then it selects 10 indicators to conduct empirical analysis and identifies the indicator weight through principal component analysis; finally it combines the financial safety indexes through the linear weighted comprehensive evaluation model. Design/methodology/approach: Synthesis of indexes is made by constructing a proper comprehensive evaluation mathematical model, integrating a number of evaluation indexes into one comprehensive evaluation index and then obtaining corresponding comprehensive evaluation results. In this paper, it selects 10 indexes to conduct empirical analysis and identifies the index weight through principal component analysis; finally it combines the financial safety indexes through the linear weighted comprehensive evaluation model. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. PCA was invented in 1901 and was later independently developed (and named) by Harold Hotelling in the 1930s. Findings: From 2003 to 2013 China's financial safety indexes fluctuated. From 2003 to 2007 indexes rose, which indicates China's financial safety status gradually improved; from 2007 to 2009 indexes declined, which indicates due to the impact of subprime crisis, China's financial safety status took a turn for the worse; from 2009 to 2012 indexes rose, which indicates the external environment improved so did China's financial safety status; from 2012 to 2013 indexes declined because due to the rapid development of banks' financial products and trust products, banks' off-balance-sheet assets and liquidity risks increased. The changes of financial safety indexes are generally identical with those of China's financial safety status. Research limitations/implications: In the empirical analysis part, this article tries to selective 24 indicators synthetic index of China's financial security, but due to some of the indicators data acquisition is relatively difficult, can only Selective 10 of 25 indicators and gather the annual data of 10 indicators from 2003 to 2013 to synthetic index. The information of eliminated indicators cannot be reflected in the index. Index change also does not reflect of the risk from these indicators. In order to make up for the above limitations, this paper is mainly to introduce and analysis our latest financial institutions business trends associated with these eliminated indicators to get the conclusions more reliable. Originality/value: The aim of this research is to estimate financial safety of China with the application of the index of financial safety of a country using the annual data of 2003-2013. Through synthetic index of financial security measure the risks of China's financial system, provide the basis for the government macro financial policy. The Originality of the paper is mainly manifested in incorporating factors which have made important impacts on China's financial safety in recent years, but have not been taken into consideration in the existing studies into the newly constructed financial safety index system. For example, some factors that cannot be controlled easily might have huge hidden risk hazards. To be more specific, factors such as off-balance-sheet business, interbank business and shadow banking might trigger liquidity risks. In this way, the research results will be more practical. ; Peer Reviewed

In dieser Untersuchung wird die regionale Verteilung der Fördermittel des Bundes für Maßnahmen der Energieeinsparung und Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz in Deutschland im Durchschnitt für den Zeitraum 1999 bis 2012 dargestellt und es wird ein Vergleich mit der regionalen Verteilung der EEG-Vergütungen vorgenommen. Räumliche Betrachtungseinheiten sind die Bundesländer, Bundesländergruppen, Landkreise und siedlungsstrukturelle Kreistypen. Es werden sowohl die regionalen Unterschiede der absoluten Fördermittel wie auch Unterschiede in der Fördermittelintensität analysiert. Die Untersuchung kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass für die EEG-Vergütungen zur Erzeugung erneuerbaren Stroms knapp das 6-fache an Fördergeldern ausgegeben wurde als für Maßnahmen, die der Energieeinsparung und Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz dienen. An der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien sind die ländlichen Regionen maßgeblich beteiligt und erhalten 68,5 % der EEG-Vergütungen. Auf die Einwohner umgerechnet erhalten unter den ländlichen Regionen die dünn besiedelten ländlichen Kreise mit rund 530 Euro je Einwohner die höchsten EEG-Vergütungszahlungen im Jahr 2011. Aus Fördertöpfen des Bundes für Energiespar- und Energieeffizienzprogramme sowie für investive Maßnahmen der Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energie erhalten die ländlichen Regionen einen Fördermittelanteil von rund 38 %. Die jahresdurchschnittlichen Fördermittel liegen für die dünn besiedelten ländlichen Kreise bei rund 21 Euro je Einwohner. Ländliche Kreise mit Verdichtungsansätzen kommen ebenfalls auf knapp 21 Euro, schneiden jedoch mit rund 345 Euro je Einwohner bei den EEG-Vergütungen schlechter ab als die dünn besiedelten ländlichen Kreise. Die Einwohner der nicht ländlichen Kreise erreichen im Durchschnitt bei den investiven Maßnahmen der Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien sowie den Energiespar- und Energieeffizienzprogrammen eine Förderintensität von rund 15 und bei den EEG-Vergütungen eine Förderintensität von 92 Euro je Einwohner. Betrachtet man die absoluten Fördermittel schneiden die südlichen alten Bundesländern, insbesondere Bayern und Baden-Württemberg, bei den EEG-Vergütungszahlungen wie bei den Fördermitteln für Energiespar- und Energieeffizienzprogramme besser ab als der Durchschnitt der nördlichen Bundesländer. Auch im Vergleich zu den neuen Bundesländern stehen sie besser da. Bezieht man die Fördermittel auf die Einwohner holen die nördlichen alten Bundesländer sowie die neuen Bundesländer im Ranking auf. ; The study analyses the regional distribution effects of subsidies from the German government for measures to save energy and improve energy efficiency in Germany on average for the years 1999 to 2012. In addition it draws a comparison with the regional distribution of the Renewable Energy Law (EEG) compensation. The spatial units considered are the German federal states, groups of federal German states, counties and district types of counties. Both the regional differences of the absolute subsidies as well as differences in the intensity of subsidies are analysed. The study concludes that slightly more than six times as much funding is provided for the EEG compensation to produce renewable electricity than for measures which serve to save energy and improve energy efficiency. Of the rural regions a significant number is involved in the electricity production and receive 68,5% of the EEG compensation. Based on number of inhabitants, the sparsely populated rural counties received with roughly 530 Euros per inhabitant the highest EEG compensation payments in 2011. Rural regions receive about 38 % of subsidies for energy saving and energy efficiency programs as well as for investment measures from the promotional pools of the German government. The annual average of subsidies for the sparsely populated districts amounts to roughly 21 Euros per inhabitant. In rural districts in agglomerations the annual average subsidies per inhabitant are also amount to roughly 21 Euros. But with roughly 345 Euros concerning the EEG compensation their performance is below that the sparsely population rural areas. With an investment measure for the creation of renewable energy inhabitants of non-rural counties attain, in both the energy saving and energy efficiency programs, a promotional intensity of about 15 Euros, and in the EEG compensation a promotional intensity of about 92 Euros per inhabitant. If one considers the absolute subsidies, the southern old federal states, particularly Bavaria and Baden Wurttemberg, fare better with an EEG compensation payments as well as for the promotional measures for energy savings and efficiency programs than do the average northern federal states. They are also better situated in comparison to the new federal states. However, if the promotional funds are related to the number of inhabitants, both the northern old federal states and the new federal states improve in the ranking.

The annual diarrhoea deaths of children under 5 years old in the world are at the striking level of 1 - 3 million. Together with pneumonia, diarrhoea is one of the primary killers of children and especially the poor, with countries in Africa and South East Asia (SEA) bearing most of its global burden. Vietnam is a country which, despite its official exit from poverty during the 1990s, has been facing an average of over 1.5 million annual documented cases of diarrhoea for the period between 2005 and 2011. This high incidence of the disease persists despite the existence of known preventions, and thus remains an ongoing development concern. By examining the case of diarrheal disease in the region of Vietnam's Mekong Delta, the study strives to understand the factors that govern this essentially preventable health risk. The goal of this study is particularly to answer how cultural, social and political environments define and shape the spread of diarrheal disease in Can Tho City in Vietnam's Mekong Delta. In order to achieve this goal, the study draws greatly from the theoretical current of Political Ecology. Tracing the roots of inequalities that come together with the use of natural resources, political ecologists usually seek to answer how knowledge around these risks is being constructed. Through this questioning of socio-environmental problems, power emerges as an element which determines if and how policy will be turned into practice and whom this process will benefit. Similarly, as this study aims at locating 'the political' in disease, it asks questions such as: what guides the spread of disease physically, what hinders its control institutionally and why people are disempowered from being able to be adequately protected from it. Engaging with questions of how the risk of disease is constructed, communicated and understood, this study, therefore, also calls for a better understanding of the agents who produce, receive and circulate that knowledge. The field of Critical Medical Anthropology proves extremely useful in exploring human health in this regard, laying bare issues of access to wealth and power, relating health patterns to socio-political aspects and to the cultural meanings that are ascribed to disease. In the case of Vietnam, it was shown how the projected image of a modernized and developed state which procures for its citizens highly contradicts the reality of a degrading and increasingly unhealthy environment, with significant parts of the population being vulnerable and suffering from a disease that can be controlled. This now obvious contradiction, however, remains blurred within the country. The constructed discourse marginalises the poor and normalises suffering, while at the same time legitimising the state's abdication of its responsibility to provide basic healthcare and clean water; instead the state transfers these responsibilities to the people. The Vietnamese state has subtly, but methodically, designed its institutions in a way that they obey bureaucratic order and present proof of their prescribed activities; even if in reality, much of the policy is hardly ever turned into meaningful practice. As this study shows, even though indicators of disease (incidence and mortality) provide a measurable and logical way to assess health risks, this type of assessment defines the risk of disease in a very narrow manner. It is for this reason that biomedical experts, public health practitioners and international think-tanks on health need to engage in a sincere dialogue with the humanities, including ethnographers, sociologists and political scientists. Although the methodologies and the epistemologies followed in these widely-defined fields might diverge immensely, they share a common interest of acting for the improvement of human health. If such a claim holds truth, then there is a lot to be gained from interdisciplinary thinking and sharing.

Background: Exposure to air pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and specifically pyrene from combustion of fuel oil, coal, traffic and indoor sources, has been associated with adverse respiratory health outcomes. However, time trends of airborne PAH and metabolite levels detected via repeat measures over time have not yet been characterized. We hypothesized that PAH levels, measured repeatedly from residential indoor and outdoor monitors, and children׳s urinary concentrations of PAH metabolites, would decrease following policy interventions to reduce traffic-related air pollution. Methods: Indoor PAH (particle- and gas-phase) were collected for two weeks prenatally (n=98), at age 5/6 years (n=397) and age 9/10 years (n=198) since 2001 and at all three age-points (n=27). Other traffic-related air pollutants (black carbon and PM2.5) were monitored indoors simultaneous with PAH monitoring at ages 5/6 (n=403) and 9/10 (n=257) between 2005 and 2012. One third of the homes were selected across seasons for outdoor PAH, BC and PM2.5 sampling. Using the same sampling method, ambient PAH, BC and PM2.5 also were monitored every two weeks at a central site between 2007 and 2012. PAH were analyzed as semivolatile PAH (e.g., pyrene; MW 178–206) (∑8PAHsemivolatile: Including pyrene (PYR), phenanthrene (PHEN), 1-methylphenanthrene (1-MEPH), 2-methylphenanthrene (2-MEPH), 3-methylphenanthrene (3-MEPH), 9-methylphenanthrene (9-MEPH), 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene (1,7-DMEPH), and 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene (3,6-DMEPH)) and the sum of eight nonvolatile PAH (∑8PAHnonvolatile: Including benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene/iso-chrysene (Chry), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbFA), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkFA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (IP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP); MW 228–278). A spot urine sample was collected from children at child ages 3, 5, 7 and 9 between 2001 and 2012 and analyzed for 10 PAH metabolites. Results: Modest declines were detected in indoor BC and PM2.5 levels between 2005 and 2012 (Annual percent change [APC]=−2.08% [p=0.010] and −2.18% [p=0.059] for BC and PM2.5, respectively), while a trend of increasing pyrene levels was observed in indoor and outdoor samples, and at the central site during the comparable time periods (APC=4.81%, 3.77% and 7.90%, respectively; p<0.05 for all). No significant time trend was observed in indoor ∑8PAHnonvolatile levels between 2005 and 2012; however, significant opposite trends were detected when analyzed seasonally (APC=−8.06% [p<0.01], 3.87% [p<0.05] for nonheating and heating season, respectively). Similarly, heating season also affected the annual trends (2005–2012) of other air pollutants: the decreasing BC trend (in indoor/outdoor air) was observed only in the nonheating season, consistent with dominating traffic sources that decreased with time; the increasing pyrene trend was more apparent in the heating season. Outdoor PM2.5 levels persistently decreased over time across the seasons. With the analyses of data collected over a longer period of time (2001–2012), a decreasing trend was observed in pyrene (APC=−2.76%; p<0.01), mostly driven by measures from the nonheating season (APC=−3.54%; p<0.01). In contrast, levels of pyrene and naphthalene metabolites, 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol, increased from 2001 to 2012 (APC=6.29% and 7.90% for 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol, respectively; p<0.01 for both). Conclusions: Multiple NYC legislative regulations targeting traffic-related air pollution may have led to decreases in ∑8PAHnonvolatile and BC, especially in the nonheating season. Despite the overall decrease in pyrene over the 2001–2012 periods, a rise in pyrene levels in recent years (2005–2012), that was particularly evident for measures collected during the heating season, and 2-naphthol, indicates the contribution of heating oil combustion and other indoor sources to airborne pyrene and urinary 2-naphthol.

