Suchergebnisse

International audience ; This article presents the main results of the Métha'revenus research project, funded by the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food, and commissioned in 2019 to the Ladyss laboratory (CNRS). It adopts an institutionalist approach, known as a 'value chain' approach, to account for the income dynamics of agricultural biogas production in France. It distinguishes between two periods: the emergence of agricultural biogas production, driven by pioneering farmers and supported by public policies from the 2000s onwards; and the development of the sector, marked by an increase in the number of intermediaries, by a logic of optimising methanogenic power and greater competition between farmers on the one hand, and between farmers and industrialists on the other after 2015. Our results show a diversity of ways of generating income from agricultural biogas production in France. We also show that this sector is currently undergoing a process of industrialisation and expansion - in the sense of an increase in the number of segments and therefore of players. This dynamic is reflected in the fact that it is more difficult for some farmers to earn an income from this non-farming activity, particularly for those located upstream in the chain. It is not certain that farmers remain dominant players in anaerobic digestion and earn a significant income from it in the future. ; Cet article présente les principaux résultats du projet de recherche Métha'revenus, financé par le ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, et commandé en 2019 au laboratoire Ladyss (CNRS). Il adopte une approche institutionnaliste dite « de filière » pour rendre compte de la dynamique de revenu de la méthanisation agricole en France. Il distingue deux périodes : celle de l'émergence de la méthanisation, portée par des éleveurs pionniers et soutenue par les politiques publiques à partir des années 2000 ; celle du développement de la filière marqué par une augmentation du nombre des intermédiaires, par une logique d'optimisation du pouvoir méthanogène et une plus grande concurrence entre les agriculteurs-méthaniseurs d'une part, et entre agriculteurs et industriels d'autre part après 2015. Nos résultats montrent une diversité de manières de dégager un revenu de la méthanisation agricole en France, du fait de l'histoire de l'émergence et du développement de la filière. Ils soulignent aussi quecette filière connait actuellement une logique d'industrialisation et d'extension – au sens d'une augmentation du nombre de segments et donc d'acteurs. Cette dynamique se traduit par une plus grande difficulté, pour certains agriculteurs, à dégager un revenu de cette activité nonagricole, en particulier pour ceux situés en amont de la filière et qui n'ont pas réussi à internaliser au maximum les différentes étapes du processus de production. Il n'est pas certain que les agriculteurs, à terme, parviennent à être des acteurs dominants de la méthanisation et à en dégager un revenu significatif, quelles que soient leurs spécificités.

Hohe Verluste durch Extremwetterereignisse und wissenschaftlicher Konsens über die unvermeidbaren Konsequenzen des Klimawandels erhöhen den Bedarf für effektive Anpassungsstrategien. Folglich ist Klimawandelanpassung zu einem wichtigen Thema in der EU geworden. Diese Arbeit kombiniert qualitative und quantitative Methoden, um (i) den Status quo der öffentlichen Anpassung in der EU und in Mitgliedstaaten zu untersuchen, (ii) Anpassungskostenpfade basierend auf öffentlichen Informationen und der Rücksprache mit Stakeholdern und ExpertInnen zu erstellen, (iii) ein multiregionales, multisektorales CGE-Modell weiterzuentwickeln, sodass verschiedene Arten der Anpassung (strukturell, informatorisch, ökosystembasiert) berücksichtigt werden, und (iv) die makroökonomischen und budgetären Effekte von öffentlicher Anpassung zu analysieren. Die praktische Umsetzung von Anpassung in den Mitgliedstaaten weist deutliche Unterschiede in der Institutionalisierung, Finanzierung und Planung auf. Trotz diesen und klimatischen Unterschieden zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass öffentliche Anpassung gesamtwirtschaftlichen Netto-Nutzen generiert. Obwohl sich die Umsetzung von Maßnahmen auf die Ausgabenseite der öffentlichen Haushalte auswirkt, steigen die Gesamteinnahmen des Staates, da Anpassung die gesamtwirtschaftlichen und budgetären Auswirkungen des Klimawandels reduziert, indem, im Vergleich zu einem Szenario ohne Anpassung, höhere wirtschaftliche Aktivität ermöglicht wird. Da die negativen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Steuerbasis gemildert werden, ermöglichen Anpassungsmaßnahmen ein höheres öffentliches Konsumniveau und höhere Transfers an private Haushalte. Allerdings können hohe Implementierungskosten und das ungleiche Timing von Kosten und Nutzen der Anpassung an Ereignisse mit geringer Wahrscheinlichkeit, aber schwerwiegenden Auswirkungen die Haushaltsbelastung erhöhen, wenn nur durchschnittliche Folgen des Klimawandels berücksichtigt werden. ; Increasing losses from extreme events and scientific consensus on the inevitable impacts of climate change raise the need for coping strategies through adaptation. Consequently, climate change adaptation has emerged into an important topic in EU policies and funding mechanisms. This thesis combines qualitative and quantitative methods to (i) investigate the status quo of public adaptation in the EU and in Member States, (ii) synthesise adaptation cost pathways based on public documents and stakeholder and expert input, (iii) refine a multi-regional, multi-sectoral CGE model to account for different types of adaptation (structural, informational, ecosystem-based), and (iv) analyse the economy-wide and budgetary implications thereof. We find that the EU is an important enabler of adaptation action in Member States, especially where adaptive capacities are low. The practical implementation of adaptation in Member States does not follow a one-size-fits-all approach, with distinct differences in the institutionalisation, funding and planning among countries. Despite differences in the exposure to climate risks and national adaptation strategies, results show that adaptation generates net-benefits on an economy-wide scale for the countries investigated. Although the implementation of adaptation requires public funding, affecting the expenditure side of public budgets, overall government revenues increase as adaptation reduces the economy-wide and budgetary effects of climate change, enabling a higher level of economic activity, compared to a scenario without adaptation. Thus, by mitigating the negative effect of climate change on the tax base, we find that adaptation allows for higher levels of government consumption and transfers to households. However, high implementation costs and a mismatch between the timing of costs and benefits of adaptation to low-probability, high-impact events can increase the budgetary burden when considering only mean climate change effects. ; Eva Preinfalk ; Zusammenfassungen auf Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2021 ; (VLID)5870113

