Problem Statement: The kinds and scale of social responses to AIDS in Ethiopia have been more complex than for other epidemics; Persons Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) frequently face pronounced shame, stigma, and discrimination by their families and communities. In places where these responses are the rule, many people resist knowing their HIV infection status or are reluctant to change their risky behavior even after knowing they carry the virus, fearing that this would be interpreted as an admission of infection. Methods: Using an anthropological approach, 35 PLWHA informants were selected from several institutions providing counseling and social services. Due to the sensitivity of the subject, great care was taken in selecting informants, which was possible because of the author's past employment at a counseling center and his close interactions with patients. In addition to participant observation, the author interviewed the informants using semi-structured interview guides in various settings and during different job-related activities carried out at different counseling and care centers.
Methods: Using an anthropological approach, 35 PLWHA informants were selected from several institutions providing counseling and social services. Due to the sensitivity of the subject, great care was taken in selecting informants, which was possible because of the author's past employment at a counseling center and his close interactions with patients. In addition to participant observation, the author interviewed the informants using semi-structured interview guides in various settings and during different job-related activities carried out at different counseling and care centers.
Results: The study revealed that the stigma attached to HIV/AIDS is one of the most crucial factors in PLWHAs' willingness to disclose their serostatus to their sexual partners. Their fears centered on stigma and rejection, dying and leaving their children, going through long painful periods of multiple illnesses, being disfigured or psychologically incapacitated, and becoming impoverished. It was difficult for them to change their sexual behavior even if their current practice endangered their partner. Responses by spouses and caregivers to PLWHAs varied considerably, from acceptance of the patient's predicament and support to family instability, separation of partners, and the eviction of the sick person from the house. These case studies also indicate that misconceptions regarding modes of transmission, prevention of infection, and stigma attached to HIV/AIDS have impeded the process of a positive and supportive response from society.
Conclusion and Recommendations: The strong stigma attached to AIDS and PLWHAs prevents patients from seeking care and support, and also from receiving optimum care under local conditions. Efforts to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and the provision of care and support services should be directed toward eliminating the negative stereotyping of PLWHAs and encouraging a more sympathetic attitude toward them. It is suggested that health education through the mass media be considered to promote positive attitudes in both home-based and institutional providers.
The paper tries to analyse the national identity of the German-speaking population of Tirol in the period 1850-1914. Understanding national identity as an area of cultural discourse in which different social groups compete to produce a dominant interpretation of identity, it focuses primarily on a national festival held in Tirol in 1909, and this is briefly compared with an earlier festival held in 1863. The 1909 festival illustrates the different and mutually reinforcing permutations of Tirolian provincial consciousness, German cultural identity and Austrian dynastic loyalty felt by various social groups. The 1909 celebration was intended as a form of patriotic social integration, and was primarily organised by the Catholic-Conservative elites. However, many of the cultural forms manifested at the festival were linked to a Heimat tradition fostered by the Tirolian bourgeoisie: though the bourgeoisie contested some aspects of the festival, it was above all an opportunity for them to assert their dynamic economic and social role and manifest their strongly-held sense of German identity. This contrasts strongly with the earlier festival which had been a bitterly contested ideological confrontation between Liberalism and Catholic-Conservatism and different political visions of the future of Germany. Two of the major differences between the two festivals were the change from an elite to a mass structure of politics (where the peasantry argued for inclusion on its own terms), and the altered nature of the Catholic-Conservative attitude towards the political centre. ; The paper tries to analyse the national identity of the German-speaking population of Tirol in the period 1850-1914. Understanding national identity as an area of cultural discourse in which different social groups compete to produce a dominant interpretation of identity, it focuses primarily on a national festival held in Tirol in 1909, and this is briefly compared with an earlier festival held in 1863. The 1909 festival illustrates the different and mutually reinforcing permutations of Tirolian provincial consciousness, German cultural identity and Austrian dynastic loyalty felt by various social groups. The 1909 celebration was intended as a form of patriotic social integration, and was primarily organised by the Catholic-Conservative elites. However, many of the cultural forms manifested at the festival were linked to a Heimat tradition fostered by the Tirolian bourgeoisie: though the bourgeoisie contested some aspects of the festival, it was above all an opportunity for them to assert their dynamic economic and social role and manifest their strongly-held sense of German identity. This contrasts strongly with the earlier festival which had been a bitterly contested ideological confrontation between Liberalism and Catholic-Conservatism and different political visions of the future of Germany. Two of the major differences between the two festivals were the change from an elite to a mass structure of politics (where the peasantry argued for inclusion on its own terms), and the altered nature of the Catholic-Conservative attitude towards the political centre.
