Suchergebnisse

This paper is part of the ICSEM project, which aims to build a typology of social enterprises at the international level in collaboration with research teams from all over the world (see www.iap-socent.be/icsem-project). One of the main axes of the project aims to compare social enterprise models worldwide and their respective institutionalization processes. It is important to underline that the notion of "social enterprise" is unusual in Ecuador. Social actors and practitioners engaged in promoting alternative economic models (not linked to the private capitalistic model nor to the public statist model) have recognized themselves through historically established concepts (e.g. cooperativism and associations) or more recent expressions such as the "popular and solidarity economy". The latter emerged from theoretical and conceptual contributions by Latin American scholars (e.g. Coraggio 1999; Razeto 1984; Singer 2000) who analyzed practices of production, exchange, consumption of goods and services, and finance not driven by the sole purpose of profit maximization. The concept of solidarity economy also gained relevance within the public debate through the rise of anti-neoliberalism and anti-globalization activism by civil society organizations in the last three decades, and more particularly in the aftermath of the World Social Forum in 2001. Moreover, since the second half of the 2000s, the rise of the so-called "new left" governments in Latin America (Ellner 2012) encouraged particular trajectories of conceptual construction and institutionalization of the solidarity economy (Coraggio 2011; Hillenkamp and Wanderley 2015; Lemaître et al. 2011). The institutionalization of the solidarity economy is considered as a part of a project of state transformation driven by an apparent post-neoliberal turn (Ettlinger and Hartmann 2015; Molyneux 2008). In this context, since 2008, the term of "popular and solidarity economy" (economía popular y solidaria) has been the concept used by Ecuadorian state officials for public policy design and implementation as well as bureaucratic intervention (Nelms 2015). Due to its heuristic relevance, and since it draws close to the EMES social enterprise theoretical framework (Defourny and Nyssens 2013), the "popular and solidarity economy" (for simplification, hereafter referred to by its Spanish acronym, EPS) will be the object of study in the Ecuadorian case for the ICSEM Project. The aim of this paper is threefold. First, we present a synthetic theoretical framework concerning institutionalization and the concept of embeddedness (section 2). Through an institutionalist and historical perspective (Polanyi 1944), we review the main historical traditions that led to a political and legal recognition of EPS initiatives in Ecuador as well as their enrollment in public policies. Section 3 drafts four models of EPS organizations, each drawn from one of the sources of institutionalization previously presented. Through a synthetic analysis, in the light of the ideal-type proposed by EMES (Defourny and Nyssens 2013) and the works of Hillenkamp and Laville (2015), we identify some distinctive features of the different models regarding their legal forms, type of mission, governance structure, and resources. These models are also illustrated in different fields of activity, both established and emerging in the Ecuadorian landscape. We conclude by some final considerations regarding the social enterprise and solidarity economy research agenda.

The article highlights the issues of the common good in the ethical theory of deontological liberalism. Although contemporary liberalism is associated in main with the idea of the priority of the rights and the resulting non-intervention policy of the state in conceptions its citizens about deserve and good life, deontological liberalism does not ignore the problems of the common good. Contemporary discussions between different representatives of modern liberalism (Pettit Ph., Rawls J., Taylor Ch., Zelznіck Ph. etc.) demonstrate the importance of the idea of the common good for the development of a well-ordered and just society.Taking into account the importance of ethical justification of negative and positive freedoms and rights (I. Berlin), political ethics comes to the understanding that liberal society needs a certain set of freedoms, which are goods for citizens of state. An appeal to the Rawls`s deontological theory makes it possible to fix a list of some goods, the value of which is shared by all citizens (main human rights, freedom of movement and choice of activities, capabilities, posts in political and economic institutions, wellbeing and welfare, self-respect, health, intellect, leisure). Just this ability to be valuable to all allows us to consider these goods as common good. Accordingly, the realization of such goods allows us to build a well-organized and just society in which citizens would have opportunities for self-development and self-realization, freedom of choice and achievement of their goals in conditions of various opportunities and equal access to appointments and positions.Therefore, the common good is called upon to provide not only the preferences of citizens, but also to be the basis of the dignity and self-respect of the moral subjects in private life and in the process of realizing common goals of social life. We can see in this aspect of understanding of the common good the similarity of deontological liberalism and communitarian liberalism ; В статье освещается проблематика общего блага в этико-политической теории деонтологического либерализма. Сквозь призму современных дискуссий между представителями деонтологического либерализма и коммунитаристского либерализма демонстрируется важность идеи общего блага для развития хорошо упорядоченного и справедливого общества, в котором граждане имели бы возможности для саморазвития и самореализации, свободы выбора и достижения целей на фоне разнообразных возможностей и равного доступа к должностям. Таким образом, понятое общее благо призвано обеспечить не только предпочтения граждан, но и быть основой достоинства и самоуважения личности в частной жизни и в процессе реализации общих целей. ; В статті висвітлюється проблематика спільного блага в етико-політичнійтеорії деонтологічного лібералізму. Крізь призму сучасних дискусій між представниками деонтологічного лібералізму та комунітаристського лібералізму демонструється важливість ідеї спільного блага для розбудови добре впорядкованого та справедливого суспільства, в якому громадяни мали б можливості для саморозвитку та самореалізації, свободи вибору та досягнення цілей на тлі різноманітних можливостей та рівного доступу до посад. Таким чином зрозуміле спільне благо призване забезпечити не лише уподобання громадян, але й бути основою гідності та самоповаги особистості в приватному житті та в процесі реалізації спільних цілей.