In the broad scene of current Narrative Journalism, it's a fact the emergence of female voices that appeal to testimony and to a confessional and personalist tone subsidiary of the trend of female journalists who participated in the mid-20th century of the New North American Journalism and also, from the other side of the ocean, from European journalistic experiences (Angulo Egea). Inherited from nineteenth-century biographies, memoirs, diaries and travel literature, that "personalist tone" was specified, according to Angulo Egea, "en un yo femenino, reivindicativo y crítico que se nutría también en parte de las posturas feministas imperantes a principios del siglo XX en los Estados Unidos" (163). The chronicle on the escape from the prison of the Tupamaras political prisoners in 1971, built by Josefina Licitra in 38 estrellas (2018), can be questioned in the light of this trend. As the author herself notes, the story of 38 estrellas not only tries to interpret a historical moment of Latin American politics, but also the place that women have in society. With a view to this postulate, this proposal aims to examine Licitra's chronicle, taking into account the status of gender as a questioner of the established reality and its power to disarm the hegemonic narratives of the armed guerrillas. ; En el amplio panorama del periodismo narrativo actual, se distingue la emergencia de voces femeninas que apelan al testimonio y a un tono confesional y personalista subsidiario de la corriente de mujeres periodistas que participaron hacia mediados del siglo XX del Nuevo Periodismo norteamericano y también, desde el otro lado del océano, de experiencias periodísticas europeas (Angulo Egea). Heredado de las biografías, memorias, diarios y literatura de viajes decimonónica, ese "tono personalista" se concretó, de acuerdo con Angulo Egea, "en un yo femenino, reivindicativo y crítico que se nutría también en parte de las posturas feministas imperantes a principios del siglo XX en los Estados Unidos" (163). La crónica sobre la fuga de la cárcel de las presas políticas tupamaras en 1971, construida por Josefina Licitra en 38 estrellas (2018), puede ser interpelada a la luz de esta tendencia. Como la autora misma advierte, el relato de 38 estrellas no sólo intenta interpretar un momento histórico de la política latinoamericana, sino también el lugar que tienen las mujeres en la sociedad. Con vistas en este postulado, la presente propuesta aspira a examinar la crónica de Licitra atendiendo al estatus del género en tanto cuestionador de lo real instituido y a su potencia para desarmar los relatos hegemónicos de la guerrilla armada.