La recente Direttiva 31/2010 dell'Unione Europea impone agli stati membri di riorganizzare il quadro legislativo nazionale in materia di prestazione energetica degli edifici, affinchè tutte le nuove costruzioni presentino dal 1° gennaio 2021 un bilancio energetico tendente allo zero; termine peraltro anticipato al 1° gennaio 2019 per gli edifici pubblici. La concezione di edifici a energia "quasi" zero (nZEB) parte dal presupposto di un involucro energeticamente di standard passivo per arrivare a compensare, attraverso la produzione preferibilmente in sito di energia da fonti rinnovabili, gli esigui consumi richiesti su base annuale. In quest'ottica la riconsiderazione delle potenzialità dell'architettura solare individua degli strumenti concreti e delle valide metodologie per supportare la progettazione di involucri sempre più performanti che sfruttino pienamente una risorsa inesauribile, diffusa e alla portata di tutti come quella solare. Tutto ciò in considerazione anche della non più procrastinabile necessità di ridurre il carico energetico imputabile agli edifici, responsabili come noto di oltre il 40% dei consumi mondiali e del 24% delle emissioni di gas climalteranti. Secondo queste premesse la ricerca pone come centrale il tema dell'integrazione dei sistemi di guadagno termico, cosiddetti passivi, e di produzione energetica, cosiddetti attivi, da fonte solare nell'involucro architettonico. Il percorso sia analitico che operativo effettuato si è posto la finalità di fornire degli strumenti metodologici e pratici al progetto dell'architettura, bisognoso di un nuovo approccio integrato mirato al raggiungimento degli obiettivi di risparmio energetico. Attraverso una ricognizione generale del concetto di architettura solare e dei presupposti teorici e terminologici che stanno alla base della stessa, la ricerca ha prefigurato tre tipologie di esito finale: una codificazione delle morfologie ricorrenti nelle realizzazioni solari, un'analisi comparata del rendimento solare nelle principali aggregazioni tipologiche edilizie e una parte importante di verifica progettuale dove sono stati applicati gli assunti delle categorie precedenti ; The recent Directive 31/2010 of the European Union requires that the member states reorganize their national legislative framework in the field of energy performance of buildings. so that from 1 January 2021 the energy balance of all new buildings will tend to zero (1 January 2019 for public buildings). The concept of nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) is based on the assumption that the envelope follows the standard of the passive houses and the small energy consumption required on annual basis is compensated by the production of renewable energy, preferably on-site. In this context, the rethinking of the potential of solar architecture allows to identify concrete tools and valid methodologies to support the design of increasingly efficient envelopes that take full advantage of an inexhaustible, common and affordable energy source, such as the solar energy. This should be achieved considering the necessity of no longer delaying the reduction of the energy load due to buildings, known as responsible for over 40% of world consumption and 24% of greenhouse gas emissions. According to these premises, the central theme of the research is the integration of the heat gain systems, so-called passive, and the solar energy production, so-called active, in the envelope. The carried out analytical and operational path has set the objective of providing practical and methodological tools for the design of the architecture, in need of a new integrated approach to achieve the goals of energy savings. Through a general survey of the concept of solar architecture and its theoretical assumptions and terminology, the research has envisioned three types of outcome: a codification of the recurring morphologies in solar constructions, a comparative analysis of the solar performance in the principal types of building aggregations and a significant design verification, where the assumptions of the previous categories have been applied

В статье рассматриваются вопросы государственного регулирования инвестиционной деятельности предприятий нефтегазового комплекса Республики Коми. Республика имеет один из наиболее высоких инвестиционных рейтингов среди регионов России, что объясняется наличием богатой минерально-сырьевой базы. На протяжении более полувека республика остается стабильным поставщиком углеводородного сырья для промышленности страны: на ее долю приходится около 6 % ежегодной добычи нефти в России. Для определения инвестиционной привлекательности и уточнения целесообразности вложения средств была проведена стоимостная оценка ресурсов и запасов нефти и газа в недрах по трем категориям: минерально-сырьевой потенциал, богатство недр, востребованное богатство недр.В соответствии с законодательством региональные власти субъектов Российской Федерации практически лишены возможности существенным образом влиять на предприятия нефтегазового комплекса. В то же время успешное социально-экономическое развитие региона невозможно без стабилизации добычи нефти. В связи с тем, что на территории республики новые запасы углеводородов сосредоточены в небольших и труднодоступных залежах, их выявление и подготовка к разработке требуют применения нетрадиционных подходов и, следовательно, крупных финансовых вложений.