This paper is part of the ICSEM project, which aims to build a typology of social enterprises at the international level in collaboration with research teams from all over the world (see www.iap-socent.be/icsem-project). One of the main axes of the project aims to compare social enterprise models worldwide and their respective institutionalization processes. It is important to underline that the notion of "social enterprise" is unusual in Ecuador. Social actors and practitioners engaged in promoting alternative economic models (not linked to the private capitalistic model nor to the public statist model) have recognized themselves through historically established concepts (e.g. cooperativism and associations) or more recent expressions such as the "popular and solidarity economy". The latter emerged from theoretical and conceptual contributions by Latin American scholars (e.g. Coraggio 1999; Razeto 1984; Singer 2000) who analyzed practices of production, exchange, consumption of goods and services, and finance not driven by the sole purpose of profit maximization. The concept of solidarity economy also gained relevance within the public debate through the rise of anti-neoliberalism and anti-globalization activism by civil society organizations in the last three decades, and more particularly in the aftermath of the World Social Forum in 2001. Moreover, since the second half of the 2000s, the rise of the so-called "new left" governments in Latin America (Ellner 2012) encouraged particular trajectories of conceptual construction and institutionalization of the solidarity economy (Coraggio 2011; Hillenkamp and Wanderley 2015; Lemaître et al. 2011). The institutionalization of the solidarity economy is considered as a part of a project of state transformation driven by an apparent post-neoliberal turn (Ettlinger and Hartmann 2015; Molyneux 2008). In this context, since 2008, the term of "popular and solidarity economy" (economía popular y solidaria) has been the concept used by Ecuadorian state officials for public policy design and implementation as well as bureaucratic intervention (Nelms 2015). Due to its heuristic relevance, and since it draws close to the EMES social enterprise theoretical framework (Defourny and Nyssens 2013), the "popular and solidarity economy" (for simplification, hereafter referred to by its Spanish acronym, EPS) will be the object of study in the Ecuadorian case for the ICSEM Project. The aim of this paper is threefold. First, we present a synthetic theoretical framework concerning institutionalization and the concept of embeddedness (section 2). Through an institutionalist and historical perspective (Polanyi 1944), we review the main historical traditions that led to a political and legal recognition of EPS initiatives in Ecuador as well as their enrollment in public policies. Section 3 drafts four models of EPS organizations, each drawn from one of the sources of institutionalization previously presented. Through a synthetic analysis, in the light of the ideal-type proposed by EMES (Defourny and Nyssens 2013) and the works of Hillenkamp and Laville (2015), we identify some distinctive features of the different models regarding their legal forms, type of mission, governance structure, and resources. These models are also illustrated in different fields of activity, both established and emerging in the Ecuadorian landscape. We conclude by some final considerations regarding the social enterprise and solidarity economy research agenda.

The relationships Church and State are governed by the principle of freedom of the Church to carry out her mission to preach the Gospel and confront with it whatever doctrine or situation. It follows that what is called Christian dualism comes from the very essence of the Church, the People of God distinct from the terrestrial kingdoms. In the history of those relationships, circumstantial elements are constantly discovered. One of them is that, in every epoch, the juridical political figure of the Church is determined not only by the ecclesiology but also by the political configuration of the civil society. The Church presents herself to the world, in good measure, as the world presents itself to her. Another element constant is the 'ratio peccati', the title upon which the Church founds her right and duty to intervene in temporal matters. The manner, the extension, and consequences of such intervention vary in time, but the foundation is always the same, fro the 'Novit ille' (1204) until the c.1401. The political liberalism imposes a radical change in the relationschips Church and State thus requiring that they be guided by principles of rational natural order and not by revealed order. A laborious process has led to center them to the service of the person and to the rights which his dignity bears, principally the religious freedom. The change of perspective which has supposed the acceptance in the doctrine of the religious freedom has not yet been assimilated by all. ; Las relaciones Iglesia-Estado se rigen por el principio de libertad de la Iglesia para cumplir su misión de predicar el Evangelio y confrontar con él cualquier doctrina o situación. Se sigue que el llamado dualismo cristiano nace de la esencia misma de la Iglesia, Pueblo de Dios distinto de los reinos terrenales. En la historia de esas relaciones, junto a elementos coyunturales se descubren constantes. Una de ellas es que, en cada época, la figura político jurídica de la Iglesia está determinada por la eclesiología pero también por la configuración política de la sociedad civil. La Iglesia se presenta al mundo, en buena medida, según el mundo se le presenta a ella. Otra constante es la 'ratio peccati', el título sobre el que la Iglesia funda su derecho y deber de intervenir en los asuntos temporales. En el tiempo cambian el modo, la extensión y consecuencias de esa intervención, pero el fundamento es siempre el mismo, desde la 'Novit ille' (1204) hasta el c.1401. El liberalismo político impone un cambio radical en las relaciones Iglesia-Estado pues requiere que se guíen por principios de orden racional natural y no de orden revelado. Un laborioso proceso ha conducido a centrarlas en el servicio a la persona y en los derechos que su dignidad comporta, principalmente la libertad religiosa. El cambio de perspectiva que ha supuesto la acogida en el magisterio de la libertad religiosa, no ha sido todavía asimilado por todos.