Given the growing demand for cooling, and taking into account the impact of global warming associated with cooling technologies the global climate commitment to reduce the impact of fluorinated gases and the regulations controlling their use in the European Union has increased . This thesis investigates new refrigerants that have been recently proposed to meet the demands of the heat pumps in the refrigeration industry, which must satisfy the legislative requirements of the F-gas Regulation and facilitate meeting the goals of Montreal and Kyoto Agreement. The fluids R32, R1234ze, R1234yF, R452b and R454b have been theoretically analyzed in comparison with the commonly used fluorinated refrigerant in heat pump: R410A. To compare these refrigerants, an excel sheet has been used to calculate the COP for the different cases studied using the REFPROP computer program to know the thermodynamic data of each fluid. The cases studied are the three different heat pump applications : radiators, radiant floor and fan coil and it has been studied for an evaporator temperature range of -15 to 12 ºC, i.e. the COP has been calculated for eighteen different situations. For all of them, the same conclusion has been concluded: all these five proposed fluids have a higher COP than the fluid to be replaced, R410A. It based on this COP for all the cases studied, the best fluids are R454b and R1234Ze(E). Choosing the fluid R454b as the best alternative because its latent heat and vapour density are higher that R1234ze(E) and therefore the flow and size of the pump is smaller, which generally translates into economic savings. However, this refrigerant shows flammability characteristics. For this reason, this paper is checked the fluid risk by a risk assessment. For this assessment two scenarios are analyzed by numerical model, Plume Model: outside and inside of 20 m2 scenario using a 50 kW heat pump. Concluding on the one hand, that in outside conditions a leak would not enter ignition due to the concentration obtained is less than the minimum necessary. In addition from 200 meters of distance the concentration of this fluid would be zero. And that in the hypothetical case that a jet fire takes place is observed that from 10 meters of the leak there is no more radiation. On the other hand, for the room scenario the calculated concentration would be 550 g/m3. This concentration is higher than the acute toxicity exposure limit (435 g/m3) so it is not safe for a human being to work in the situations described.

The emergence of building a popular culture, based on the ethical-political imperative that links the demands, needs and struggles of those below, constitutes an aspect that configures the dynamics of re-existence of social groups in their different realities. On reflection of this is the peace process signed between the Farc-Ep guerrilla group / party and the Colombian government. Thus, the objective of the following article is to conduct a theoretical-conceptual discussion about the dilemmas and advances that coexist in the Colombian post-conflict, from a subaltern perspective of peace (ces) in the territories, taking into account the proposals theoreticians of peace scholars like Alonso (2013); Márquez Fernández, Á. (2018a) , who consider the need to question from a critical perspective the dynamics of peace (s), created in the territories. The methodology used was collaborative research and critical discourse analysis (Sandoval, 2016a), which starts from generating an intersubjective and horizontal dialogue between the researcher and the social groups. The fundamental conclusion of the investigation was the need to recognize the subject's praxis and his political ethos in terms of building laboratories, spaces and territories of peace from and with those below, that give weight to the logic of violence promoted and exerted from the hegemonic groups in the regions. ; El surgimiento de la construcción de una cultura popular, basada en el imperativo ético-político que vincula las demandas, necesidades y luchas de los que están abajo, constituye un aspecto que configura la dinámica de la reexistencia de los grupos sociales en sus diferentes realidades. Como reflejo de esto, está el proceso de paz firmado entre el grupo / partido guerrillero Farc-Ep y el gobierno colombiano. Así, el objetivo del siguiente artículo es realizar una discusión teórico-conceptual sobre los dilemas y avances que coexisten en el posconflicto colombiano, desde una perspectiva subalterna de paz (ces) en los territorios, teniendo en cuenta las propuestas teóricas de estudiosos de la paz como Alonso (2013); Márquez Fernández, Á. (2018a), quienes consideran la necesidad de cuestionar desde una perspectiva crítica la dinámica de la paz (s), creada en los territorios. La metodología utilizada fue la investigación colaborativa y el análisis crítico del discurso (Sandoval, 2016a), que parte de generar un diálogo intersubjetivo y horizontal entre el investigador y los grupos sociales. La conclusión fundamental de la investigación fue la necesidad de reconocer la praxis del sujeto y su ética política en términos de la construcción de laboratorios, espacios y territorios de paz desde y con los de abajo, que dan peso a la lógica de la violencia promovida y ejercida por los grupos hegemónicos en las regiones.