In this commentary, we discuss a photography competition, launched during the summer of 2014, to explore the everyday stories of how gender plays out within health systems around the world. While no submission fees were charged nor financial awards involved, the winning entries were exhibited at the Global Symposium on Health Systems Research in Cape Town, South Africa, in October 2014, with credits to the photographers involved. Anyone who had an experience of, or interest in, gender and health systems was invited to participate. Underlying the aims of the photo competition was a recognition of the importance of participation of community members, health workers and other non-academics in our research engagement and in venues where their perspectives are often missing. The competition elicited participation from a range of stakeholders engaged in health systems: professional photographers, project managers, donors, researchers, activists and community members. In total, 54 photos were submitted by 29 participants from 15 different nationalities and country locations. We unpack what the photos suggest about gender and health systems and the pivotal role of community-level systems that support health, including that of close-to-community health providers. Three themes emerged: women active on the frontlines of service delivery and as primary unpaid carers, the visibility of men in gender and health systems and the inter-sectoral nature and intra-household dynamics of community health that embed close-to-community health providers. The question of who has the right to take and display images, under what contexts and for what purpose also permeated the photo competition. We reflect on how photos can be valuable representations of the worlds that we, health workers and health systems are embedded in. Photographs broaden our horizons by capturing and connecting us to subjects from afar in seemingly unmediated ways but also reflect the politics, values and subjectivities of the photographer. They represent stereotypes, but also showcase alternate realities of people and health systems, and thereby can engender further reflection and change. We conclude with thoughts about the place of photography in health systems research and practice in highlighting and potentially transforming how we look at and address close-to-community providers.
Within sustainable urbanism debate, environmental attitudes and behaviours shaping everyday activities and practices of urban communities have been a focus area. All the related work of at least 25 years have introduced the term 'ecological citizenship' as the newly, emerging dimension of Ecological City. In this context, the academicia ns, policy makers and environmentalists seek to find the strategies and tools to make the behavioural change for the modern urban societies towards implementing ecologica l citizenship. In this context, this research focusing on the term 'ecological citizenship', tries to obtain information for understanding Famagusta inhabitants' potential to embrace ecological citizenship as a way of living. Hence, besides seeking the most convenie nt solutions for the physical shortcomings of the Famagusta city with plans, legislat ions and so forth, accomplishing ecologically based, sustainable residents seems as a potentially crucial and significant requisite. Within this framework, firstly, the emergence of ecological citizenship has been evaluated, and then research problem and research objectives have been identified. Secondly modern environmentalism has been discussed and then Ecological City has been deliberated in its five known dimensions with the addition of 'ecologica l citizenship' as the fifth dimension after 'sustainable urban form', 'sustainab le transportation', 'urban ecology and biodiversity', and 'energy use and waste management'. Thirdly, the literature in the field has been reviewed and environmenta l behaviour as the nucleus of ecological citizenship has been evaluated. iv Following the literature review, a survey study has been developed. In this vein, firstly Famagusta has been evaluated based on the dimensions of Ecological City and then the findings of the Famagusta Area Study (FAS) has been interpreted. Then, based on these, a survey research model has been developed. Within this framework, a user survey that seeks to obtain data about the level of existing environmental awareness and concern, ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes and also about environmenta l behaviours has been prepared. The user survey, carried out with the help of the firm 'The Management Centre of the Mediterranean', involved four sections; 165 inhabitants between 16 and 75 years old were randomly sampled within the