С целью разработки механизма административного управления нефтегазовым комплексом на региональном уровне был проанализирован опыт Республики Коми в области заключения соглашений о сотрудничестве между правительством Республики Коми и ведущими компаниями по вопросам экономического развития, экологической безопасности, социальной ответственности, развития инфраструктуры, увеличения объемов инвестиций. Экономические механизмы регулирования в республике базируются на предоставлении налоговых льгот предприятиям, ведущим инвестиционные проекты. В работе показаны достоинства и недостатки разработанной системы оценки инвестиционных проектов, а также высказаны предложения, направленные на оптимизацию процедуры предоставления налоговых льгот. Указывается на необходимость увеличения объемов ежегодных инвестиций в эксплуатационное бурение и обустройство месторождений углеводородного сырья, внедрение современных инновационных методов увеличения нефтеотдачи пластов.Article is devoted to the questions of state regulation of investment activity of the enterprises of oil and gas complex of the Republic of Komi. The Republic has one of the highest investment ratings among the Russian regions due to the availability of rich mineral resource base. For over half a century, the Republic remains a stable supplier of hydrocarbon raw materials for the industry of the country: it accounts for about 6 % of the annual oil production in Russia.To determine the investment attractiveness and clarify feasibility of investing valuation of reserves and resources of oil and gas was conducted at three categories: mineral potential, mineral wealth and demanded mineral wealth.Currently, the regional authorities of subjects of the Russian Federation have little impact on the oil and gas companies. At the same time, to ensure sustainable social and economic development of the region it is necessary to stabilize oil production. Due to the fact that on the territory of the Republic new hydrocarbon reserves are presented in small and hard-to-reach deposits, their identification and development require non-traditional approaches and, consequently, solid investment.In order to develop a mechanism of administrative control of the oil and gas complex at the regional level, the experience of the Republic of Komi in the field of cooperation agreements between the Government of the Republic of Komi and leading companies was analyzed on issues of economic development, environmental security, social responsibility, development of infrastructure, increased investment.Economic mechanisms of regulation are based on investment deduction for the companies. The paper shows advantages and disadvantages of the developed system of evaluation of investment projects and proposals to improve procedures for granting tax exemptions. The article proves the need to increase annual investment in development of drilling and hydrocarbon fields, the introduction of modern innovative methods of enhanced oil recovery.

В настоящее время становится очевидным тот факт, что обеспечение высоких и устойчивых темпов развития страны, достижение стратегических целей государственной власти невозможно без заинтересованного партнерства органов власти с представителями частного бизнеса. В отечественной экономической литературе степень изученности вопросов партнерства может быть охарактеризована как достаточно противоречивая. С одной стороны, число опубликованных работ по данной теме достаточно велико (В.Г. Варнавский, Р.А. Абрамов, С.П. Перегудов, А.И. Татаркин, А.А. Спиридонов, Л.И. Абалкин и др.). Однако многие из имеющихся работ в преимущественной мере описывают основные формы действующей практики партнерских отношений. Недостаточное внимание уделяется путям и проблемам интеграции партнерского взаимодействия власти и бизнес-структур в стратегии и программы регионального развития. В связи с вышеперечисленным Институт социально-экономического развития территорий Российской академии наук провел опрос в данном направлении (в рамках ежегодного анкетного опроса руководителей промышленных предприятий Вологодской области) для оценки степени развития партнерских отношений, выявления проблем взаимодействия власти и бизнеса в регионе. Информационной базой исследования послужили периодические издания и интернет-ресурсы, данные ежегодного мониторинга развития промышленности Вологодской области. Для достижения поставленной цели использовались системный и комплексный подходы, а также общенаучные методы исследований (сравнительный анализ, обобщение, сопоставление), табличные и графические приемы обработки информации. Результаты проведенного анкетного опроса позволили выявить ряд факторов, сдерживающих формирование системы партнерских отношений, в частности, бюрократизм управленческих структур, недостаток бюджетных средств для финансирования совместных проектов, трудности принятия компромиссных решений и др. Успешному осуществлению партнерских отношений власти и бизнеса будет способствовать реализация ряда мер на федеральном, региональном и корпоративном уровнях, направленных на координацию усилий всех сторон, обеспечение учета интересов бизнеса и различных социальных групп общества при выработке и проведении социально-экономической политики. ; At the present time it becomes evident that it is possible to ensure high and sustainable rates of country's development and achieve strategic objectives only with a committed partnership between the authorities and the representatives of private business. In the national economic literature the available information on this issue can be described as contradictory. On the one hand, the number of published works on this topic is large enough (V.G. Varnavskii, R. A. Abramov, S. P. Peregudov, I. Tatarkin, A. A. Spiridonov, L. I. Abalkin and others). However, many works describe the basic shape of the current partnership practice. The insufficient attention is paid to the ways and problems of public-private partnership integration in the strategies and programs for regional development. The Institute of Socio-Economic Development of Territories of the Russian Academy of Sciences conducted a survey in this direction (as part of the annual questionnaire survey of industrial enterprises' managers in the Vologda Oblast) to assess the degree of partnership development, identify the problems of government-business interaction in the region. Periodicals, Internet resources, data on the annual monitoring of industry development in the Vologda Oblast served as a research data base. To achieve this purpose we used systematic and comprehensive approaches, as well as general scientific research methods (comparative analysis, synthesis, mapping), table and graphical methods of information processing. The questionnaire results revealed a number of factors hindering the formation of partnership relations, including bureaucracy of administrative structures, a lack of budget funds to finance joint projects, difficulties in coming to agreement, etc. Successful public-private partnership includes the implementation of a number of measures at the federal, regional and corporate levels, aimed at coordinating the efforts of all parties, meeting the needs of business and different social groups while developing and implementing social and economic policy.