The involvement of inhabitants in urban policies and projects has evolved considerably over the last few years. It has taken and still takes the form of urban struggles. Then, a process of institutionalization of consultation has been developed. More and more initiatives are now being set up with a "bottom-up" approach. However, there are still limits to consultation approaches and a lack of consideration for inhabitants in many urban projects.In order to ensure that urban planning is carried out in a way that is consistent with the experience of the inhabitants and that the latter become aware of their power to act, there is a need to take their role and knowledge into account. Indeed, the inhabitants are one of the key players in urban planning. By their knowledge, they constitute the "mastering of the use".This dissertation will concern ways to give them a place in urban planning and to allow exchanges between the various players, who have different and complementary roles and knowledge. It also aims to question the implementation of this approach over a permanent period of time.This work will be mainly developed in the form of a state of the art (aiming to list projects and tools that have been developed) and a methodological proposal on the Jean Macé district in Lyon. ; L'implication des habitants dans les politiques et les projets urbains a beaucoup évolué depuis plusieurs années. Elle a pris et prend encore la forme de luttes urbaines. Puis, un processus d'institutionnalisation de la concertation s'est développé. Désormais, de plus en plus d'initiatives se mettent en place avec une approche « du bas vers le haut ». Il reste cependant des limites aux démarches de concertation et un manque de prise en compte des habitants dans de nombreux projets urbains.Pour que l'urbanisme soit réalisé en cohérence avec les vécus habitants et que ces derniers prennent conscience de leur pouvoir d'agir, il se dégage un enjeu de prise en compte de leur rôle et de leurs savoirs. En effet, les habitants sont un des acteurs clés de la fabrique de la ville. De par leurs connaissances, ils constituent la maîtrise d'usage.Ce mémoire abordera les façons de leur donner une place dans l'urbanisme et de permettre des échanges entre les différents acteurs, aux rôles et aux savoirs différents et complémentaires. Il vise aussi à questionner la mise en place de cette démarche sur un temps permanent.Ce travail se développera principalement sous la forme d'un état de l'art (visant à recenser des projets et outils qui ont été développés) et d'une proposition méthodologique sur le quartier Jean Macé à Lyon.

A person is eligible to apply for asylum if they are able to effectively persuade the U.S. that they are "unable or unwilling to return to his or her country of nationality . . . because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion." However, when attempting to compose such credibility narratives, people seeking asylum are often within liminal spaces of their journey, such as detention centers or temporary shelters; these sites are complex spaces for someone to compose such a high-stakes narrative. This project inquired how the variety of stories displaced people tell about themselves is influenced by the rhetorical ecology— a varied and shifting context of narratives, events, people, materials, and policies— that is the U.S. asylum system. To complete the project, I collaborated with an emergency shelter located in South Texas. I interviewed 17 people: 11 shelter clients (5 men and 6 women) representing 9 countries from 6 different geographical regions; 1 full-time staff member who was also a previous client; 2 full-time staff members; 2 seasonal volunteers; and 1 student intern. To better interpret their quotidian experience, I used audio-recorded interviews, as well as participants' own visualizations (drawings and photos they created themselves). Through a methodology of located-listening, a community-based research approach I have created, I was able to center participants' contextualized expertise about their own lived experiences. This blended methodology relies on cultural rhetorics, rhetorical ecologies and Chicana feminisms, as well as concepts from the field of refugee and forced migration studies. A critical discourse analysis of participant's stories and visuals helped me analyze both participant interviews and their visualizations because it scrutinizes how ideology and context are connected to language (Cameron; Rose). Ultimately, I argue that the shelter operates as an influential "Third Space" for asylum hopefuls as evidenced through distinct shared rhetorical practices of daily life— like silence and routine—that both safeguard vulnerabilities and enact agency for individuals within precarious spaces. I term these practices shelter rhetorics. Third Space, as articulated by respective Chicana feminists such as Candace Zepeda, Lisa A. Flores, and Adela C. Licona, posits that in-between sites, such as LHB, may provide space for marginalized people to cultivate alternative perspectives and shared rhetorical practices which speak back to hegemonic and fixed representations of their experiences. This scholarship adds to the conversation by analyzing how the underlying ideologies of tangible materiality liberates and constrains the stories the shelter composes about asylum experience (Bennett; Edbauer; Reynolds).

