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PRIZE ESSAY NUMBER. i i ~ JUSTE, 1904 IY6L, XIII. HO. i GETTYSBURG COLLEGE GETTYSBURG, PA. i w. V N. C. UARBKMENH, OCTTTOBUflS II n w i HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume. Chartered igoz. Cottrell & Leonrard Albany, N. Y. AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA WWWWWWWWWWWW Makers of Caps, Gowns, Hoods AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A. B. BLACK, Gettysburg College Representative. Come and Have a Good Shave, E. A. Wright's or HAIR-CUT at Engraving House, Naffy B. SeftOll's 1108 Chestnut St. PHILADELPHIA We have our own photograph gallery for half-tone and photo engraving. Fashionable Engraving and Stationery. Leading house for College, School and Wedding Invitations, Dance Programs, Menus. Fine engraving of all kinds. