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Background: Maternal nutrition interventions are inadequately integrated into antenatal care (ANC). Alive & Thrive aimed to strengthen delivery of micronutrient supplements and intensify interpersonal counseling and community mobilization through government ANC services. Objectives: We compared nutrition-intensified ANC (I-ANC) with standard ANC (S-ANC) on coverage of nutrition interventions and maternal nutrition practices. Methods: We used a cluster-randomized design with cross-sectional baseline (2017) and endline (2019) surveys (n ∼660 pregnant and 1800 recently delivered women per survey) and a repeated-measures longitudinal study in 2018–2019 (n = 400). We derived difference-in-difference effect estimates (DIDs) for diet diversity, consumption of micronutrient supplements, weight monitoring, and early breastfeeding practices. Results: Despite substantial secular improvements in service coverage from India's national nutrition program, women in the I-ANC arm received more home visits [DID: 7–14 percentage points (pp)] and counseling on core nutrition messages (DID: 10–23 pp) than in the S-ANC arm. One-third of women got ≥3 home visits and one-fourth received ≥4 ANC check-ups in the I-ANC arm. Improvements were greater in the I-ANC arm than in the S-ANC arm for any receipt and consumption of iron–folic acid (DID: 7.5 pp and 9.5 pp, respectively) and calcium supplements (DID: 14.1 pp and 11.5 pp, respectively). Exclusive breastfeeding improved (DID: 7.5 pp) but early initiation of breastfeeding did not. Maternal food group consumption (∼4 food groups) and probability of adequacy of micronutrients (∼20%) remained low in both arms. Repeated-measures longitudinal analyses showed similar results, with additional impact on consumption of vitamin A–rich foods (10 pp, 11 g/d), other vegetables and fruits (22–29 g/d), and gestational weight gain (0.4 kg). Conclusions: Intensifying nutrition in government ANC services improved maternal nutrition practices even with strong secular trends in service coverage. Dietary diversity, supplement consumption, and breastfeeding practices remained suboptimal. Achieving greater behavior changes will require strengthening the delivery and use of maternal nutrition services integrated into ANC services in the health system. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03378141. ; PR ; IFPRI3; ISI; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; CRP4; Alive and Thrive; DCA ; PHND; A4NH ; CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

Aquaculture and marine renewable energy are two expanding sectors of the Blue Economy in Europe. Assessing the long-term environmental impacts in terms of eutrophication and noise is a priority for both the EU Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, and cumulative impacts will be important for the Maritime Spatial Planning under the Integrated Maritime Policy. With the constant expansion of aquaculture production, it is expected that farms might be established further offshore in more remote areas, as high-energy conditions offer an opportunity to generate more power locally using Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) devices. A proposed solution is the co-location of MRE devices and aquaculture systems using Multi-Purpose Platforms (MPPs) comprising offshore wind turbines (OWTs) that will provide energy for farm operations as well as potentially shelter the farm. Disentangling the impacts, conflicts and synergies of MPP elements on the surrounding marine ecosystem is challenging. Here we created a high-resolution spatiotemporal Ecospace model of the West of Scotland, in order to assess impacts of a simple MPP configuration on the surrounding ecosystem and how these impacts can cascade through the food web. The model evaluated the following specific ecosystem responses: i) top-down control pathways due to distribution changes among top-predators (harbour porpoise, gadoids and seabirds) driven by attraction to the farming sites and/or repulsion/killing due to OWT operations; ii) bottom-up control pathways due to salmon farm activity providing increasing benthic enrichment predicated by a fish farm particle dispersal model, and sediment nutrient fluxes to the water column by early diagenesis of organic matter (recycled production). Weak responses of the food-web were found for top-down changes, whilst the results showed high sensitivity to increasing changes of bottom-up drivers that cascaded through the food-web from primary producers and detritus to pelagic and benthic consumers respectively. We assessed the sensitivity of the model to each of these impacts and the cumulative effects on the ecosystem, discuss the capabilities and limitations of the Ecospace modelling approach as a potential tool for marine spatial planning and the impact that these results could have for the Blue Economy and the EU's New Green Deal.