The present reflection on the framework of intervention of UNO in the field as of human rights, in French-speaking sub-Saharan, pursues two principal goals. The primary goal aims at showing that the United Nations Organization is very committed on the ground of the human rights, in the countries of French-speaking space. This commitment is not new. Since 1960, year of the deployment of the first Operation of peacekeeping in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa, the Operation of UNO in Congo (ONUC), the United Nations did not cease considering political stability, economic and social of Africa, like priority and the principal condition of the peacekeeping and the securty international. This stability passes by the creation of the effective conditions of promotion and protection of the basic rights of the African citizens. We tried, within the framework of this work to appreciate the assessment of UNO in the field as of the human rights. However, after 56 years of presence in sub-Saharan French-speaking Africa, this asssessment apears mainly negative. The second objective of this work is to analyze more precisely this failure and to understand the causes of them. Indeed, the programmes of promotion of the humlan rights, aiming inculcating a culture of respect of the human rights within the various social and economic categories and at reinforcing the capacities of the States in the field of the human rights are often unsuited to sociocultural réalities of Africa, insofar as they do not take into account, the fundamental causes of the African civil wars, that constitutite the intercommunity conflicts. ; La présente réflexion sur le cadre d'intervention de l'ONU dans le domaine des droits humains, en Afrique subsaharienne francophone, pousuit deux principaux objectifs. Le premier objectif vise à démontrer que l'Organisation des Nations Unies est très engagée sur le terrain des droits de l'homme, dans les pays de l'espace francophone. Cet engagement n'est pas nouveau. Depuis 1960, année du déploiement d ela première Opération de maintien de la paix en Afrique subsaharienne francophone, l'Opération de l'ONU au Congo (ONUC), les Nations Unies n'ont cessé de considérer la stabilité politique, économique et sociale de l'Afrique, comme prioritaire et comme la condition principale du maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales. Cette stabilité passe par la création des conditions effectives de promotion et de protection des droits fondamentaux des citoyens Africains. Nous avons tenté, dans le cadre de ce travail, d'apprécier le bilan de l'ONU dans le domaine des droits de l'homme. Or, après 56 ans de présence en Afrique francophone subsaharienne, ce bilan apparaît principalement négatif. Le deuxième objectif de ce travail est d'analyser plus précisément cet échec et d'en comprendre les causes. En effet, les programmes de promotion des droits de l'homme, visant à inculquer une culture de respect des droits de l'homme au sein des diverses catégories socio-professionnelles et à renforcer les capacités des Etats dans le domaine des droits de l'homme, sont souvent inadaptés aux réalités socio-culturelles de l'Afrique, dans la mesure où ils ne prennent pas en compte les causes profondes des guerres civiles africaines que constituent les conflits intercommunautaires.

Resumen: Tradicionalmente, el Derecho Penal de la República Argentina se encontró signado por el principio de legalidad procesal. Sin embargo, las legislaciones provinciales, la normativa de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y las reformas recientemente suscitadas en el Código Penal de la Nación enseñan su aquiescencia hacia paradigmas ajenos a nuestra tradición histórica, en donde se unge a los fiscales con la facultad de determinar en base a criterios de oportunidad, si ante la noticia de la comisión de un delito de acción pública ejercerán o no la acción penal, la suspenderán o interrumpirán. De modo que este fenómeno, revestido de especial actualidad, demarca una tensión inexorable con el principio de legalidad procesal, originariamente heredado de nuestra madre Patria. Por consiguiente, se impone un estudio crítico sobre qué expresiones legislativas inseridas en nuestro país constituyen, stricto sensu, auténticas proyecciones del principio de oportunidad; y si éstas se ajustan o no al bien común político. En la presente edición de la Revista se justipreciarán las diversas clases de acciones, la conversión de la acción pública en privada, la insignificancia procesal, la denominada intervención de menor relevancia y la llamada pena carente de importancia, con el afán de espigar cuáles constituyen manifestaciones genuinas del principio de oportunidad. Así pues, una vez escudriñada esta cuestión, ordenaremos el movimiento de la razón para discernir si estos criterios son o no proyecciones de un "Derecho Penal Líquido", llamado a contradecir arbitrariamente los fundamentos axiológicos del Derecho Penal e impedir la conquista del bien común político. ; Abstract: Traditionally, the criminal law of the Argentine Republic was marked by the principle of procedural legality. However, provincial legislation, the regulations of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and the recent reforms in the National Penal Code teach their acquiescence to paradigms outside our historical tradition, where prosecutors are anointed with the power of determine, based on criteria of opportunity, whether or not before the news of the commission of a public action crime will exercise the criminal action, they will suspend or interrupt it. Thus, this phenomenon, which is particularly relevant, marks an inexorable tension with the principle of procedural legality, originally inherited from our mother country. Therefore, a critical study is required on which legislative expressions inserted in our country constitute, stricto sensu, true projections of the principle of prosecutorial discretion; and whether or not they conform to the Political Common Good. In this edition of the Journal, the various kinds of actions will be judged, next to the conversion from public to private action; the procedural insignificance, the so-called minor intervention and the unimportant penalty, with the desire to glean which are genuine manifestations of the prosecutorial discretion. Thus, once this question is scrutinized, we will order the movement of reason to discern whether these criteria are or are not projections of a "Liquid Criminal law", called to arbitrarily contradict the axiological foundations of criminal law and attempt against the conquest of the Political Common Good.

