Most isolates belonging to the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum clade retain the potential to produce a vast array of structurally diverse antimicrobial compounds that largely contribute to their efficacy as biocontrol agents against numerous plant fungal pathogens. In that context, the role of cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) has been well-documented but still little is known about the impact of interactions with other soil-inhabiting microbes on the expression of these molecules. In this work, we wanted to investigate the antagonistic activity developed by this bacterium against Rhizomucor variabilis, a pathogen isolated from diseased maize cobs in Democratic Republic of Congo. Our data show that fengycins are the major compounds involved in the inhibitory activity but also that production of this type of CLP is significantly upregulated when co-cultured with the fungus compared to pure cultures. B. amyloliquefaciens is thus able to perceive fungal molecules that are emitted and, as a response, up-regulates the biosynthesis of some specific components of its antimicrobial arsenal. ; Peer reviewed
To reduce health and environmental risks of chemicals and to minimize the environmental footprint of human activities, green chemistry searches for alternative, environment-friendly reaction media and at the same time strives to increase reaction rates and milder reaction conditions. A growing area of research is devoted to ionic liquids often termed as "designer" solvents due to the extreme tunability of sought functional properties. However, these aspects have inadequately led many stakeholders to qualify ILs as 'green solvents'. This qualification was stated without sufficient caution about versatility of ionic liquid chemical structures which could induce significant variation in risk profiles. Thus, the Institute proposed a potential industrial accompaniment to reduce ionic liquid harmfulness by a novel combination of OECD Daphnia magna standardized test and fish immunomarkers. The combination of these two tests allowed multicriteria examination of ILs impacts in different organisms and trophic levels. The work provided new data for legislation and opened a door towards an integrative environmental evaluation due to direct implications of immune system in fish and ecosystem health. ; Afin de réduire au maximum les risques induits par les produits chimiques pour la santé humaine et environnementale, la chimie verte serait une approche alternative performante et plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Depuis quelques années, les liquides ioniques, également appelés « solvants verts », constituent un domaine de recherche en plein essor lié à la malléabilité de leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. De plus, les liquides ioniques sont considérés comme faiblement volatiles (pas de diffusion dans l'atmosphère, risque d'exposition faible), non inflammables (réduction des risques d'accidents) et stables tout en offrant d'intéressantes opportunités comme milieu réactionnel pour une chimie plus propre. De récents travaux publiés dans la littérature scientifique se sont focalisés sur l'étude des risques pour les écosystèmes ...
If today, the « common » landscape is increasingly at the heart of the the political and societal concerns, everybody is not still conscious of its potentiality to conduct territory projects and to go with the evolution of the living environment. The landscaped raising awareness is the lever to be activated. Raising awareness by the landscape, it is giving keys of territory understanding to put the populations in capacity of action and interaction. Its aims is the creation of a common landscaped culture for a a general increase in awareness. The CAUE, assuming missions of public service, turns out to be a key player to lead this raising awareness. By adapting the speech, the tools and the methods to each public (planners, elected representatives, inhabitants, children), The CAUE sets up a real landscape. pedagogy. It will offer the opportunity to the populations to seize territorial stakes, to incite them to participate in landscape projects, which can be so shared. The study case of the landscapes of Pardiac puts forward an approach to raise awareness in a simple and effective way on a landscape unit by varying and by adapting tools, to reveal to each one that landscape is everyone' matter. ; Si aujourd'hui le paysage « ordinaire » entre de plus en plus au cœur des préoccupations politiques et sociétales, tout le monde n'a pas encore conscience de sa potentialité pour conduire des projets de territoire et accompagner l'évolution du cadre de vie. La sensibilisation paysagère est alors le levier à actionner. Sensibiliser par le paysage, c'est donner des clés de compréhension du territoire pour mettre les populations en capacité d'action et d'interaction. Elle vise à la création d'une culture paysagère commune pour une prise de conscience généralisée. Le CAUE, assumant des missions de service public, se révèle être un acteur clé pour mener cette sensibilisation. En adaptant le discours, les outils et les méthodes à chaque public (aménageurs, élus, habitants, scolaire…), le CAUE met en place une véritable pédagogie du paysage. Cette dernière offrira l'opportunité aux populations de se saisir des enjeux territoriaux, de les inciter à participer à des projets de paysage, qui pourront être ainsi partagés. Le cas d'étude des paysages du Pardiac met en avant une démarche pour sensibiliser de manière simple et efficace sur une unité paysagère, en variant et adaptant les outils, pour révéler à chacun que le paysage est l'affaire de tous.
To reduce health and environmental risks of chemicals and to minimize the environmental footprint of human activities, green chemistry searches for alternative, environment-friendly reaction media and at the same time strives to increase reaction rates and milder reaction conditions. A growing area of research is devoted to ionic liquids often termed as "designer" solvents due to the extreme tunability of sought functional properties. However, these aspects have inadequately led many stakeholders to qualify ILs as 'green solvents'. This qualification was stated without sufficient caution about versatility of ionic liquid chemical structures which could induce significant variation in risk profiles. Thus, the Institute proposed a potential industrial accompaniment to reduce ionic liquid harmfulness by a novel combination of OECD Daphnia magna standardized test and fish immunomarkers. The combination of these two tests allowed multicriteria examination of ILs impacts in different organisms and trophic levels. The work provided new data for legislation and opened a door towards an integrative environmental evaluation due to direct implications of immune system in fish and ecosystem health. ; Afin de réduire au maximum les risques induits par les produits chimiques pour la santé humaine et environnementale, la chimie verte serait une approche alternative performante et plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Depuis quelques années, les liquides ioniques, également appelés « solvants verts », constituent un domaine de recherche en plein essor lié à la malléabilité de leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. De plus, les liquides ioniques sont considérés comme faiblement volatiles (pas de diffusion dans l'atmosphère, risque d'exposition faible), non inflammables (réduction des risques d'accidents) et stables tout en offrant d'intéressantes opportunités comme milieu réactionnel pour une chimie plus propre. De récents travaux publiés dans la littérature scientifique se sont focalisés sur l'étude des risques pour les écosystèmes aquatiques. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrivent les travaux menés par l'INERIS.
La relation entre fabricants et distributeurs est un élément clé de la stratégie commerciale de façon classique dans les secteurs de consommation. l'industrie pharmaceutique, longtemps tirée par un modèle d'innovation, avait pour focus principal le produit. Cependant, l'évolution du modèle économique du secteur liée à l'avènement des génériques et aux pressions croissantes sur les coûts change les pouvoirs des différents acteurs constituant l'écosystème pharmaceutique. Ainsi, à travers les pays, la consolidation du marché se fait de plus en plus importante dans un environnement réglementaire démonopolisant, et la place des patients et consommateurs est de plus en plus importante. On observe alors l'entrée de nouveaux acteurs tels que les entreprises de la grande consommation ou du digital. Pour adresser ces enjeux, les laboratoires doivent non seulement prendre des actions à court et moyen terme leur permettant d'intégrer la politique commerciale dans leur stratégie, mais aussi préparer leur positionnement sur le long terme afin de préserver une certaine valeur ajoutée dans le futur environnement pharmaceutique.
Around the world, innovative genomic-medicine programs capitalize on singular capabilities arising from local health care systems, cultural or political milieus, and unusual selected risk alleles or disease burdens. Such individual efforts might benefit from the sharing of approaches and lessons learned in other locales. The U.S. National Human Genome Research Institute and the National Academy of Medicine recently brought together 25 of these groups to compare projects, to examine the current state of implementation and desired near-term capabilities, and to identify opportunities for collaboration that promote the responsible practice of genomic medicine. Efforts to coalesce these groups around concrete but compelling signature projects should accelerate the responsible implementation of genomic medicine in efforts to improve clinical care worldwide.