Aquaculture and marine renewable energy are two expanding sectors of the Blue Economy in Europe. Assessing the long-term environmental impacts in terms of eutrophication and noise is a priority for both the EU Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, and cumulative impacts will be important for the Maritime Spatial Planning under the Integrated Maritime Policy. With the constant expansion of aquaculture production, it is expected that farms might be established further offshore in more remote areas, as high-energy conditions offer an opportunity to generate more power locally using Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) devices. A proposed solution is the co-location of MRE devices and aquaculture systems using Multi-Purpose Platforms (MPPs) comprising offshore wind turbines (OWTs) that will provide energy for farm operations as well as potentially shelter the farm. Disentangling the impacts, conflicts and synergies of MPP elements on the surrounding marine ecosystem is challenging. Here we created a high-resolution spatiotemporal Ecospace model of the West of Scotland, in order to assess impacts of a simple MPP configuration on the surrounding ecosystem and how these impacts can cascade through the food web. The model evaluated the following specific ecosystem responses: (i) top-down control pathways due to distribution changes among top-predators (harbor porpoise, gadoids and seabirds) driven by attraction to the farming sites and/or repulsion/killing due to OWT operations; (ii) bottom-up control pathways due to salmon farm activity providing increasing benthic enrichment predicated by a fish farm particle dispersal model, and sediment nutrient fluxes to the water column by early diagenesis of organic matter (recycled production). Weak responses of the food-web were found for top-down changes, whilst the results showed high sensitivity to increasing changes of bottom-up drivers that cascaded through the food-web from primary producers and detritus to pelagic and benthic consumers, respectively. We assessed the sensitivity of the model to each of these impacts and the cumulative effects on the ecosystem, discuss the capabilities and limitations of the Ecospace modeling approach as a potential tool for marine spatial planning and the impact that these results could have for the Blue Economy and the EU's New Green Deal.

This study was supported by the Andalusian Regional Government (Nutrition, Diet and Risks Assessment: AGR255), FEDER-ISCIII PI14/01040 and Consejeria de Transformacion Economica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucia P18-RT-4247. ; Introduction: In Spain, on 14 March 2020, a state of alarm is declared to face the health emergency situation caused by the COVID-19 coronavirus, limiting the freedom of movement of people. The Spanish population is confined. Objective: With this situation, "NUTRITIONAL HEALTH IS NOT CONFINED" arises a research project that seeks to promote nutritional education based on the pattern of the Mediterranean diet (MD) using new computer technologies. It is about providing the population with the information of general interest about the promotion of a healthy diet through social networks and analysing the impact of its dissemination, in the form of a longitudinal intervention study of the Spanish nutritional evolution during confinement, with a daily survey format, and it is intended to assess food consumption during the period of confinement. Materials and methods: In total, 936 participants were asked every day. Short publications were published every day based on the scientific evidence (FAO, WHO, AECOSAN) through social media such as Instagram, accompanied by a questionnaire of 11 questions (yes/no) where it was intended to assess the evolution of daily consumption. Results and Discussion: The diffusion through social media has allowed to have a greater reach of the population. We observed that mood throughout confinement generally improves. There are certain eating habits from the MD that are well established in the daily diet of our population, such as the consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, dairy products, and eggs. It seems that enjoying good health is a growing concern in pandemic situations, which is why inappropriate behaviours such as "snacking" between meals or the consumption of processed foods such as snacks, industrial pastries, soft drinks, and sweets are avoided, increasing the amount of healthy food such as meat and fish. This study opens up future avenues of research promoting MD and implements new cohort nutritional databases, especially about young adult people, who are adept at navigating digital spaces and therefore using social media. ; Andalusian Regional Government AGR255 Junta de Andalucia