The consolidation of the postconflict or post-agreement as the Peace Deal signed between the Government of Juan Manuel Santos and the FARC, acquires a significant connotation when the implementation phase starts, in this, the Colombian public administration has to support the commitments reached in Havana. This requires taking into account a series of institutional transformations, while establishing the connotations of the Peace Deal to make it mandatory and bring it to an effective implementation at different levels of government, leading to determine the critical factors of institutional performance in the Executive Branch of the public power to achieve quantifiable results related to the conflict manifestations during this stage. Making use of a quantitative and qualitative methodology, it was possible to establish that the factor such as: existence of peace dialogue or agreements, have historically allowed to vary the number of victims in the national order, however for the territorial order factors such as: efficiency, efficiency, administrative capacity, importance index of the municipality in the departmental GDP, the municipal category and fiscal management have historically been decisive for varying the number of victims and incidence rate of the armed conflict in Colombia between 2003 and 2018-I. ; La consolidación del postconflicto o post acuerdo como se ha conocido al Acuerdo de Paz, firmado entre el Gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos y las FARC, adquiere una connotación significativa cuando se pone en marcha la fase de implementación temprana, en la cual le corresponde a la administración pública colombiana soportar los compromisos alcanzados en la Habana. Ello requiere tener en cuenta una serie de transformaciones institucionales, a la vez que se establecen las connotaciones del Acuerdo de Paz para hacerlo obligatorio y llevarlo a una efectiva materialización en los diferentes niveles de gobierno, conllevando a determinar los factores críticos de desempeño institucional en la Rama Ejecutiva del Poder Público para alcanzar resultados cuantificables relacionados a las manifestaciones del conflicto armado durante esta etapa. Haciendo uso de una metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa, fue posible establecer que el factor de: existencia de diálogos de paz, históricamente ha permitido variar la cantidad de víctimas en el orden nacional, sin embargo para el orden territorial, factores tales como: la eficacia, eficiencia, capacidad administrativa, índice de importancia del municipio en el PIB departamental, la categoría municipal y la gestión fiscal han sido históricamente determinantes para variar la cantidad de víctimas e índice de incidencia del conflicto armado en Colombia entre 2003 y 2018-I. ; Sobre anexos relacionadas a las bases de datos utilizadas, la versión disponible en formato excel, se encuentra en: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1mwNgEHuXz3nZizMhPAKJv2jcXrQhWOWC?usp=sharing Línea de Investigación: Línea de investigación en políticas públicas comparadas ; Maestría

En este trabajo, argumentamos la importancia central de la escuela para el desarrollo de la modernidad política en Argentina. Se destaca no solo el carácter fuertemente represivo y excluyente del Sistema de Instrucción Pública Centralizado Estatal (SIPCE), que cristalizó en la Escuela de la Disciplina y operó sobre los grupos sociales considerados exponentes de la barbarie, sino, sobre todo, su carácter productor de nuevos sujetos. La escuela se convierte en la institución creadora de ciudadanía por excelencia: es a partir de su profunda incidencia que los hombres y mujeres se reconocen como ciudadanos argentinos, portadores de derechos universales. Sin embargo, estas incursiones educativas insertas en el proyecto político liberal, encontraron resistencias desde el inicio de su intervención sistemática: hubo agentes y grupos que entendieron la educación como un lugar potente para construir una socialización que, en vez de matar la propia historia, la tomara en cuenta para transmitirla y resignificarla. En las expectativas de los sectores populares, fuertemente relacionadas a la formación vinculada con el trabajo, pueden encontrarse otras experiencias y sentidos respecto de lo educativo. La tentativa de la Comisión Nacional de Aprendizajes y Orientación Profesional, extendida a partir de 1944, muestra el momento en que aquellas expectativas lograron desplegarse en instituciones estatales. Palabras clave: Sistema de Instrucción Pública Centralizado Estatal, educación, modernidad política, Escuela de la Disciplina, integración social. ABSTRACT In this paper, we emphasize the central importance of the school for the development of political modernity in Argentina. The strongly repressive and exclusionary nature of the State Centralized Public Education System (SIPCE, by its initials in Spanish) is not only highlighted regarding its role in the creation of the School of Discipline -which operated on social groups considered exponents of barbarism-, but, above all, regarding its role as the producer of new subjects. The school became the most typical institution for creating citizenship: men and women recognize themselves as Argentine citizens and holders of universal rights because of its deep influence. However, these educational forays into the liberal political project faced resistance from the very beginning of their systematic implementation: there were agents and groups that understood education as a powerful tool to build a socialization that took history into account for transferring and giving a new meaning to it, instead of killing it. Concerning the educational, there are other experiences and meanings to be found in the expectations of the popular sectors, strongly linked to work-related education. The attempts implemented from 1944 onwards by the National Commission for Apprenticeships and Professional Guidance express the moment in which those expectations were able to settle into state institutions. Keywords: State Centralized Public Education System, Education, Political Modernity, School of Discipline, Social Integration.