В данной статье с целью анализа и моделирования стратегических возможностей модернизации развивающейся экономики излагаются и используются сущность инновационноциклической теории экономического развития Шумпетера-Кондратьева; математические модели и методики расчета различных сценариев демографической динамики, долгосрочного экономического роста и динамики технического прогресса, а также структурный анализ экономики и необходимость государственной промышленной политики. Показано, что любая страна, опирающаяся исключительно на собственную технологическую базу, не сможет обеспечить темпы роста экономики, превышающие 2-3% ежегодных. В то же время эффективное заимствование передовых технологий извне при наличии высококвалифицированных инженерно-технических кадров позволяет добиваться дополнительных ежегодных темпов роста порядка 6-7% на протяжении двух-трех десятилетий. Все это реализуется совместно только в случае нарастающего инвестирования в человеческий капитал, и, в первую очередь, в опережающую подготовку высококвалифицированных инженернотехнических кадров на основе новейших достижений науки, техники и технологий. Оценки показывают, что для России потребуется увеличение численности занятых в сфере НИОКР ученых и инженерно-технических работников почти вдвое примерно к 2030 году. Показано, что инновационное развитие и технологическая модернизация промышленности органично дополняют друг друга и только их совместное и взаимоувязанное осуществление позволит добиться успешной модернизации экономики в целом. А с учетом демографических проблем для России также ключевой и неотложной задачей является ускоренное развитие человеческого капитала. Таким образом, для успеха инновационно-модернизационного прорыва России необходимо одновременно решать три ключевые задачи: инновационного развития, технологической модернизации промышленности и ускоренного развития человеческого капитала. Это приведет уже в скором времени, через 5-7 лет, к синергетическому эффекту умножения позитивных сдвигов на каждом из указанных направлений и в целом к достижению стабильно высоких темпов экономического роста, равных 8-10% в год, требуемых для перехода в разряд самых развитых социальных государств мира. ; The following components are used for the analysis and modeling of strategic potentials of a developing economy: essential elements of Schumpeter-Kondratieff innovationcyclical theory of economic development; mathematical models and methods of the calculation of various scenarios of demographic dynamics, long-term economic growth and dynamics of technical progress, as well as well as a structural analysis of economy and governmental policies. It is demonstrated that any country that relies exclusively on its own technological basis cannot secure annual economic growth rates exceeding 2-3 percent. In the meantime effective borrowing of advanced technologies from outside (in presence of highly qualified engineering staff) may secure additional 6-7 per cent of annual growth for two or even three decades. This can only be realized in the case of advancing investments in the human capital (and, first of all, in the training of highly qualified engineering staff on the basis of the latest achievements of science and technology). Estimates suggest that by 2030 Russia will need to increase the numbers of scientists and engineers in R&D almost two-fold. It is shown that the innovative development and technological modernization of industry organically reinforce each other; it is only their joint realization that can help achieve successful modernization of the economy as a whole. Given Russias demographic problem the accelerated development of the human capital turns out to be an especially urgent and pressing task for this country. Thus, to succeed in its innovation-modernization breakthrough Russia needs to solve simultaneously three key tasks: innovative development; technological modernization of its industries; accelerated development of its human capital. Within quite a short period of time (roughly 5-7 years) this could lead to a synergetic effect of the multiplication of positive shifts in each of the abovementioned directions, and in general to the achieving of stable high rates of economic growth (about 8-10 per cent a year), which are necessary for Russia in order for it to become one of the more advanced and socially responsible countries of the world

The town of Angers like most of the French cities has to change its flower-planting policy according to several factors which are the causes of this change like the context of the French economy or the awareness of environmental problems. These modifications have been materialized by a decline in planting of annual or biennial plants and by an increasingly use of perennials in flower beds. This decrease in the use of seasonal flowers has knock-on effect on the production cost for the town. It also raises the question about the integration of new growing. Indeed, the whole of the flowers necessary to embellish the town of Angers are grown in public facilities. Consequently, the calculation of the production costs and the calculation of the cost of return are necessary to evaluate the profitability of the growing of seasonal plants. It also enables to estimate the feasibility of producing perennials. Production costs prove that it's preferable to grow annual and biennial in public greenhouse instead of buying them from private companies. Moreover, they also reveal many alternatives which are more profitable than totally internalized growing. In this case, a part of the growing is carried out by private growers. On the other hand, the decrease in the quantity of the plants to grow frees enough time to think about growing perennial in public greenhouse. The setting up of this growing is feasible but it imposes to settle a specific organization that breeds some costs of return greater than private companies 'ones. However, some alternatives from whole growing in public facilities exist and enable to grow perennial with nearly the same cost price than in private companies. Production costs are not the only elements of the plant value. So, a comparison between public and private greenhouses includes other parameter like environmental or societal based factors. ; La ville d'Angers, comme la plupart des villes françaises, est contrainte de revoir sa politique de fleurissement en raison de plusieurs facteurs liés au contexte économique et à la prise de conscience environnementale. Ce changement de mode de fonctionnement amène à une diminution de l'emploi de végétaux saisonniers tels que les annuelles et les bisannuelles et à la plantation croissante de plantes vivaces dans les espaces verts. Cette diminution a des conséquences directes sur les coûts de production pour la municipalité qui produit l'ensemble de ses plantes en régie et pose la question de l'intégration de nouvelles cultures. Le calcul des coûts de production et des coûts de revient s'impose donc pour évaluer la rentabilité des productions saisonnières et la faisabilité d'internaliser la production de vivaces. Ils montrent que d'un point de vue économique la production en interne est toujours justifiée avec des coûts de revient pour les annuelles et les bisannuelles inférieurs à ceux d'un achat au privé. Cependant, ils permettent aussi de mettre en avant différentes solutions alternatives à la production totalement internalisée qui apparaissent plus rentables. Celles-ci se basent sur l'externalisation d'une partie de la production. La diminution des quantités à produire permet de dégager un temps suffisant pour envisager la production en interne des plantes vivaces. La mise en place de ces dernières est possible mais impose une certaine organisation qui engendre un coût de revient supérieur à celui des producteurs privés. Néanmoins, des alternatives à un suivi du cycle de culture complet au centre horticole montrent qu'il est envisageable de cultiver des vivaces pour un coût de revient quasi similaire à celui d'un achat externalisé. Le coût de revient n'est en outre pas à lui seul le reflet de la valeur d'une plante, la comparaison intègre donc par la suite des paramètres d'ordre environnemental et sociétal.