AbstractAs medications are commonly used to prevent and mitigate chronic diseases and their associated complications and outcomes, limited geographic access to medications in communities that are already plagued with health inequity is a growing concern. This is especially important because low-income urban minority communities often have high prevalence and incidence of cardiometabolic and respiratory chronic conditions. Community pharmacy deserts have been established in Chicago, New York, and other locales. In part because the definition was originally adapted from the concept of food deserts, existing studies have either utilized the distance of 1 mile or greater to the nearest community pharmacy solely, or used distance along with the same predefined social indicator thresholds that define food deserts (i.e., income and vehicle ownership), to define and identify areas as pharmacy deserts. No full analysis has been conducted of the social determinants that define and characterize medication shortage areas within a given locale, even though medication and food are usually accessed independently. Therefore, to address this gap in the literature, this study was designed to identify all potential "pharmacy deserts" in Los Angeles County based on distance alone and then characterize them by their social determinants of health (SDOH) indicators. Geographic pharmacy deserts were identified as census tracts where the nearest community pharmacy was 1 mile or more away from a tract centroid. K-means clustering was applied to group pharmacy deserts based on their composition of social determinants of health indicators. Twenty-five percent (571/2323) of LA County census tracts were pharmacy deserts and 75% (1752/2323) were pharmacy non-deserts. Within the desert areas, two statistically distinct groups of pharmacy deserts (type one and type two) emerged from the analysis. In comparison to type two pharmacy deserts, type one pharmacy deserts were characterized by a denser population, had more renters, more residents that speak English as a second language, less vehicle ownership, more residents living under the federal poverty level, more Black and Hispanic residents, more areas with higher crime against property and people, and less health professionals to serve the area. Residing in type one desert areas, potentially compounds the geographic shortage of pharmacies and pharmacy services. As such, residents in Los Angeles County pharmacy deserts might benefit greatly from equitable, innovative, community-based interventions that increase access to medications, pharmacy services, and pharmacists.

Climate change is an ever-growing concern for global food security and crop production. Further adding to these issues is population growth and legislative changes governing the availability of agrichemicals for pest control. Novel crop production methods, which include genetic modification, must be considered for addressing these global food security issues. This project focuses on using one such method, CRISPR/Cas9, to alter the genome of the potato crop, Solanum tuberosum. The importance of potato cannot be overstated, being the third-largest food crop globally, and historically tied to Ireland. The rapidly changing climate and demand for increased yields calls for improvement to the potato, which historically has proven difficult to enhance, due to its tetraploid nature. The project specifically targeted the SGT3 gene, (Rhamnose:beta-solanine/beta-chaconine rhamnosyltransferase), a key gene involved in the production of solanine. The solanine production pathway is crucial to glycoalkaloid synthesis. While low levels of glycoalkaloids contribute to the flavour of potato, higher levels are toxic to humans and it is estimated that 14-27% of the U.S. potato crop is rejected due to dangerous glycoalkaloid levels. By inducing a small, 20 base-pair, deletion in the SGT3 gene, it is anticipated that its function would be disrupted, thus causing glycoalkaloid production to be supressed at an early stage of the pathway. In order to conduct this transformation in a "DNA-free" manner, a modified version of the CRISPR-Cas9 system was used, in which synthetic Cas9 endonuclease and synthetic sgRNA molecules were combined to form a ribonucleoprotien (RNP) complex. This RNP was then delivered to the plant tissue via particle bombardment. Following this, some plants were used for DNA analysis while others were subjected to regeneration protocols. A deletion in the SGT3 region was not detected in vivo, but was successfully digested in vitro, and important steps have been taken to ensuring this method will be more successful in the future. In addition, studies were conducted to examine how two cultivars of potato, Golden Wonder and Maris Piper, grow when exposed to different wavelengths of light and longer photoperiods. The strongest growth response was observed when plants were grown under various combinations of blue and red wavelengths.