This article investigates the current and expected impact of automation technology in the well-being of European citizens. First, we explore the technical, social and economic factors that determine technological progress and the implementation of the new technologies. Second, we review the expected impact of automation on employment. Finally, we assess the impact that automation will have on the well-being of European citizens in light of the two first sections. To this end, we draw on the expected asymmetrical impact of automation in people with different education levels and on current inequality trends. Throughout the article, we use a normative approach, prescribing what European policy makers should take into account in light of our findings. We find that it is unclear what the net effect of technology on employment will be, but automation of non-routine manual and cognitive tasks will displace a significant percentage of workers. We find that current trends of increasing inequalities will intensify due to the fact that automation will affect more low-skilled workers. We find that the current institutional design of the European Union is unfit to tackle educational and social protection challenges. We can therefore expect social resistance to technological progress and political instability in the years to come. ; Este artículo aborda el impacto actual y futuro de la automatización tecnológica en el bienestar de los ciudadanos europeos. En primer lugar, se exploran los factores técnicos, sociales y económicos que determinan el progreso tecnológico y la implementación de las nuevas tecnologías. En segundo lugar, se revisa el impacto de la automatización sobre el empleo. Finalmente, se examina el impacto que la automatización tendrá en el bienestar de los ciudadanos europeos a la vista de lo analizado en las dos anteriores secciones. Con esta finalidad, nos basamos en el impacto asimétrico esperado de la automatización en personas con diferentes niveles de educación y en las tendencias actuales de desigualdad. A lo largo del artículo, utilizamos un enfoque normativo, prescribiendo lo que los responsables políticos europeos deben tener en cuenta a la luz de nuestros hallazgos. Encontramos que no está claro cuál será el efecto neto de la tecnología en el empleo, pero la automatización de las tareas manuales y cognitivas no rutinarias desplazará a un porcentaje significativo de trabajadores. Encontramos que las tendencias actuales de aumento de las desigualdades se intensificarán debido al hecho de que la automatización afectará más a trabajadores poco calificados. Encontramos que el diseño institucional actual de la Unión Europea no es apto para abordar los desafíos educativos y de protección social. Por lo tanto, podemos esperar resistencia social al progreso tecnológico e inestabilidad política en los años venideros.

The involvement of inhabitants in urban policies and projects has evolved considerably over the last few years. It has taken and still takes the form of urban struggles. Then, a process of institutionalization of consultation has been developed. More and more initiatives are now being set up with a "bottom-up" approach. However, there are still limits to consultation approaches and a lack of consideration for inhabitants in many urban projects.In order to ensure that urban planning is carried out in a way that is consistent with the experience of the inhabitants and that the latter become aware of their power to act, there is a need to take their role and knowledge into account. Indeed, the inhabitants are one of the key players in urban planning. By their knowledge, they constitute the "mastering of the use".This dissertation will concern ways to give them a place in urban planning and to allow exchanges between the various players, who have different and complementary roles and knowledge. It also aims to question the implementation of this approach over a permanent period of time.This work will be mainly developed in the form of a state of the art (aiming to list projects and tools that have been developed) and a methodological proposal on the Jean Macé district in Lyon. ; L'implication des habitants dans les politiques et les projets urbains a beaucoup évolué depuis plusieurs années. Elle a pris et prend encore la forme de luttes urbaines. Puis, un processus d'institutionnalisation de la concertation s'est développé. Désormais, de plus en plus d'initiatives se mettent en place avec une approche « du bas vers le haut ». Il reste cependant des limites aux démarches de concertation et un manque de prise en compte des habitants dans de nombreux projets urbains.Pour que l'urbanisme soit réalisé en cohérence avec les vécus habitants et que ces derniers prennent conscience de leur pouvoir d'agir, il se dégage un enjeu de prise en compte de leur rôle et de leurs savoirs. En effet, les habitants sont un des acteurs clés de la fabrique de la ville. De par leurs connaissances, ils constituent la maîtrise d'usage.Ce mémoire abordera les façons de leur donner une place dans l'urbanisme et de permettre des échanges entre les différents acteurs, aux rôles et aux savoirs différents et complémentaires. Il vise aussi à questionner la mise en place de cette démarche sur un temps permanent.Ce travail se développera principalement sous la forme d'un état de l'art (visant à recenser des projets et outils qui ont été développés) et d'une proposition méthodologique sur le quartier Jean Macé à Lyon.