Sweden reports emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) annually to the UNFCCC and the EU Monitoring Mechanism. Emissions of F-gases amounted to about 2 per cent of national total emissions 2009 and show an increasing trend since 1990. National and international regulations have entered into force in order to reduce emissions of F-gases. The national system for estimating emission of F-gases is based on national statistics from the Swedish Chemicals Agency and additional information sources. Due to the projected reduction of emissions in the near future, there has been an increasing focus on the reliability of the monitoring of such changes over time, especially for certain sub-categories such as F-gases from mobile air-conditioning equipment. The aim of this study has been to improve the quality of the collection and emission estimation system in Sweden for F-gases reported to the UNFCCC and the EU Monitoring Mechanism and especially in order to enable better annual follow-up of changes in chemicals flows and emissions of F-gases e.g. due to increased amounts of HFC recovered and the enforced national and international legislations. The national statistics available and the most important additional information sources and emission factors have been reviewed in this study. The results of this study show that the national statistics from the Swedish Chemicals Agency and the additional information sources continues to be a good foundation for the Swedish emission inventory reporting. In this study no major adjustments are recommended for the collection and emission estimation system, but there are some suggestions on modifications of emission factors and model macros. In addition, this study includes several recommendations for future improvements on emission inventory quality control checks as well as on national data management procedures. Sweden reports emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) annually to the UNFCCC and the EU Monitoring Mechanism. Emissions of F-gases amounted to about 2 per cent of national total emissions 2009 and show an increasing trend since 1990. National and international regulations have entered into force in order to reduce emissions of F-gases. The national system for estimating emission of F-gases is based on national statistics from the Swedish Chemicals Agency and additional information sources. Due to the projected reduction of emissions in the near future, there has been an increasing focus on the reliability of the monitoring of such changes over time, especially for certain sub-categories such as F-gases from mobile air-conditioning equipment. The aim of this study has been to improve the quality of the collection and emission estimation system in Sweden for F-gases reported to the UNFCCC and the EU Monitoring Mechanism and especially in order to enable better annual follow-up of changes in chemicals flows and emissions of F-gases e.g. due to increased amounts of HFC recovered and the enforced national and international legislations. The national statistics available and the most important additional information sources and emission factors have been reviewed in this study. The results of this study show that the national statistics from the Swedish Chemicals Agency and the additional information sources continues to be a good foundation for the Swedish emission inventory reporting. In this study no major adjustments are recommended for the collection and emission estimation system, but there are some suggestions on modifications of emission factors and model macros. In addition, this study includes several recommendations for future improvements on emission inventory quality control checks as well as on national data management procedures.

The rise in demand for emergency patient services is a significant issue for the health system. The ever increasing burden on emergency transportation services, emergency departments (EDs) and acute hospitals has implications for resourcing and the quality of care delivered. Governments and service providers have responded with various strategies, however demand for emergency healthcare continues to rise. Ageing of the population is also an important issue for health service planning. Reviews of the international and national literature of trends in the utilisation of emergency ambulance and ED services suggested numerous factors including ageing were associated with the rise in emergency demand. However it was apparent that emergency demand had not been investigated systematically from an epidemiological perspective. Therefore the aim of this thesis was to analyse the main elements of the persistent rise in demand across metropolitan Melbourne, with a particular focus on clarifying how the ageing population impacts on emergency demand. Longitudinal analyses was undertaken, of emergency ambulance transportations,ED presentations and admissions to hospitals through EDs using unique population-based datasets. Numbers and rates of emergency ambulance transportations, ED presentations and emergency admissions from EDs; and ED and hospital length of stay were analysed. Regression models evaluated the effects of multiple factors on these outcomes. The volume and rates of utilisation of all emergency health care services over the study periods increased beyond that expected from changes in population growth and ageing. The study of emergency ambulance transportations provides new evidence about an acceleration in usage by the elderly. All emergency transportations rose by an average annual rate of 4.8%. Predictive modelling suggested further increase up to 69% by 2015. Investigation of the trends in all ED presentations were analysed and demonstrated a similar increasing disproportionate representation of the elderly over a 10 year period. It was also established that a subgroup of the elderly make multiple visits to EDs; and over 50% of elderly patients are admitted to hospital following ED presentation. The overall average annual rate of increase in ED presentations by all age groups was 3.6%. ED length of stay increased over the study period for those who were older, more acutely unwell, and required hospital admission. As it was not possible to understand all the factors associated with the rise in ED presentations, a descriptive study explored patient perspectives through qualitative interviews. Reduced accessibility to general practitioners and an expectation of timely accessible specialist care were the main reasons underpinning their attendance at a metropolitan ED. Further analysis of patients admitted to hospital from EDs discovered that the growth in emergency hospital admissions was driven by a 60% increase in the number of single day/overnight admissions. This represented an average growth rate of 6.1% per year. This rise in short-stay hospital admissions from EDs may signal that there has been a shift in patterns of care in the ED. It also raises the question of whether ED attendance by this group of patients was necessary. The significance of this thesis is the identification and measurement of the rise in emergency demand, but with an increasing and accelerating usage of emergency health services by older patients, together with a growing propensity of this subgroup re-present to EDs over time. With population ageing, demand by the elderly will continue to rise and will have a dramatic impact on all elements of emergency healthcare in the future. This information is valuable for policy makers and service providers. It indicates a pressing need to consider how to develop coordinated systems of care, particularly for the elderly seeking acute care.