This article aims to evaluate the hygienic and sanitary quality of 60 samples of vegetables (Lactuca sativa and Nasturtium officinale) of conventional and hydroponic cultivation commercialized in São Luís (MA) and to evaluate the efficiency of conventional sanitizers. Microbiological analyses were performed based on the methodology described in the Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods - APHA. Of the 60 samples analyzed, 95.00% (n=57) were in disagreement with the current legislation for coliforms at 45°C, and the presence of Escherichia coli was identified in both vegetables. All sanitizers presented inhibitory potential. Therefore, the satisfactory results obtained in this study ensure the use of sanitizers, emphasizing their viable cost, efficient and fast application. ; Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la calidad higiénica y sanitaria de 60 muestras de verduras (Lactuca sativa y Nasturtium officinale) de cultivo convencional e hidropónico comercializados en San Luís (MA) y evaluar la eficiencia de los desinfectantes convencionales. Los análisis microbiológicos se realizaron sobre la base de la metodología descrita en el Compendio de Métodos para el Examen Microbiológico de Foods - APHA. De las 60 muestras analizadas, el 95,00%(no57) estaban en desacuerdo con la legislación vigente para coliformes a 45 oC, y se identificó la presencia de Escherichia coli en ambas hortalizas. Todos los desinfectantes presentaban potencial inhibitorio. Por lo tanto, los resultados satisfactorios obtenidos en este estudio aseguran el uso de desinfectantes, haciendo hincapié en su costo viable, eficiente y rápida aplicación. ; Este artigo objetiva avaliar a qualidade higiênico-sanitária de 60 amostras de hortaliças (Lactuca sativa e Nasturtium officinale) de cultivo convencional e hidropônico comercializadas em São Luís (MA) e avaliar a eficiência de sanitizantes convencionais. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas com base na metodologia descrita no Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods – APHA. Das 60 amostras analisadas, 95,00% (n=57) estiveram em desacordo com a legislação vigente para coliformes a 45°C, foi identificada a presença de Escherichia coli nas duas hortaliças. Todos os sanitizantes apresentaram potencial inibitório. Portanto, os resultados satisfatórios obtidos neste estudo asseguram a utilização de sanitizantes, enfatizando seu custo viável, eficiente e rápida aplicação.

Rice is a source of staple food whose fulfillment is a basic human right in realizing quality human resources. Therefore, in order to meet food needs, the Indonesian government has conducted various programs to increase production of various food commodities. One of the most important is the increase in national rice production through an intensification and intensification program. Control of plant pests (OPT) is a problem that is often faced by farmers. The use of synthetic pesticides is the easiest step for farmers to take. The use of pesticides in South Manokwari Regency is very high, this can be seen from the presence of kiosks that sell synthetic pesticides with a variety of trademarks, active ingredients and formulators in every agricultural center in the area of South Manokwari Regency. There are 1 distributor and 12 retailers and 148 types of pesticides that have been circulating in the area of South Manokwari Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the Application of Pesticides and Residue Analysis in Farmer Rice Production in Sidomulyo Village, Oransbari District, South Manokwari District. This research is descriptive with survey techniques, direct interviews to obtain an overview of the application procedures, types, dosages, and frequency of use of pesticides and analyze the accumulation of pesticides in rice. The types of pesticides most widely used by farmers in Sidomulyo village in their efforts to control Plant Pests (OMO) in lowland rice cultivation are Demolish, Resotin and Klensect. The application is carried out by farmers by spraying so that there is direct contact between the control material, the control target and the plants. The dosage used by farmers in control is 300-340 liters / ha with the frequency of spraying 6-7 times each season. The results of the analysis of pesticide residues on rice products from Sidomulyo village farmers show that the residue is below the maximum residue limit set so that the rice produced by these farmers is safe for consumption. The research analysis shows that there is no correlation between the pesticide residues in rice produced by farmers in Sidomulyo village and the types of pesticides used, the frequency of application, the dosage / concentration of pesticides and the application method used by farmers.