territory of Famagusta municipality including all 16 quarters; it was undertaken in a time period of seven weeks (10 April - 03 June 2013). Finally, the findings of the user survey have been presented, interpreted, and conclusions were drawn based on the study, considering the local environmental peculiarities of Famagusta, N. Cyprus. According to the findings of the research, Famagusta residents' existing awareness and concern about environmental problems and issues, cannot achieve an adequate level in order to be one of the dynamics shaping their lifestyles. However, their environmental worldview is still at a medium level. Additionally, the survey findings indicate that environmentally based living will increase if the urban environment is improved in line with the requirements of sustainable urban environments. Keywords: Ecological City, Ecological Citizenship, Environmental Attitude and Behaviour, Famagusta, North Cyprus. ; ÖZ: Kentlerde çevreci ve sürdürülebilir yaşam tarzı benimsemiş topluluklar yaratabilmek amacıyla vatandaşların günlük alışkanlıklarının, tutum ve davranışlarının araştırılmas ı yaklaşık son 25 yıldır gündemde olup, sürdürülebilir kent planlama çalışma la r ı kapsamında gittikçe daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. Tüm bu çalışmaların sonucunda 'çevreci vatandaşlık', Ekolojik Kent kavramının yeni boyutu olarak ortaya çıkmışt ır. Bu nedenle, akademisyenler, politikacılar ve çevreciler kent topluluklarını oluşturan bireylerin çevreci vatandaşlar olmaları için gerekli davranışsal değişimi sağlayacak strateji ve araçları saptamaya çalışmaktadır. Bu araştırma 'çevreci vatandaşlık' kavramına odaklanarak, Gazimağusa halkının çevreci vatandaşlık nosyonunu bir yaşam biçimi olarak benimsemesinin mevcut potansiyelini ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Gazimağusa kentinin fizik se l sorunlarının aşılması için planlar, yasalar, vs. aracılığıyla çözümler aranırken, kent halkının ekoloji dostu ve çevreci yaşam biçimini benimsemesi önemli bir zorunluluk olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, ilk olarak, 'çevreci vatandaşlık' kavramının ortaya çıkışı değerlendirilmiş ve ardından tezin araştırma problemi ve araştırma hedefler i belirlenmiştir. İkinci olarak, modern çevrecilik anlayışı tartışılmış ve sonrasında 'Ekolojik Kent', literatürde çoğunlukla ele alındığı şekilde, beş boyut kapsamında incelenmiş ve 'çevreci vatandaşlık' kavramı, 'sürdürülebilir kentsel biçim', 'sürdürülebilir ulaşım', 'kent ekolojisi ve biyo-çeşitlilik' ile 'sürdürülebilir enerji kullanımı ve atık yönetimi' boyutlarına beşinci boyut olarak eklenerek irdelenmişt ir. vi Üçüncü olarak, literatür araştırması yapılarak çevreci vatandaşlık ve bu kavramın temel bileşeni olan çevreci davranış değerlendirilmiştir. Dördüncü olarak Gazimağusa kenti, yapılan literatür araştırmasından elde edilen bilgiler ve kent için önemli bir kaynak olan Gazimağusa Kentsel Yaşam Kalitesi Araştırması (2010) bulguları ışığında ve Ekolojik Kent kavramının bilinen beş boyutu kapsamında irdelenmiş ve tezin araştırma modeli ve uygulanacak anket soruları belirlenmiştir. Bu model, Gazimağusa halkının çevresel farkındalık düzeyi, 'insan odaklı' ve 'çevre odaklı' tutumları ile üç kategoride çevreci davranışlarını araştıran bir kullanıcı anketinin hazırlanmasında kullanılmıştır. Dört bölümden oluşan kullanıc ı anketinin uygulanmasında 'The Management Centre of the Mediterranean' firmasından destek alınmıştır. 10 Nisan - 7 Haziran 2013 tarihleri yedi haftalık sürede gerçekleştirilen anketler, Gazimağusa belediye sınırları içindeki toplam 16 mahallede, 16-75 yaş aralığındaki katılımcılarla yapılmıştır. Son olarak, kullanıcı anketinin bulguları sunulmuş, yorumlanmış ve Gazimağusa'nın yerel farklılıkları dikkate alınarak sonuç, değerlendirme ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Bulgulara göre, Gazimağusa halkının çevre konuları ve sorunlarına ilişkin mevcut farkındalık ve ilgisinin, yaşam biçimlerinin şekillenmesine etki edebilecek seviyede olmadığı anlaşılmıştır. Ancak, katılımcıların çoğunluğunun yine de ortalamanın biraz üzerinde bir seviyede çevreci tutum sergilediği ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca katılımcıla r ın çoğunluğu, kentin sürdürülebilirlik özelliği geliştirilirse, daha çevreci bir yaşam şeklini benimseyebileceklerini belirtmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekolojik Kent, Çevreci Vatandaşlık, Çevreci Tutum ve Davranış, Gazimağusa, Kuzey Kıbrıs. ; Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Architecture, Dept. of Architecture, 2015. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Derya Oktay.