The grandiose, but failed, attempts to produce silk in Sweden in the past have been largely ignored by historians. This thesis describes the history of sericulture in Sweden, including three periods of practical trials in 1735-1765, 1830-1898 and 1913-1918. For a long time, the secrets of sericulture were closely guarded in China but by the beginning of the 16th century, knowledge of silk cultivation techniques had reached a number of European countries. The pursuit of domestic silk production was often a costly undertaking instigated by royalty. Since conditions in Sweden and Denmark were partly similar, there was some degree of influence and cooperation between these neighbouring countries. The chapters dealing with attempts at silk production during the 18th century and the history of sericulture in northern Europe are primarily based on printed sources and literature. Several of the 18th century silk farmers documented their experiments, allowing us to follow their efforts and ideas on the feasibility of silk farming in Sweden. The descriptions of the two latter sets of Swedish silk production trials presented in the thesis are primarily based on archive materials, mainly consisting of minutes and annual reports. The history of sericulture in Sweden began in the mid-1730s, when Mårten Triewald conducted experiments and exhaustively described and published these. Carl Linnaeus was a significant influence in Swedish sericulture during this early period. Naturalists were hired as plantation managers and were tasked with supplying the silk industry in Sweden with home-produced raw material. The work was prompted by the desire to find an alternative for the huge Swedish imports of raw silk from China and Southern Europe. However, silk farming never became particularly common, despite the financial incentives available for producing silk and planting mulberry trees during the 1750s in the belief that some 'extravagance' was beneficial for society as a whole. When the 'Hats' position of power ended, so did the financial support for manufacturing luxury goods. Founded in 1830, the Swedish Association for Domestic Sericulture was active for nearly 70 years thanks to foreign influences and the notion that silk farming could be a popular livelihood. Members of the Swedish Royal Family served as patrons and several well-known scientists participated in the projects. The Association furnished mulberry plants and seeds, together with silkworm eggs, most of which were distributed to plantations controlled by the Association or county agricultural societies. However, the Association's annual reports show that many private individuals also planted mulberry trees and some pursued silk farming. Sericulture growing trials were carried out at a number of sites across Sweden, on the initiative of Jacob Berzelius, among others. These trials were mainly funded by Government grants, but numerous wealthy individuals also made contributions to the sericulture venture. Some income was generated by the silk products produced, which were almost solely bought by the Swedish Royal Family. The Swedish Sericulture Association was founded in southern Sweden in 1913 but this third brief foray into sericulture produced few results. All three periods of sericulture trials were initiated by enthusiasts with a firm belief that some silkworm host plants would survive the Nordic climate. There were a number of claims that the white mulberry tree had become acclimatised, but an equal number of cold winters and springs proved the opposite. Ultimately, Swedish sericulture was never economically feasible, since the natural conditions were unfavourable and the output from Swedish silk production was modest, and the cost high, in relation to imported silk. The almost 200-year history of sericulture in Sweden provides an important glimpse into the obsessions and culture of the age, but there were far too many obstacles for the dream of Swedish silk ever to become a reality.

Not Available ; Although India as a whole has reached to threshold level of stress in terms of per capita water availability, but the eastern and north eastern region are surplus in water. The Andaman and Nicobar (A&N) Islands are even more lucky as they receive an average annual rainfall of about 3080 mm. About 95 percent of annual rainfall is received during May-December of which nearly 75 percent is lost as runoff to the sea due to undulated terrains and steep slopes. The Islands have a width of 15 to 40 km east to west and the slopes are from centre to either towards east or west due to which the length of drainage line to the sea is short. Because of this, there is only one perennial river Kalpong in North Andaman Island. Thus the actual water availability is much less and Islands faces severe problem of water scarcity even for drinking water. The Islands have become a major tourist destination not only for the national but also international tourists. In order to support the tourist driven economy of the Islands, the emphasis should be to produce adequate perishable items in these Islands rather than transporting from mainland. However, the irrigation potential created is just 3% and actual irrigated area is about 1%. Therefore, the focus of water development should be irrigation to crops apart from drinking water. As rainwater is the only source of the fresh water availability in these Islands, its harvesting, storage and recycling is the most important strategy for water resource management. Studies at CARI has shown that if only 3% of the water which flows out is stored in surface and underground storage, the requirement of domestic and agriculture can be met. To achieve the goals of providing sufficient water for domestic purpose and irrigation to cultivated area, a policy is required to develop and manage water resources on a sustainable basis without endangering the fragile Island ecosystem. This document is a step in this direction and is based on open discussion with stakeholders during brainstorming session held at CARI Port Blair on 7th and 8th July, 2009. We express our heartiest gratitude to Dr. Mangala Rai, DG (ICAR) and Secretary (DARE), Government of India for providing effective leadership and guidance for taking up this task. We are grateful to Dr. H.P. Singh, Deputy Director General (Horticulture) for encouragement and inspiration. We extend our special thanks to Shri Vivek Rae, Chief Secretary, A&N Administration for chairing the special theme session and suggesting valuable comments on the draft paper. We are highly thankful to Dr. S.S. Magar, Chairman, Research Advisory Committee of CARI for his encouragement and support. We also wish to extend our sincere thanks to Shri S.S. Chaudhury, PCCF, Shri Khajan Singh, PCCF (Wild life), Shri G.C. Saxena, Secretary, IP&T, Shri Alok Saxena, CCF, Shri R.K. Ghosh, Chief Engineer, APWD, Colonel S.S. Multani, ANC, Sh. S.N. Jha, Dy. Commissioner, South Andaman and other officials of A&N Administration for knowledge sharing during the special theme session. We also place on record our special thanks to Dr. M.S. Gill, Director, PDCSR, Modipuram, Dr. M.A. Khan, Director, ICAR-RCER, Patna, participants of the brainstorming session and the faculty members of CARI for their active and constructive suggestions. We hope that this publication would serve as a useful document to the planners, policy makers and researchers involved with development of water resources in the Union Territory of A&N Islands ; Not Available