To address the central question, I consider the philosophical and theoretical perspectives relating to criminalisation and punishment, concluding that criminalisation may be justified on a standard harm analysis but that the decision as to criminalisation should be approached from the perspective of a hybrid philosophical model underpinning a minimum criminalisation approach. I then examine the operation of the criminal law in England and Wales and Canada, discussing the nature of the harm associated with criminalisation, the role of risk and recklessness and the issue of consent. This discussion exposes a number of issues and tensions in the operation of offences, but also speaks as to the underlying messages associated with criminalisation, the potential breadth of criminalisation in the sexual sphere, the exceptionalism associated with prosecution in the sexual sphere and the potential for broader criminalisation outside that sphere. The thesis then interrogates the position in the USA, analysing the influences which drove criminalisation, the range of responses, the exceptional response of specific statutes and the considerable difficulties associated with their use. I then analyse public health efforts, from both a voluntary and coercive perspective, which seek to manage the spread of pathogens using an alternative to the criminal law and additionally the negative effects of criminalisation on those efforts. Finally, I consider, using Ireland as an example, how criminalisation might be approached in a jurisdiction which has not yet prosecuted, specifically issues which should be borne in mind if prosecutions were to take place, and finally conclude that they should not, save in very limited circumstances. I conclude that criminalisation should be limited to circumstances where a person acts intentionally with reference to a pathogen and as such uses it as a weapon. In reaching this conclusion I identify the exceptionalism of criminalisation in the sexual context, originating with HIV, which speaks as to the Otherness of those infected and who may infect and the stigma which continues to be a driver of epidemics. I conclude that there has never been a satisfactory disquisition at a judicial level to explain the abandonment of a public health approach to pathogens, and, where specific legislative intervention has occurred, this is to be identified with the exceptionalism and Otherness associated with HIV. From a principled perspective, and using additional public health and related research, I conclude that the deployment of the criminal law in this area is maladaptive to the achievement of what should be the goal of our societies when dealing with pathogens ? the health of the population. While criminalisation has developed in the context of sexually transmissible pathogens, there is no principled basis upon which criminalisation can be limited to that context; moreover, the criminal law is a blunt instrument which does not assist in the control of pathogen spread and in fact damages institutional and interpersonal relationships, structures and perspectives including normalisation which can assist in the development, implementation and maintenance of a community level response which has the maximum potential to control the spread of pathogens. ; TARA (Trinity?s Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

In an increasingly saturated information and infoxicated world, Media Literacy emerges as a necessity for effective filtering of the vast amount of information we consume. The present research aims to quantitatively analyze the level of media competencies of Colombian (Medellin) and Ecuadorian (Loja and Zamora) teachers by means of the application of an adaptation of the taxonomy from the media competencies model, which consists of 6 dimensions and a total of 12 indicators. The total analyzed sample was comprised of 654 teachers from 81 public and private institutions. A data-gathering instrument was used with the aim of determining their level of media competencies from each of the dimensions. The results showed a low to medium level of media competency knowledge, which illustrated the need for priority interventions based on local, regional and international works, namely those that mobilize scientific, academic and political collaboration to improve the performance of a population that should lead the general training of citizens in media competencies. ; Em um mundo cada vez mais saturado e carregado de informações, a competência mediática emerge como uma necessidade de filtragem eficiente da vasta quantidade de informação que consumimos. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar qualitativamente o grau de competência midiática dos docentes colombianos (cidade de Medellín) e equatorianos (cidades de Loja e Zamora) através da aplicação de uma taxonomia adaptada do modelo de competências mediáticas, que é constituído por seis dimensões e 12 indicadores. A amostra analisada foi composta por 654 docentes de 81 instituições públicas e privadas. Foi aplicado um instrumento de levantamento de dados com a finalidade de determinar o nível de competência midiática dos docentes por cada dimensão. Os resultados obtidos expressam um grau baixo e mediano de competência mediática, o que evidencia a necessidade de intervenções prioritárias a partir de trabalhos locais, regionais e internacionais que mobilizem cooperação científica, acadêmica e política para melhorar o desempeno de um grupo que deveria liderar a formação geral da cidadania. ; En un mundo cada vez más sobresaturado de información e infoxicado, las competencias mediáticas emergen como una necesidad para el filtrado efectivo de la ingente cantidad de informaciones que consumimos. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar cuantitativamente el grado de competencias mediáticas de docentes colombianos (ciudad de Medellín) y ecuatorianos (ciudades de Loja y Zamora), a través de la aplicación de una adaptación de la taxonomía del modelo de competencias mediáticas, contentivo de 6 dimensiones y 12 indicadores totales. La muestra total analizada se compuso de 654 docentes de 81 instituciones públicas y privadas, a los que se les aplicó un instrumento de recogida de datos con el fin de determinar su nivel de competencia mediática por cada una de las dimensiones. Los resultados expresan un bajo y mediano nivel de competencias, lo que hace evidente la demanda de intervenciones prioritarias desde trabajos locales, regionales e internacionales que movilicen cooperación científica, académica y política para mejorar el desempeño de una población que debería liderar la formación general de la ciudadanía en competencias mediáticas