The Country Opinion Survey in Senegal assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Senegal perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Senegal on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Senegal; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Senegal; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Senegal; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Senegal.
The Country Opinion Survey in Uruguay assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Uruguay perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Uruguay on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Uruguay; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Uruguay; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Uruguay; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Uruguay.
The Country Opinion Survey in Bolivia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Bolivia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Bolivia on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Bolivia; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Bolivia; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Bolivia; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Bolivia.
The Country Opinion Survey in Mongolia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Mongolia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Mongolia on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Mongolia; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Mongolia; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Mongolia; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Mongolia.
The Country Opinion Survey in Tanzania assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Tanzania perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Tanzania on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Tanzania; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Tanzania; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Tanzania; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Tanzania.
The Country Opinion Survey in Gabon assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Gabon perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Gabon on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Gabon; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Gabon; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Gabon; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Gabon.
The Country Opinion Survey in Lesotho assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Lesotho perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral and bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Lesotho on: 1) their views regarding the general environment in Lesotho; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Lesotho; 3) overall impressions of the WBGs effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Lesotho; and 4) their perceptions of the WBGs future role in Lesotho.
The Country Opinion Survey in Ukraine assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Ukraine perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Ukraine on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Ukraine; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Ukraine; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Ukraine; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Ukraine.
Low adoption and compliance levels for household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) technologies have made it challenging for these systems to achieve measurable health benefits in the developing world. User compliance remains an inconsistently defined and poorly understood feature of HWTS programs. In this article, we develop a comprehensive approach to understanding HWTS compliance. First, our Safe Drinking Water Compliance Framework disaggregates and measures the components of compliance from initial adoption of the HWTS to exclusive consumption of treated water. We apply this framework to an ultraviolet (UV)-based safe water system in a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Mexico. Second, we evaluate a no-frills (or "Basic") variant of the program as well as an improved (or "Enhanced") variant, to test if subtle changes in the user interface of HWTS programs could improve compliance. Finally, we perform a full-cost analysis of both variants to assess their cost effectiveness (CE) in achieving compliance. We define "compliance" strictly as the habit of consuming safe water. We find that compliance was significantly higher in the groups where the UV program variants were rolled out than in the control groups. The Enhanced variant performed better immediately postintervention than the Basic, but compliance (and thus CE) degraded with time such that no effective difference remained between the two versions of the program.