O objetivo deste artigo é fornecer informação sobre a detecção em tempo real da área desflorestada (DETER - Detecção em Tempo Real do Desflorestamento na Amazônia Brasileira) utilizando imagens do MODIS de alta resolução temporal. O DETER é parte do projeto operacional que estima a taxa anual do desflorestamento na Amazônia Brasileira (PRODES - Projeto de Monitoramento do Desflorestamento na Amazônia). Um método para detecção rápida do desflorestamento foi delineado para dar suporte à fiscalização do uso da terra na região. A fim de avaliar o método proposto foi selecionada uma área teste que cobre uma cena do Landsat ETM+ (227/68) localizada no Estado do Mato Grosso. Para este propósito uma série multitemporal de imagens refletância de superfície do MODIS (MOD09) e de imagens ETM+ correspondentes ao período de junho a outubro de 2002 foi analisada. Foi verificado que pequenas áreas de desflorestamento (menores do que 15 ha) foram detectadas pelas imagens MODIS com menor acurácia quando comparado com as imagens do ETM+. À medida que as áreas desflorestadas aumentam os resultados do MODIS e do ETM+ tendem a convergir. Este procedimento mostrou ser adequado para detectar e monitorar operacionalmente as áreas desflorestadas e vem sendo utilizado pelo governo desde 2004 como parte do Plano de Ação para a Prevenção e Controle do Desmatamento na Amazônia Brasileira. ; The objective of this paper is to provide near real time information about deforestation detection (DETER) in the entire Brazilian Amazon using MODIS high temporal resolution images. It is part of the operational deforestation monitoring project to estimate the annual deforestation rate in the Brazilian Amazon (PRODES). A rapid deforestation detection method was designed to support land use policies in this region. In order to evaluate the proposed method a test site was selected covering a Landsat ETM+ scene (227/68) located in Mato Grosso State. For this purpose a multitemporal series of MODIS surface reflectance images (MOD09) and the corresponding ETM+ images from June to October 2002 were analyzed. It was found that small deforested areas (lower than 15 ha) were detected by MODIS images with lower accuracy when compared with ETM+ images. As the deforested areas increase MODIS and ETM+ results tend to converge. This procedure showed to be adequate to operationally detect and monitor deforested areas and has been used since 2004 as part of a government plan to control the Amazon deforestation. ; The objective of this paper is to provide near real time information about deforestation detection (DETER) in the entire Brazilian Amazon using MODIS high temporal resolution images. It is part of the operational deforestation monitoring project to estimate the annual deforestation rate in the Brazilian Amazon (PRODES). A rapid deforestation detection method was designed to support land use policies in this region. In order to evaluate the proposed method a test site was selected covering a Landsat ETM+ scene (227/68) located in Mato Grosso State. For this purpose a multitemporal series of MODIS surface reflectance images (MOD09) and the corresponding ETM+ images from June to October 2002 were analyzed. It was found that small deforested areas (lower than 15 ha) were detected by MODIS images with lower accuracy when compared with ETM+ images. As the deforested areas increase MODIS and ETM+ results tend to converge. This procedure showed to be adequate to operationally detect and monitor deforested areas and has been used since 2004 as part of a government plan to control the Amazon deforestation.

The object of this thesis is the relation between museums and society in Lithuania. The purpose of this work is to investigate the current potentials of Lithuanian public museums to comply with the society needs. The basic work tasks are to explore historical and theoretical conceptions of public museum and the understanding of museum in Lithuania in general, to look at museum as an institution, to analyze the legal model of Lithuanian museum administration, to determine the relation between the museum communication and society, furthermore, to explore the relation between museum and society with the help of the annual statistical Lithuanian museum activity reports and considering the number of visitors, distinguishing such museum communication functions as exhibitions, education and publishing from 1992 to 2005. While performing the research of the conceptions of museum and its changes, the evolution of museums unfolds marking the gradual transformation of museum from the particularly limited publicity, i.e., collections available only to the very narrow circle of people and the representatives of the high society to almost unlimited publicity museums, i.e., current institutions that enable attending of museums and obtaining all the information required to all the broad society. Although the institutionalism of current museums set specific rules and the procedure of museum work, which partially limits the access to museum valuables determining the visit hours, the nature of the exhibited valuables etc., yet museum publicity is regulated by the laws. Having investigated the theoretical guidelines of Lithuanian public museum establishment, activity and raised objectives, the role of public museum in the society as the promoter of science, education and political ideas development and later of ethnic culture becomes more obvious. Starting from collection processes as of XVI century until the public museums prosperity period museum activity and the niche occupied in the society life was directly related with the knowledge expansion and spreading of the specific principle ideas. Likewise, the functions performed from the beginning of museum existence are also significant. In a museum one can satisfy curiosity, have entertainment, relax, enjoy the esthetic surroundings of the cultural valuables and spend time with interest and pleasure. Using the documents' analysis and comparative methods it was concluded that following the majority of the analyzed and compared ratios museums gradually become more open and more easily accessible to the society, their input into the expansion of the information society increases. Museum activity in Lithuania from 1992 to 2005 gradually gained wider scope: year by year Lithuanian museums acquire more and more showpieces, the number of exhibitions and other events arranged and excursions organized grows, the number of the published catalogues and other publications until 2002 increased, whereas later these results started reducing slightly. The number of visitors is growing annually, which leads to the conclusion that museums activity in Lithuania is relevant to the society, while the increasing number of visitors in museums prove their direct influence on the society. Pursuant to the contents of the annual statistical reports about museum activity in Lithuania prepared by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania it may be summarized that museums gain more and more attention in the national level as well. From 1992 to 2005 the number of criteria for the assessment of museum activity significantly increased. This thesis may be useful to museologists and museology students researching the current status of Lithuanian museums as well as museum employees working directly with the visitors and museum managers organizing museum work.