Reflection "Communication-Education" is not limited to the analysis of practices, teaching-learning methodologies, the role of subjects in the dyad or the ideological issue that crosses the educational policies, but discuss the triad "teacher-knowledge-student" every time in a historical context. The binomial referred should also be enriched by scientific inquiry, which accounts for (among many other aspects) effective job placement of professionals (conceived as the fruit of this educational process of "Communication-Education") in the immediate organizational environment of the higher education institutions. With this objective in view, an exploratory research was carried out (as a first and necessary step) to know more about the demand of social communicators in organizations (public, private or mixed) in the city of Chilecito, province of La Rioja (Argentina), an area which National University of Chilecito is inserted in period 2013-2014. Organizations are areas of professional intervention for Social Communicators with Institutional orientation: it is a wide and complex area of socio-cultural, administrative, economic, financial, political and ideological realities where they can deploy versatility of the competences and skills acquired during their degree training. On the other hand, investigating characteristics of the demand of these professionals constitutes a valuable resource at the moment of recognizing the feasibility and suitability of educational offer. These aspects have been the main motivations that have guided the development of the present paper. ; La reflexión "comunicación-educación" no se limita al análisis de las prácticas, las metodologías de enseñanza-aprendizaje, el rol de los sujetos en la díada o la cuestión ideológica que atraviesa las políticas educativas, sino que pone en debate la tríada "docenteconocimiento-estudiante" en cada momento y contexto histórico. El binomio al que se alude puede y debe ser enriquecido también a partir de la indagación científica, que dé cuenta (entre otros tantos aspectos) de la efectiva inserción de los profesionales (concebido como el fruto de ese proceso formativo de la "comunicación-educación") en el entorno organizacional inmediato de actuación de la institución educativa de nivel superior. Con ese objetivo en vista, se llevó a cabo una investigación exploratoria (como un primer y necesario paso) para conocer más acerca de la demanda de comunicadores sociales en organizaciones (públicas, privadas o mixtas) en la ciudad de Chilecito, provincia de La Rioja (Argentina), espacio en el que se inserta la Universidad Nacional de Chilecito, en el período 2013-2014. Las organizaciones son espacios de intervención profesional de los comunicadores sociales con orientación en comunicación institucional y es en ese ámbito tan amplio y complejo de realidades (socioculturales, administrativas, económicas, financieras, políticas e ideológicas diversas) donde pueden desplegar la versatilidad de las competencias y habilidades adquiridas en su formación de grado. Por otra parte, investigar sobre las características de la demanda de estos profesionales constituye un recurso valioso al momento de reconocer la viabilidad y la pertinencia de la oferta educativa. Estos aspectos han sido las principales motivaciones que han guiado la elaboración de la presente investigación.