Context. Studies of galaxy pairs can provide valuable information to jointly understand the formation and evolution of galaxies and galaxy groups. Consequently, taking the new high-precision photo-z surveys into account, it is important to have reliable and tested methods that allow us to properly identify these systems and estimate their total masses and other properties. Aims. In view of the forthcoming Physics of the Accelerating Universe Survey (PAUS), we propose and evaluate the performance of an identification algorithm of projected close isolated galaxy pairs. We expect that the photometrically selected systems can adequately reproduce the observational properties and the inferred lensing mass-luminosity relation of a pair of truly bound galaxies that are hosted by the same dark matter halo. Methods. We developed an identification algorithm that considers the projected distance between the galaxies, the projected velocity difference, and an isolation criterion in order to restrict the sample to isolated systems. We applied our identification algorithm using a mock galaxy catalog that mimics the features of PAUS. To evaluate the feasibility of our pair finder, we compared the identified photometric samples with a test sample that considers that both members are included in the same halo. Taking advantage of the lensing properties provided by the mock catalog, we also applied a weak-lensing analysis to determine the mass of the selected systems. Results. Photometrically selected samples tend to show high purity values, but tend to misidentify truly bounded pairs as the photometric redshift errors increase. Nevertheless, overall properties such as the luminosity and mass distributions are successfully reproduced. We also accurately reproduce the lensing mass-luminosity relation as expected for galaxy pairs located in the same halo. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 734374. This work has been supported by MINECO grants AYA2015-71825 & ESP2015-66861. IEEC is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. This work was also partially supported by Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnoóogica (PICT 2015-3098), the Con-sejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET, Argentina) and the Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (SeCyT-UNC, Argentina). MS has been supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Maria Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 754510 and National Science Centre (grant UMO-2016/23/N/ST9/02963). MM acknowledges support from the Beat-riu de Pinos fellowship (2017-BP-00114).

The Project presents a "Concession plan for road maintenance of Ruta Viva sections 1 and 2, including the San Pedro and Chiche bridges, which are responsibility of the Metropolitan District of Quito", using the methodology of the Project Management Institute (PMI) through the PMBOK®. The topic presented is approached from the Metropolitan District of Quito's point of view and its divisions. It describes the current problems of Public Institutions regarding the resource availability for the execution of works that lead to the wellbeing of the community, especially its users. An important factor that emerges in projects such as this one is the identification of those involved in the project and the possible risks. To minimize possible impacts, it's important to take into consideration the judgement of a group of experts, as well as the data from historical information provided by the local government. With the information gathered from the traffic studies, maintenance and operational costs, a scheduled financial analysis has been carried out while taking into account the reality of the country. Such analysis revealed data that reassures the project's feasibility, which is not only suitable for this project, but for many other government offices and concession projects in the Ecuadorian state. ; El presente proyecto despliega un ´plan de concesión para el mantenimiento vial de la Ruta Viva, tramos 1 y 2, e incluye puente San Pedro y Chiche, a cargo del distrito metropolitano de Quito´, utilizando la metodología del Instituto de Gestión de Proyecto, cuyas siglas en Ingles son PMI a través del PMBOK. La temática presentada es abordada desde el punto de vista del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito y sus dependencias involucradas, describiendo la problemática actual de las instituciones estatales en cuanto a la disponibilidad de recursos para la ejecución de trabajos que conlleven al bienestar de la comunidad y de los usuarios de manera especial. Un factor importante que se desprende en este tipo de proyectos de ejecución de obra, constituye la identificación de los involucrados y riesgos, para lo cual siguiendo las buenas practicas, se acude a la herramienta de juicios de expertos, el que, acompañado de información histórica emanada de la Municipalidad, proporciona un insumo de gran valor para su tipificación, minimizando los posibles impactos. Con la información obtenida de los estudios de tráfico, costos de mantenimiento, y operación, se elaboró un análisis financiero proyectado a la realidad del país; el cual arrojó resultados que nos permiten señalar con certeza la viabilidad del proyecto, mismos que son aplicables y replicables a otros organismos gubernamentales y a diferentes proyectos de concesión con el estado ecuatoriano.