The monographic research essay proposes to describe the process of the Popular Pots as collective action in the context of pandemic crisis and to elaborate a typology based on empirical evidence.The methodological strategy consists of content analysis with a quantitative-qualitative approach. The data collection and crossing were carried out through the systematization and codification of news from two commercial press media and semi-structured interviews with the coordinators of the popular pots.The results indicate that the Popular Cooking Pots configure organizational, integration and socialization networks to a greater or lesser extent. However, not all pots vindicate the right to food or pose criticism of the political leaders of the food and social crisis. There are three types of Popular Pots, the Contingent Popular Pots (OPC), the Popular Pots subject to charities (OPI), and the Popular Pots of political claim (OPR).The distinction between the types of Popular Pots is key for the formulation of participatory public policies in the perspective of solving the situation of security and food sovereignty. ; El ensayo monográfico de investigación propone describir el proceso de las Ollas Populares en tanto acción colectiva en el contexto de crisis pandémica y elaborar una tipología en base a evidencias empíricas.La estrategia metodológica consiste en el análisis de contenido con enfoque cuanti-cualitativo. La recolección y cruce de datos se realizaron a través de la sistematización y codificación de noticias de dos medios de prensa comercial y entrevistas semi-estructuradas a las coordinadoras de las ollas populares.Los resultados indican que las Ollas Populares configuran redes organizativas, de integración y socialización en mayor o menor medida. Sin embargo, no todas las ollas reivindican el derecho a la alimentación o plantean críticas a los responsables políticos de la crisis alimentaria y social. Se constatan tres tipos de Ollas Populares, las Ollas Populares Contingentes (OPC), las Ollas Populares sujetas a instituciones de beneficencia (OPI), y las Ollas Populares de reivindicación política (OPR). La distinción entre los tipos de Ollas Populares resulta clave de cara a la formulación de políticas públicas participativas en la perspectiva de resolver la situación de la seguridad y la soberanía alimentaria.

Hibernation represents an adaptation for coping with unfavorable environmental conditions. For brown bears Ursus arctos, hibernation is a critical period as pronounced temporal reductions in several physiological functions occur. Here, we review the three main aspects of brown bear denning: (1) den chronology, (2) den characteristics, and (3) hibernation physiology in order to identify (a) proximate and ultimate factors of hibernation as well as (b) research gaps and conservation priorities. Den chronology, which varies by sex and reproductive status, depends on environmental factors, such as snow, temperature, food availability, and den altitude. Significant variation in hibernation across latitudes occurs for both den entry and exit. The choice of a den and its surroundings may affect individual fitness, for example, loss of offspring and excessive energy consumption. Den selection is the result of broad‐ and fine‐scale habitat selection, mainly linked to den insulation, remoteness, and availability of food in the surroundings of the den location. Hibernation is a metabolic challenge for the brown bears, in which a series of physiological adaptations in tissues and organs enable survival under nutritional deprivation, maintain high levels of lipids, preserve muscle, and bone and prevent cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. It is important to understand: (a) proximate and ultimate factors in denning behavior and the difference between actual drivers of hibernation (i.e., factors to which bears directly respond) and their correlates; (b) how changes in climatic factors might affect the ability of bears to face global climate change and the human‐mediated changes in food availability; (c) hyperphagia (period in which brown bears accumulate fat reserves), predenning and denning periods, including for those populations in which bears do not hibernate every year; and (d) how to approach the study of bear denning merging insights from different perspectives, that is, physiology, ecology, and behavior. ; During this research, EGB was financially supported by a FPU grant (FPU15‐03429) of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. V.P. was financially supported by: (1) the Excellence Project CGL2017‐82782‐P financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, EU); and (2) a GRUPIN research grant from the Regional Government of Asturias (Ref.: IDI/2018/000151). ; Peer reviewed