Le projet " Amélioration de la Compétitivité des Exportations des Filières vanille, ylang-ylang et girofle aux Comores", porté par le CCI (Centre du Commerce International) a interpellé le CIRAD pour mettre en oeuvre une consultance ayant pour objet d'évaluer et de faire des propositions afin d'améliorer le fonctionnement et la compétitivité de la filière girofle aux Comores. Les interventions du Cirad sont cadrées par le plan d'action consolidé élaboré par les acteurs et les bénéficiaires du projet en juin 2016. Cette troisième mission des experts du CIRAD a pour objet principal de répondre au point 18 de ce plan d'action : " Réaliser une typologie des producteurs et mesurer la place du girofle dans l'économie des ménages " Les 18 premières SC ont été créées très récemment. L'adhésion durable à une SC implique une bonne prise en compte du rapport avantage/inconvénient, de la structuration des revenus de chaque producteur, de la place du girofle par rapport à leurs production de rente ou vivrière. Or constat a été fait lors de la mission précédente que ces informations n'étaient pas disponibles. La mission consiste à développer un programme d'enquêtes socio-économique auprès des producteurs (20 ont été enquêtés, compte tenu de la durée de la mission), en tenant compte des diversités de situations présentes à Anjouan. Les experts estiment que : - les agriculteurs anjouanais ont une réelle stratégie de diversification, associant des revenus agricoles et non agricoles (off-farm) - le girofle n'est pas toujours la première source de revenu ou même la plus importante et pourtant elle constitue une part importante (mais variable d'un agriculteur à un autre) des revenus - la diversification des exploitations entre les différentes cultures industrielles (girofle, ylang-ylang, vanille), commerciales (banane, taro, manioc…) et vivrières doit être encouragée pour assurer la durabilité des exploitations, aussi les SC devraient ne pas être structurées exclusivement autour d'une filière, d'un produit, mais avoir une approche plus " multi-filière " - Les SC auront un effet positif sur la qualité des produits et leur traçabilité, en permettant aux exportateurs de traiter directement avec les SC 3 - le fonctionnement financier des SC doit être précisé pour être en accord avec les attentes des producteurs et en fonction des stratégies très diverses identifiées. La connaissance des diverses sources de revenus et les stratégies de diversification enregistrées montrent qu'il est primordial pour la suite du projet de tenir compte de ces réalités paysannes. Ainsi il est apparu que la majorité des paysans enquêtés souhaite diversifier leurs activités et investir dans d'autres activités que l'agriculture : le girofle n'est pas pour eux un investissement prioritaire. Les attentes des producteurs sur les sociétés de coopératives sont multiples et pas toujours en rapport avec les attendus possibles des SC : il parait donc important de continuer la formation des coopérateurs. Concernant la campagne giroflière en cours, il apparait que la collecte des clous a commencé alors que aucune des SC n'a calculé son prix de revient ni sa marge, n'a défini de politique d'achat, ni passé de contrat avec les exportateurs ce qui fait que le financement de la compagne et le paiement aux producteurs n'est toujours pas résolu.

The variety of aspects to consider when managing urban interventions in universitysettings is vast, since there are multiple aspects that could affect it (e.g. financial, environmental,demographic, legislative, academic, urban, mobility, etc.). This requires to take into account and tomanage properly the complexity of the interrelationships between all of these aspects. This alsorequires systematic methodologies that are capable of addressing this complexity, and is one of thereasons for opting for Organizational Cybernetics (OC) as a complementary design andimplementation methodology in urban planning at the UDC. In this paper we show how OC has beenused to structure urban management at the university on several levels (territorial, urban region,urban scale, campus scale and building scale and their surroundings). While only two of the fourstages proposed for the application of this methodology have commenced, this paper shows theability of this approach to enhance the variety of undertakings on the four scales considered. Theavailability of a conceptual framework like the one proposed provides a systematic consistency forall of the work proposed on the various scales. The University's Technology Park and its residentialarea on the territorial scale, the Campus Center and the intermodal station on the urban regionscale, the bicycle lane on the urban scale, the eco-neighborhood on the campus scale, and theverification, opening and classification of the building environments are the actions described foreach of the four levels of recursion analyzed. ; La diversidad de aspectos a tener en cuenta en la gestión de intervenciones urbanísticas en contextos universitarios es enorme ya que son múltiples los aspectos que pueden incidir en ellas (económicos, ecológicos, demográficos, legislativos, académicos, urbanísticos, movilidad, etc.). Esto hace necesario que en dichas intervenciones la complejidad derivada de la interrelación de todos esos factores sea abordada adecuadamente. Para ello se precisan metodologías sistémicas capaces de tratar dicha complejidad. Esta es una de las razones de optar por la Cibernética Organizacional (CO) como metodología complementaria para el diseño e implantación en la gestión urbanística en la Universidad de A Coruña (UDC). En este trabajo se muestra como se ha utilizado la CO para estructurar la gestión urbanística universitaria en múltiples niveles (territorial, región urbana, escala urbana, escala de campus y escala de edificio y su entorno). Si bien de las cuatro etapas propuestas para la aplicación metodológica sólo se han iniciado las dos primeras, en el trabajo se puede apreciar la capacidad de dicho enfoque para enriquecer la variedad de las intervenciones en las cuatro escalas consideradas. La disponibilidad de un marco conceptual como el propuesto permite asegurar una coherencia sistémica en todas las intervenciones planteadas en las diferentes escalas. El Parque Tecnológico y el Área Residencial Universitaria en la escala territorial, el Campus-Center y la estación intermodal en la escala de la región urbana, el carril bici en la escala urbana, el barrio ecológico en la escala del Campus, la verificación, apertura y cualificación del entorno de los edificios son las acciones descritas en cada uno de los cuatro niveles de recursión analizados.