The prevailing South African Constitutional order is defined in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa as a sovereign constitutional democracy. Freedom of access to government held information by the public is a fundamental and indispensable tenet of a sovereign constitutional democracy. The essential link between the two is recognized by the South African Constitution which guarantees the right to freedom of information as a fundamental human right. The Constitution simultaneously recognizes that all rights, including the right to freedom of information, may be subject to limitation. However, any such limitation must be reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality, and freedom. The right to freedom of information is subject to often severe limitations in the arena of national security matters on the ground that the need for secrecy in this arena is self-evident. The limitation of the right may be necessary, but must, as in the case of all other limitations, be reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society. A comparative overview of most notably the United States of America, a stable and mature sovereign constitutional democracy, reveals that it, in the practical application of the limitation of the right to freedom of information in the arena of national security does not follow through on its commitment to democratic values. In the practical application of the limitation, the United States may be accused of failing to meet the standards required by a sovereign constitutional democracy in the extent of power it affords the unaccountable executive branch of government over the control and dissemination of information in the arena of national security. More specifically, in the power it affords this branch to define national security. And further, in its failure to hold this branch accountable for decisions made in this regard. This lack of accountability may be attributed to a conservative judiciary which as a matter of course defers to the executive and a failure on the part of the legislature to legislate alternative methods of accountability. The question for South Africa is whether it having Constitutionally entrenched the right to freedom of information, will be able, in contrast to the United States, to maintain democratic standards in the practical implementation of the limitation of the right to freedom of information in the arena of national security. Current practices in South Africa reveal that it has not been able to andwill not be able to maintain the necessary standards, without engaging in some fundamental changes. Primarily because of traditional arid entrenched judicial and public attitudes as well as because of the extensive power afforded the executive branch in respect of control of information in the arena of national security and over the definition of national security. The solution lies in a pro-active legislative programme designed to give effect to the right to freedom of information. Any such programme must actively limit the extent of discretionary power afforded the executive branch and where such power is necessary, make it subject to substantive review, in other words must enable one to hold the executive accountable for its decisions. One of the primary tools for achieving this is by way of freedom of information legislation. Such legislation must expressly, and in sufficient detail, regulate exemptions to the right in such a manner as to make the successful invocation of such an exemption dependant on whether it is reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society. Further, any allegation of reasonableness and justifiability must be open to public scrutiny in a manner which would not jeopardize legitimate secrets. The balancing of the competing interests poses a very real dilemma for any democratic society. This dilemma can however to a large extent be resolved by a change in judicial and public attitudes and legislative activism. Th,e process of change has commenced in South Africa. This is evidenced in the Constitutional terms and tone as well as in a number of legislative initiatives to change existing national security laws and to introduce new laws such as the current Open Democracy Bill.