Abstract
Background
Research on violence targeting urban forcibly displaced adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) is limited, particularly regarding polyvictimization (exposure to multiple forms of violence). Yet there is a global trend of refugee urbanization, and urban AGYW are at the nexus of violence disparities among adolescents, forcibly displaced persons, and slum dwellers. This study explored factors associated with young adulthood violence (> 16 years) (YAV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) among forcibly displaced AGYW in Kampala, Uganda.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional survey with forcibly displaced AGYW aged 16–24 from five informal settlement (slum) communities across Kampala (Kabalagala, Rubaga, Kansanga, Katwe, Nsambya) using peer network sampling. We assessed YAV (experienced at age 16 or above) (sexual, physical, emotional violence) and recent (past 12-month) IPV (physical, sexual, control violence). We conducted descriptive statistics, followed by multinomial logistic regression analyses to explore social ecological factors (e.g., intrapersonal: depression; interpersonal: sexual relationship power, community: food insecurity) associated with experiencing YAV and YAV polyvictimization, and IPV and IPV polyvictimization.

Results
Over half of participants (n = 333; mean age = 19.31; SD = 2.56, range = 16–24) reported YAV (n = 179; 53.7%) and 9.3% (n = 41) reported YAV polyvictimization. Most participants that were in an intimate relationship in the last 12 months (n = 200; 85.8%) reported IPV, among these, 45.5% reported one form of IPV and 54.5% reported IPV polyvictimization. In adjusted analyses, experiencing any YAV was significantly associated with: adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) stigma; sexual relationship power; mobile app usage; depressive symptoms; childhood abuse; and childhood polyvictimization. In adjusted analyses YAV polyvictimization was associated with: depressive symptoms; childhood polyvictimization; sexual relationship power; and food insecurity. Recent IPV polyvictimization in adjusted analyses was associated with owning/using a mobile phone and depressive symptoms. Participants with higher sexual relationship power had lower odds of recent IPV polyvictimization.

Conclusion
Findings suggest that YAV and IPV polyvictimization require urgent attention among forcibly displaced AGYW in Kampala. Multi-level strategies are required to address intrapersonal e.g. (depression), interpersonal (e.g. childhood abuse, sexual relationship power) and community (e.g. adolescent SRH stigma, food insecurity) factors associated with experiencing violence. Future research can tailor approaches to advance health, agency and human rights among urban forcibly displaced AGYW.