The accounting's policy choice and creating is influenced by accounting theory, impact factors, each company's objectives, and this makes company unique. Legislation for businesses in creating accounting policies allow to choose the following accounting methods and techniques that are most revealing aspects of the activities of the enterprise. In cases where the situation is not exactly to regulate the law is left to creativity. There is a need to apply creative accounting, which is identified as a factor influencing the choice of accounting policy. Taking into account the environmental factors of the company, creative accounting is applying in different accounting areas and in different volumes, while the accounting policy structure is forming. The main source of information about the company's financial position and the results are financial statements. On financial statements basis, information users make decisions. In order to influence information users decision's, company starts to manipulate financial data. In order to influence consumer decisions, creative accounting is used to manipulate financial data, which results in higher or lower company profits and distorts other financial information. On misleading data basis made financial statements not reflect a true and fair view of the company. The size of the distortion of information's, investigations are not carried out In Lithuania. The purpose of the study is analysis of the relationship of creative accounting and accounting policy and determinate the creative accounting impact to the formation of the accounting policy and accounting's results. Methods of analysis, data systematization, comparative, grouping and modeling were used during the research. JEL classification: M41 ; Apskaitos politikos pasirinkimui ir kūrimui įtakos turi apskaitos teorijos, aplinkos įtakos veiksniai, įmonės tikslai. Teisės aktai, kuriant įmonės apskaitos politiką leidžia pasirinkti tokius apskaitos būdus ir metodus, kurie geriausiai atskleidžia įmonės veiklos aspektus.Tais atvejais, kai situacijos negalima tiksliai reglamentuoti yra paliekama vieta kūrybiškumui. Atsiranda poreikis taikyti kūrybinę apskaitą, kuris identifikuojamas kaip veiksnys darantis įtaką apskaitos politikos pasirinkimui. Kūrybinė apskaita, atsižvelgiant į įmonės aplinkos veiksnius, taikoma skirtingose apskaitos srityse ir skirtingomis apimtimis, sudarant apskaitos politikos struktūrą. Pagrindinis informacijos šaltinis apie įmonės finansinę būklę ir jos veiklos rezultatus yra finansinės ataskaitos, kurių duomenimis remiantis informacijos vartotojai priima sprendimus. Norint daryti įtaką vartotojų priimamiems sprendimams, apskaitos metu taikant kūrybinę apskaitą pradedama manipuliuoti finansiniais duomenimis, dėl ko gaunamas didesnis arba mažesnis įmonės pelnas, iškreipiama kita finansinė informacija.Klaidinančių duomenų pagrindu sudarytos finansinės ataskaitos neatspindi tikro ir teisingo vaizdo apie įmonę, tačiau tokių iškraipymo masto ir įtakos finansinių ataskaitų kokybei tyrimai Lietuvoje neatliekami. Tyrimo tikslas - išanalizuoti kūrybinės apskaitos ir apskaitos politikos ryšį ir nustatyti, kokią įtaką kūrybinė apskaita turi apskaitos politikos formavimui ir apskaitos rezultatams. Tyrimo metu naudoti analizės, duomenų sisteminimo, lyginamieji, grupavimo, modeliavimo metodai. JEL klasifikacija:M41

Las carreteras constituyen un elemento esencial en la construcción del territorio con un impacto relevante en los paisajes contemporáneos, especialmente desde la implantación generalizada del tráfico motorizado. A pesar del valor patrimonial de estas infraestructuras, los trabajos que abarcan esta temática son escasos y la mayoría, o bien han estudiado de forma fragmentada el patrimonio incluido en su corredor, o bien se han centrado en tramos menos transformados en los que la lectura patrimonial es más evidente. De este modo, se ofrecen los resultados de un estudio financiado con fondos europeos FEDER a través del ámbito competencial de la Consejería de Fomento y Vivienda de la Junta de Andalucía, junto con la Agencia de Obra Pública, en el que se procedió a la caracterización patrimonial de la carretera N-340, como eje histórico del litoral mediterráneo. Tomando como caso de estudio significativo el tramo más consolidado de la Costa del Sol y desde una aproximación interdisciplinar, multiescalar y tomando como base la tecnología GIS, se estudian los valores invisibilizados de este paisaje recorrido, desde sus arquitecturas a sus infraestructuras, desde sus ciudades a sus espacios naturales y rurales. Con la carretera como hilo conductor, se ofrece un novedoso relato de este paisaje post-turístico en un extenso espacio lineal costero que permite establecer una lectura patrimonial a pesar de su constante transformación. ; Roads, particularly since the advent of motorized traffic, have hugely impacted contemporary landscapes. In spite of the heritage values of these infrastructures, specific roadway-heritage studies are scarce. On the one hand, a fragmented approach to roadways heritage has prevailed in the different disciplines. On the other, they have generally focused on areas that have undergone little transformation where aspects of heritage are more discernible. The present study offers the results of a research project which was grant-aided by the European Regional Development Fund within the framework of a research program promoted by the Ministry of Development and Housing (Consejería de Fomento y Vivienda) of the Andalusian Government (Junta de Andalucía). The research project proposed a heritage characterization of the national roadway N-340 as the historic axis of the Mediterranean littoral, focusing on the highly transformed roadway section of Costa del Sol. This heritage study offers an interdisciplinary and multiscalar approach to this transversed landscape, integrating natural, architectural, urban, and rural assets in a cohesive form of heritage, which has in the roadway its main argument. ICT (Information and communications technology) strategies to raise public awareness are outlined. This research offers an innovative account heritage characterization of this highly transformed post-touristic littoral landscape.