Computerized physician order entry and unit-dose automation participate in decreasing drug iatrogenic, priority of health's politics. Based on the French legislative decree of 6th, April 2011 for quality management of the medication circuit and drugs in hospitals, quality's objectives of this circuit and the different involved process (prescription, dispensation, transport and administration) must have follow-up indicators. That's why; it seems to us important to definite the most pertinent indicators for the setting up of the project, the development and the follow up of the unit-dose automation at Charles Perrens' hospital. Our psychiatric hospital is composed of 523 full-time intramuros beds, 365 extramuros beds and a nursing home for heavy disabled persons of 50 beds. First of all, the legislative context and indicators' notion will be reminded, and then we will present the automation project and its progress with the proposition of structure's, activity's, process' and results' indicators. They will allow us to delimitate the automation's perimeter with the determination of the eligible health units, which material and personal resources are needed and the impact of this new activity on the process of the medication circuit. This work allowed us to evaluate different indicators based on several criteria: easiness to follow, acceptability, reliability, relevance and feasibility. We chose to follow in routine 9 structure's, 10 activity's, 6 process' and 3 results' indicators. ; L'informatisation de la prescription, la mise en place de la dispensation individuelle nominative (DIN) et son automatisation concourent à diminuer la iatrogénie médicamenteuse, priorité de santé publique. Selon l'arrêté du 6 avril 2011 relatif au management de la qualité de la prise en charge médicamenteuse et aux médicaments dans les établissements de santé, les objectifs de la qualité de cette prise en charge et des différents processus impliqués (prescription, dispensation, transport, administration) doivent être assortis d'indicateurs de suivi. C'est pourquoi il nous a paru intéressant de définir les indicateurs les plus pertinents pour la mise en place du projet, la montée en charge et le suivi en routine de la DIN automatisée au Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens. Notre établissement psychiatrique présente la configuration suivante : 523 lits d'hospitalisation complète intramuros, 365 places extramuros et une MAS de 50 lits. Dans un premier temps, il sera rappelé le contexte réglementaire et la notion d'indicateurs, puis nous présenterons le projet d'automatisation et son état d'avancement assortis d'une proposition d'indicateurs de structure, d'activités, de processus, et de résultats. Ces indicateurs devraient nous permettre de délimiter le périmètre de l'automatisation en déterminant quelles unités de soins sont éligibles à la DIN, quelles ressources matérielles et personnelles doivent être mises en place, ainsi que l'impact de cette nouvelle activité sur les processus de la prise en charge médicamenteuse. Ce travail nous a permis d'évaluer plusieurs indicateurs selon différents critères : simplicité à suivre, acceptabilité auprès du personnel, fiabilité, pertinence, faisabilité. Il a été fait le choix de retenir 9 indicateurs de structure, 10 d'activité, 6 de processus, 3 de résultats qui composeront un tableau de bord suivi en routine par le service pharmacie.
The population growth of these last two decades leaded to an increase of waste in the City Province of Kinshasa (VPK), capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Deprived by an effective management system, the VPK produces essentially vegetal wastes that are constituted for the greater part of dead leaves. These wastes bother and pollute the environment. On another point of view, the Kinshasa households meet enormous difficulties for soil fertilization and to collect wood for energy. Its overexploitation of the wood entails the deterioration of the ecosystems and the public health. Therefore in order to contribute to the reduction of all these difficulties simultaneously, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the methanization of these wastes since this technique is relatively simple, fast and non expensive. So, the methanation was performed at 30°C on the leaves of Mangifera indica (MU, mango) and of Manihot utilissima (MI, cassava) that are the most accessible of the VPK. The biochemical methane potentials of the MU and MI leaves demonstrated that the MU leaves were favorable to the methanation due to their low content in bioactive substance (secondary metabolites) and their low C/N ratio. In addition, their digestates would be an effective fertilizing. By contrast, the MI leaves were unfavorable to the methanation since the methanogenesis was inhibited, probably because of their composition rich in carbon and secondary metabolites (lignine, polyphenols, saponines and anthraquinones). However, these metabolites would be beneficial for the methanation in lower contents than 0.3 g/l in the culture medium. The anaerobic co-digestion improved the daily methane yields of these two leaves. The biogas produced with this process would represent about 28 % of the wooden annual domestic consumption and its digestate would cover annually the all agricultural and forest degraded areas. So, the domestic methanation or on site or near the site of waste generation would be favored to avoid the cost of their transport and their industrial treatment. A promising pilot essay has been achieved.
La relation entre fabricants et distributeurs est un élément clé de la stratégie commerciale de façon classique dans les secteurs de consommation. l'industrie pharmaceutique, longtemps tirée par un modèle d'innovation, avait pour focus principal le produit. Cependant, l'évolution du modèle économique du secteur liée à l'avènement des génériques et aux pressions croissantes sur les coûts change les pouvoirs des différents acteurs constituant l'écosystème pharmaceutique. Ainsi, à travers les pays, la consolidation du marché se fait de plus en plus importante dans un environnement réglementaire démonopolisant, et la place des patients et consommateurs est de plus en plus importante. On observe alors l'entrée de nouveaux acteurs tels que les entreprises de la grande consommation ou du digital. Pour adresser ces enjeux, les laboratoires doivent non seulement prendre des actions à court et moyen terme leur permettant d'intégrer la politique commerciale dans leur stratégie, mais aussi préparer leur positionnement sur le long terme afin de préserver une certaine valeur ajoutée dans le futur environnement pharmaceutique.