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Dolomite and a micronutrient fertilizer are routinely incorporated into a pine bark-based soilless substrate when producing containerized nursery crops, yet the effect of these amendments on phosphorus (P) is not well understood. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of dolomite and micronutrient fertilizer amendments on P partitioning among four P fractions (i.e., orthophosphate-P EOM non-orthophosphate dissolved P [NODP], total dissolved P [TDP], and particulate P (PPJ) and to model potential P species in leachate of pine bark substrate. Amendment treatments incorporated into bark at experiment initiation included (1) a control (no fertilizer, dolomite, or micronutrient fertilizer), (2) controlled-release fertilizer (CRF), (3) CRF and dolomite, (4) CRF and micronutrient fertilizer, or (5) CRF, dolomite, and micronutrient fertilizer. Phosphorus fractions in leachate of irrigated pine bark columns were determined at eight sampling times over 48 days. Amending pine bark with dolomite and micronutrient fertilizer reduced leachate OP concentrations by 70% when averaged across sampling dates primarily due to retention of OP in the substrate by dolomite. The NODP fraction was unaffected by amendments, and the response of TDP was similar to that of OP. Particulate P was present throughout the study and was strongly correlated particulate Fe and DOC concentrations. Visual MINTEQ indicated MnHPO4 and Ca-5(PO4)(3)(OH) were consistently saturated with respect to their solid phase in treatments containing CRF. Results of this study suggest amending pine bark with dolomite and micronutrients is a best management practice for reducing P leaching from containerized nurseries. ; Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture [SCRI 2014-51181-22372]; Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture [SCRI 2014-51181-22372]; US Dep. of Agriculture; Horticultural Research Institute; Virginia Nursery and Landscape Association ; The authors thank Julie Brindley, Velva Groover, Anna Birnbaum, and Doug Sturtz for technical assistance, as well as Pacific Organics for donating pine bark for this research. Funding was provided by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and the Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (including SCRI 2014-51181-22372), the US Dep. of Agriculture, the Horticultural Research Institute, and the Virginia Nursery and Landscape Association. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Floodplain inundation poses both risks and benefits to society. In this study, we characterize floodplain inundation across the United States using 5800 stream gages. We find that between 4% and 12.6% of a river's annual flow moves through its floodplains. Flood duration and magnitude is greater in large rivers, whereas the frequency of events is greater in small streams. However, the relative exchange of floodwater between the channel and floodplain is similar across small streams and large rivers, with the exception of the water-limited arid river basins. When summed up across the entire river network, 90% of that exchange occurs in small streams on an annual basis. Our detailed characterization of inundation hydrology provides a unique perspective that the regulatory, management, and research communities can use to help balance both the risks and benefits associated with flooding. ; John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis; NSF Geosciences; Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (U.S. Department of Agriculture); Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (U.S. Department of Agriculture); Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science at Virginia Tech; U.S. National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [EAR 1830172]; U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), as part of BER's Subsurface Biogeochemistry Research Program (SBR)United States Department of Energy (DOE); USGS Water Resources Availability Program; USGS Water Observing Systems Program ; Published version ; Support was provided by the John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis and NSF Geosciences. D.T.S. is supported by the Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station and the Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (U.S. Department of Agriculture) and the Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science at Virginia Tech. J.D.G.V. is funded by the the U.S. National Science Foundation (award EAR 1830172) and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), as part of BER's Subsurface Biogeochemistry Research Program (SBR). This contribution originates from the SBR Scientific Focus Area (SFA) at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). J.W.H. was also supported by the USGS Water Resources Availability Program and Water Observing Systems Program. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government

The aquaculture sector in Bangladesh is an important employer and a significant source of foreign exchange. In addition, it contributes significantly to food security due to the role of fish in peoples' diets, the most important source of protein and micronutrients. However, infectious diseases represent an important barrier to sector development due to economic losses and vulnerability of smallholders. The aim of this study was to gain an overview of the impact of infectious diseases in the aquaculture sector, and to assess the usefulness and use of impact studies in decision making for animal health management and biosecurity governance in Bangladesh. A review of scientific and grey literature on infectious disease impact in different aquaculture systems was conducted and their methodologies and findings summarised. Subsequently, interviews with 28 stakeholders from the private and public sector were conducted to enquire about decision-making structures in animal health management. The data were analysed using the framework method to allow the development of themes, by using the information, experiences and opinions inductively obtained from interviewees, deductively through the reviewed literature. Results showed a substantial socio-economic impact of infectious diseases. The numerous stakeholders involved in the decision-making process explained that key barriers to effective aquaculture health management were insufficient resources to investigate and tackle infectious aquatic animal diseases, a dearth of legislation and capacity for disease surveillance, a reliance on reactive response, and a lack of impact and evidence-based approaches for prioritising problem-solving, commonly based on anecdotal evidence. Furthermore, communication among the multiple stakeholders involved was reported to be weak. This complex situation requires a multi-level response, which should span from strengthening the knowledge of farmers and professionals in the field to the improvement of surveillance and diagnostic systems. Improved systems along with evidence on disease impact could inform the prioritisation of diseases and resource allocation for disease control in Bangladesh. Further, this evidence needs to be used to advise decisions to have a true value, for which establishing and strengthening communication pathways and processes is critical to make systematic use of the information and improve animal health management. In the light of future threats to Bangladesh such as climate change, increasing population density and demand for animal source foods, it is crucial to strengthen animal health management systems to reduce livelihoods vulnerability, food insecurity and the likelihood of disease emergence.