In an increasingly saturated information and infoxicated world, Media Literacy emerges as a necessity for effective filtering of the vast amount of information we consume. The present research aims to quantitatively analyze the level of media competencies of Colombian(Medellin) and Ecuadorian (Loja and Zamora) teachers by means of the application of an adaptation of the taxonomy from the media competencies model, which consists of 6 dimensions and a total of 12 indicators. The total analyzed sample was comprised of 654 teachers from 81 public and private institutions. A data-gathering instrument was used with the aim of determining their level of media competencies from each of the dimensions. The results showed a low to medium level of media competency knowledge, which illustrated the need for priority interventions based on local, regional and international works, namely those that mobilize scientific, academic and political collaboration to improve the performance of a population that should lead the general training of citizens in media competencies. ; Em um mundo cada vez mais saturado e infoxicado, a literacia mediática emerge como uma necessidade de filtragem eficiente da vasta quantidade de informação que consumimos. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar qualitativamente o grau de competência midiática dos docentes colombianos (cidade de Medellín) e equatorianos (cidades de Loja e Zamora) através da aplicação de uma taxonomia adaptada do modelo de competências mediáticas, que é constituído por seis dimensões e 12 indicadores. A mostra analisada foi composta por 654 docentes de 81 instituições públicas e privadas. Foi aplicado um instrumento de levantamento de dados com a finalidade de determinar o nível de competência midiática dos docentes por cada dimensão. Os resultados obtidos expressam um grau baixo e mediano de competência mediática, o que evidencia a necessidade de intervenções prioritárias a partir de trabalhos locais, regionais e internacionais que mobilizem cooperação científica, acadêmica e política para melhorar o desempeno de um grupo que deveria liderar a formação geral da cidadania. ; En un mundo cada vez más sobresaturado de información e infoxicado, las competencias mediáticas emergen como una necesidad para el filtrado efectivo de la ingente cantidad de informaciones que consumimos.La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar cuantitativamente el grado de competencias mediáticas de docentes colombianos (ciudad de Medellín) y ecuatorianos (ciudades de Loja y Zamora), a través de la aplicación de una adaptación de la taxonomía del modelo de competencias mediáticas, contentivo de 6 dimensiones y 12 indicadores totales. La muestra total analizada se compuso de 654 docentes de 81 instituciones públicas y privadas, a los que se les aplicó un instrumento de recogida de datos con el fin de determinar su nivel de competencia mediática por cada una de las dimensiones. Los resultados expresan un bajo y mediano nivel de competencias, lo que hace evidente la demanda de intervenciones prioritarias desde trabajos locales, regionales e internacionales que movilicen cooperación científica, académica y política para mejorar el desempeño de una población quedebería liderar la formación general de la ciudadanía en competencias mediáticas.

Las Jornadas Nacionales organizadas por la Asociación Argentina de Extensión Rural (AADER) constituyen, desde hace más de 30 años, el principal foro de discusión sobre la temática. Está asociación ha demostrado capacidad de convocatoria para promover los debates teóricos y el análisis crítico de un vasto número de experiencias de intervención. Es por eso que entendemos que constituyen un espacio de referencia válido para comprender y estudiar la Extensión Rural en Argentina. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo ha sido caracterizar la evolución de la Extensión Rural de nuestro país en los últimos 30 años. Para ello, hemos analizado las disertaciones, paneles, conferencias y trabajos presentados en las diferentes jornadas realizadas durante el periodo transcurrido desde 1983 hasta 2016. Para realizar el análisis del contenido, las principales categorías que consideramos fueron: temática general propuesta por los organizadores, pertenencia institucional de los participantes/expositores, características generales de los trabajos presentados (cantidad, categoría), temas y conceptos recurrentes y emergentes, entre otras variables. Ha habido una evolución de las presentaciones, desde el relato de experiencias de trabajo de campo, a manifestaciones con mayor nivel de reflexividad y aporte teórico bajo la forma de investigaciones, que indican una profesionalidad creciente. A su vez, observamos que los conceptos, objetivos y estrategias presentes en los documentos estudiados, han ido mutando al compás de los momentos históricos y políticos de nuestro país, y grafican los diferentes paradigmas de desarrollo y Extensión Rural que se han disputado la hegemonía durante el período analizado. ; The National Conferences organized by the Argentine Rural Extension Association (AADER) have been the main forum for discussion on the subject for more than 30 years. This association has demonstrated convening capacity to promote theoretical discussions and critical analysis of a large number of intervention experiences. That is why we understand that they constitute a valid reference space for understanding and studying Rural Extension in Argentina. In this context, the objective of this work has been to characterize the evolution of Rural Extension of our country in the last 30 years. To do this, we analyzed the dissertations, panels, conferences and papers presented in the different conferences held during the period from 1983 to 2016. In order to analyze the content, the main categories we considered were: general theme proposed by the organizers, institutional membership of the participants, general characteristics of the papers presented (quantity, category), recurrent and emerging themes and concepts, among other variables. There has been an evolution of the presentations, from the account of experiences of field work, to manifestations with greater level of theoretical reflection and in the form of investigations, which indicate a growing professionalism. At the same time, we observe that the concepts, objectives and strategies in the studied documents have been changing by the compass of the historical and political moments of our country, and they graph the different paradigms of development and rural extension that have been disputed hegemony during the period analyzed. ; Edición especial: "50 aniversario de la formación en Extensión Rural". ; Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales

Стаття присвячена дослідженню оцінок доктрини Обами в американській науковій думці по закінченні строку його двох президентських термінів. Дослідження базується на авторській теоретичній основі вивчення доктрини Обами. Серед основних питань, що розглядаються в статті, наступні: які риси зовнішньополітичної ідеології США є традиційними та незмінними, незалежно від правлячої адміністрації; що «успадкувала» адміністрація Обами від свого попередника; які основні здобутки та прорахунки у зовнішньополітичній сфері можуть бути пов'язані з періодом 2009–2017 рр. ; The article is devoted to the study of the Obama Doctrine in American scientific thought following the end of his two presidential terms. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the period of Obama's presidency in today's American political science, in particular, to identify the assessments of the correlation between his program and the real political course. The research is based on the original theoretical basis of studying of the Obama Doctrine. The main issues described in the article are the following: features of the US foreign policy ideology which are traditional and constant, regardless of the ruling administration; the things «inherited» by the Obama Administration from the predecessor; the major achievements and mistakes in foreign policy which may be related to the period of 2009–2017. After the 9/11 attacks the fighting radical jihadists has become a top priority of American politics. Regional peace, prosperity, democracy and human rights were also important. The President has refused or allowed only a minimal military intervention in subsequent years. The President's national security instruments became sanctions and negotiations. To judge the President's management of the foreign policy it is important to follow such criteria as the ability to fulfil what was promised, to weaken the country's enemies and to strengthen the allies, to develop a concept based on American interests, which should appear to be convincing and true and to get to the right course on a global scale. The change of the balance from periphery to the core created a vacuum of force, which was filled with ISIL. All the options offered by Obama have let the country's enemies to believe that they can do whatever they want. And his disbelief in traditional allies has raised the question of the value of being an ally of the United States. However, Barack Obama, after the inheritance of the two wars and the global economic crisis during the George W. Bush Administration, has brought the country out of some of the old problems, avoiding falling into the trap of new ones. There were mistakes and lost opportunities. But, as George W. Bush and B. Clinton, Obama gave the successor a general foreign policy program and national power in a better state than when he came to power. ; Статья посвящена исследованию оценок доктрины Обамы в американской научной мысли по окончании срока двух его президентских сроков. Исследование базируется на авторской теоретической основе изучения доктрины Обамы. Среди основных вопросов, которые рассматриваются в статье: какие черты внешнеполитической идеологии США являются традиционными и неизменными, независимо от правящей администрации; что «унаследовала» администрация Обамы от своего предшественника; какие основные успехи и ошибки во внешнеполитической сфере могут быть связаны с периодом 2009–2017 гг.

Purpose
Recent studies indicated that the level of adoption of health data standards in healthcare organisations remains frustratingly low worldwide although health data standards have been perceived to be an essential tool for interoperability barriers within health information systems. The relevant literature still lacks significant studies concerning the issues of the adoption process of health data standards in healthcare organisations, and in particular those in developing nation. In addressing this gap in knowledge, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the adoption decision of health data standards in tertiary healthcare organisations in Saudi Arabia, and to develop a technology-organisation-environment list that contains the critical factors influencing their adoption.


Design/methodology/approach
A multiple-case study methodology was conducted in Saudi Arabia and different data collection methods were used included semi-structured interviews with different decision makers at various levels and departments of the subject organisations, and documents analysis to identify critical factors to the adoption decision of health data standards.


Findings
The findings demonstrated a list of key factors from different aspects impacting the adoption decision of health data standards in the subject organisations. The technological factors are complexity and compatibility of health data standards, IT infrastructure, switching costs, market uncertainties, systems integration and enhancing the use of advanced systems. The main organisational factors are the lack of adequate policies and procedures and information management plan, resistance to change, data analysis and accreditation. The core environmental factors are the lack of national regulator and data exchange plan, national healthcare system and the shortage of professionals.


Research limitations/implications
The results from the qualitative data were difficult to generalise to other populations. For example, the structure of the health sector varies from country to country as each health sector has its own characteristics that affect and are affected by national circumstances. In order to provide a more grounded theory resulting from a qualitative study, further examination by conducting quantitative studies is required. In addition, the TOE approach does not take into account the sociotechnical issues and further research is required in this area.


Practical implications
The investigation into the adoption decision of health data standards in tertiary healthcare organisations in Saudi Arabia has led to the development of a technology-organisation-environment list that contains the critical factors influencing their adoption. The research outcome has addressed the gap in knowledge of the adoption of health data standards in healthcare organisations. It also provides the decision maker, and in particular those in developing nations, with better understanding of the adoption process of those standards to better judge and to develop suitable strategy of adoption interventions.


Originality/value
Although recent studies indicated that the level of adoption of health data standards in healthcare organisations remains frustratingly low, the prior studies related to health data standards missed out on the exploration of the adoption decision of different types of health data standards in healthcare organisations and the critical factors influencing their adoption. Research on health data standards adoption based out of a developing country such as Saudi Arabia can also potentially provide several new insights on standards practices.