In order to implement the new Common Agricultural Policy agreed upon in 2013, the Walloon government had to make some choices, left to the Member States or the regions within them, which is the case in Belgium. In January 2014, it was decided to implement the green payment (which is compulsory) proportionally to the basic payments, the payment for young farmers (compulsory) at its maximum authorized level (2% of the total envelope for direct payments), an additional payment for the first 50 hectares (payment which is left to the choice of the Member State/region), coupled payments (including 2.1 % of the regional envelope for direct payments for pastures and forage area), and the basic payment (compulsory, representing 26.7 % of the total regional envelope for direct payments only in Wallonia). ; Peer reviewed
Dans un contexte sociétal difficile, la consommation d'alcool des adolescents inquiète et préoccupe. Largement relayée par les médias, cette dernière figure d'ailleurs parmi les objectifs majeurs de nos politiques sociales en termes de santé publique. Selon les dernières enquêtes épidémiologiques, ces dix dernières années, une augmentation des ivresses et des alcoolisations ponctuelles importantes apparaît en effet chez les jeunes, témoignant d'un changement dans les modes de consommation d'alcool. Les adolescents consomment irrégulièrement, mais de plus en plus souvent en quantité massive. De plus, des travaux récents mettent aussi en lumière les conséquences sanitaires et sociales désastreuses que peuvent avoir ces usages excessifs. L'objet de ce travail est de dresser un état des lieux des modes de consommation retrouvés chez nos jeunes Français, des connaissances actuelles en termes de dommages et de répercussions de ces usages excessifs, et enfin des programmes et actions de prévention en vigueur.
Nowadays, the fact that society wants to fulfill its wishes as fast as possible threatens our heritage. It is true at many levels: a lack of urban growth regulation is involved, and so is the conversion of heritage into museum. The examples chosen to explore the possibility of such a reconciliation reveal that every people involved in territory management is strong enough to make things happen: politicians who manage territories, landscape designers who take it into account, inhabitants and farmers who live in it. There is no ready-made balance between the heritage protection and uses. The problem is getting solved while everybody find a compromise. ; À l'heure où la société souhaite répondre toujours plus vite à ses besoins, le patrimoine est menacé. Il l'est à différents niveaux : d'abord par manque de régulation de l'extension urbaine sur le territoire, ensuite par la muséification de ce patrimoine. Les cas étudiés pour savoir s'il est possible de concilier la conservation du patrimoine avec de nouveaux usages montrent que tous les acteurs du territoire ont un rôle à jouer dans cette conciliation. Celle-ci concerne les pouvoirs publics qui gèrent le patrimoine, les aménageurs qui l'intègrent dans les projets et les usagers qui s'approprient ce bien commun. Il n'y a pas de réponse systématique induisant que la conservation du patrimoine soit en équilibre parfait avec l'accueil de nouveaux usages. La conciliation opère lorsqu'un compromis est trouvé entre tous les acteurs.
Dwarfing the direct losses due to ruminant abortions and flock mortality, the main economic impact of RVF is systemic and ensues from the trade restrictions aimed at its containment. Indeed, past outbreaks of RVF in East Africa and Middle East came as disturbing events in a commercial context of high specialization in trade of small ruminants and interdependence between East-African exporters and the Middle-Eastern importing countries. The two successive bans imposed by Middle-Eastern countries on livestock products coming from the Horn of Africa in 1998-1999 and 2000-2002 highlighted this interdependence. Both bans caused an abrupt stop in exportations from IGAD countries. Nevertheless, the impact of the outbreaks motivating these bans differed due to their unique timing with regard to the Muslim celebrations that trigger the main flow of livestock from the Horn of Africa to Mecca. Hence, in 2000, the worst impact was observed on pastoralist households because the ban was imposed in September, prior to the Haj festival, when the main seasonal export flow had not been realized yet. Regarding the 1997 outbreak, the ban was implemented only in February 1998, after the main trade flow had occurred. The impacts of the bans on Somalia were particularly severe, due to the high specialization of the concerned region in an export-oriented livestock sector, benefitting from a niche market organized around the above-mentioned religious festivals and Arab consumers preferences. The country was all the more affected, as they own two main ports involved in this trade, i.e. Berbera (Somaliland) and Bossaso (Puntland). Prior to the bans, the size of the export market from Somalia to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates was estimated around US$600 million, with Saudi Arabia representing 66% of the total. The bans led the Somali livestock market to collapse. Losses for the livestock industry were estimated at US$109 million and US$326 million, for the first and second ban respectively. The government also directly incurred an important loss around US$45 million from foregone export taxes and docking fees. In the same time, livestock exporters lost a net cumulative profit of US$330 million, whereas producers estimated their annual losses at over US$8 million. Hence, the successive RVF-related trade bans impacted the employment rate, the public treasury, the exchange rate of national currency and thus, the price of imported goods, inducing a general inflationary pressure and important socio-economic upheavals. More generally, the livestock market in the whole East Africa was affected, due to the fall in prices caused by the loss of outlets for livestock. Using market equilibrium models taking these shocks into account, the impact of the trade bans on the Somali region of Ethiopia were estimated at a 36% fall of the GDP. Other impacts originated in the closure of markets inside East Africa, being part of national control strategies. In Kenya, e.g., the closure of the Garissa Market, which is a major outlet for Somali and Ethiopian livestock, resulted in a more than 25% decrease in the price of cattle, inducing a total loss of US$10 million for the value chain. The emergency destocking response of distressed households also participated to the fall in prices and worsening of terms of trade. Together with flock mortality and abortion, destocking moreover affects the herds' dynamics on the long run and the commercial potential of households. These mechanisms show greater impact on smallholders, due to threshold effects in livestock capitalisation and the loss in risk management ability in such variable environmental conditions. In the Middle East too, the bans showed drastic economic impacts. In Yemen, e.g., the bans caused a loss of US$15 million from foregone custom taxes and US$27 million profit losses for traders. The two bans, combined with the prolonged ban maintained till 2009 by Saudi Arabia on Somalia, contributed to a restructuration of trade within and between the two regions. Indeed, trade actors soon reorganized their activity, as highlighted through official figures, notwithstanding the importance of informal trade. Hence, Yemen and the United Arab Emirates appeared as major alternative entry points on Arab Peninsula for Somali livestock. The latter could also transit through Djibouti or Sudan to reach Saudi Arabia. Benefitting from the prolonged bans on Somalia, the port of Djibouti emerged as a major player in the region between 2006 and 2009, thanks to massive investment in port infrastructures and agreements with Saudi importers. Therefore the private sector played a considerable role in adapting to new risks. The Djibouti port diverted much of the livestock trade previously handled at the Berbera and Bossaso ports. On this occasion, as it has been the case in Somalia after ban lifting in 2009, the Middle East has been a source of investment for the Horn of Africa for biosecurity infrastructure. Finally, the second ban led to the emergence of Australia as a major livestock supplier for Saudi Arabia from 2000 till now, and to a certain a point Australia has been a country of major Saudi investments which is seen as another way of adapting for some major value chain agents. In the two last decades, the intraregional livestock trade grew rapidly in East Africa, spurred by the urban demand. Most of this trade is informal, thus lacking official figures. It nevertheless shows a great importance regarding poverty alleviation aspects, the small to medium actors being the main operators of this trade. In recent years, a considerable growth in recorded intraregional trade is noticed, mainly due to a growth of recorded exports from Ethiopia to neighboring countries, as a result of a policy aiming at the facilitation of registration procedures through the CAC/AP-system. As a conclusion, livestock export to Middle East and the growing intraregional East-African livestock trade are both threatened by RVF-linked bans due to loss of outlets and price volatility. Thus, stability of the livestock sector being crucial to human and economic development in the region, a high priority must be given to RVF prevention and control, as supported by figures of impact of past outbreaks. ; Peer reviewed
We analyze the impact on voting behavior of strengthening property rights over rural land. We use the 14 year nationwide rollout of a land certification program in Mexico (Procede) and match affected communities (ejidos) before and after the change in property rights with voting outcomes in corresponding electoral sections across six federal election cycles. We find that, in accordance with the investor class theory, granting complete property rights induced a conservative shift toward the pro-market party. This shift was strongest where vested interests created larger expected benefits from market-oriented policies as opposed to public-transfer policies. We also find that beneficiaries failed to reciprocate through votes to the benefactor party. We conclude that engaging in a land reform that grants complete property rights is only politically advantageous for a right-wing party, thus providing a rationale as to why so many land reforms done by autocratic governments remain incomplete.