SummaryAPPLICATION OF SOCIOLOGICAL AND SOCIO‐PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN EXTENSION EDUCATIONExtension work is understood as a helping relationship to aid people in changing their outlooks, attitudes, knowledge and behaviour in such a way, that as many of their agricultural problems are solved as is possible and their overall situation is improved. For their work change‐agents need concepts which should provide: Insight into the inter‐relatedness of basic factors determining behaviour and indications as to leverage points for change within the complex of interdependent factors. Field theory has proved to be a very useful concept in this respect. It serves as an heuristic tool to discover the factors and their interrelationships which are relevant in respect to behaviour in specific situations. On a macro‐level it seems helpful to combine this concept with an inter‐system model leading to the analysis of interaction within and between the client‐system and the change‐agent system.Training in conceptual skills to use the concepts in actual development work should not be limited to the presentation of the concept or the respective concepts. Even the training of field advisers to use these concepts in actual planning situations does not seem to be sufficient. The training should correct psychological and sociological assumptions held by the advisers which lead to disfunctional activities. The aim is to attain from the advisers a positive acceptance of the approach as well as some degree of committment to its application in the field.Only a small number of empirical research studies is available relating to the problem of how to bring about change by extension/ advisory‐type of activities. There is a real need for more action oriented research in this field. Some recurring problems of such type of research are discussed.RésuméLA RECHERCHE EN PSYCHOLOGIE SOCIALE APPLIQUÉE À LA VULGARISATIONLa vulgarisation est perçue comme une relation d'aide destinée à faciliter l'évolution des conceptions, attitudes, connaissances et comportements des individus, de telle manière que la majeure partie de leurs problèmes d'ordre agricole soit résolu et que leur situation personnelle s'en trouve améliorée. Dans cette optique, les vulgarisateurs, agents du changement, ont besoin de concepts qui puissent leur assurer:– une perception des inter‐relations existant entre les principaux facteurs du comportement,– la determination des points d'appui à utiliser en vue du changement dans le complexe des facteurs interdépendants.La théorie du champ de forces s'est avérée, à cet égard, très fructueuse. Elle est utilisée comme instrument de recherche afin de découvrir les relations entre facteurs spécifiques d'un comportement donné. Au niveau global il semble utile de combiner ce concept avec un modèle inter‐système conduisant à une analyse des interactions à l'intérieur et entre les systèmes des utilisateurs et des vulgarisateurs, agents de changement.La formation à l'utilisation de ces concepts dans le travail actuel de développement ne devrait pas se limiter à une présentation du ou de ces concepts. De même, la formation de vulgarisateurs aptes à utiliser de tels concepts ne paraît pas, à l'heure actuelle, suffisante. Elle doit corriger les présupposés psycho‐sociologiques des vulgarisateurs, générateurs d'activités erronées. Le but à atteindre est, de la part des vulgarisateurs, une acceptation de cette méthode ainsi que son application sur le terrain.Les recherches empiriques portant sur les méthodes d'évolution par l'intermédiaire de la vulgarisation et du développement sont peu nombreuses. Il existe cependant, en ce domaine, un besoin réel de recherches. Quelques problèmes permanents de ce type de recherches sont abordés.ZusammenfassungDIE ANWENDUNG SOZIAL‐PSYCHOLOGISCHER FORSCHUNG IN DER BERATERAUSBILDUNGBeratung wird verstanden als geistige Hilfe zur Lösung der aktuellen Probleme der Beratenen durch Änderung ihrer Problemwahrnehmung, ihrer Einstellungen, ihres Wissens und Könnens und ihres Verhaltens. Berater benötigen daher Konzepte, die ihnen Einsicht in den Gesamt‐zusammenhang der verhaltensbestimmenden Faktoren vermitteln und Hinweise auf Ansatzstellen zu gezielter Verhaltensänderung geben. In dieser Hinsicht hat sich die Feldtheorie Lewin's als ein heuristisches Instrument bewährt. Es wird – auf der Makro‐Ebene – zweckmäßiger‐weise mit einem Intersystem‐Modell verbunden, das zur Analyse der Interaktionen in und zwischen dem Förderungs‐System und dem Klienten‐System geeignet ist.Die Vermittlung dieser Konzepte an Berater sollte sich nicht auf die Darlegung und Erläuterung der Konzepte beschränken. Auch die Anwendung in aktuellen Planungssituationen erscheint noch unzureichend. Im Regelfall müssen zunächst bei den Beratern falsche Annahmen bezüglich des Verhaltens der Klienten korrigiert werden, und man muß versuchen, die Berater zu innerem Engagement für die Anwendung des neuen Ansatzes in ihrer Beratungsarbeit zu gewinnen.Empirische Studien zu gezielter Verhaltensänderung durch Beratung liegen kaum vor. Es erscheint erforderlich, mehr als bisher praktische Förderungstatigkeit (Beratung) mit sozial‐wissenschaftlicher Forschung zu verbinden. Einige wiederkehrende Probleme solcher Aktionsforschung werden diskutiert.
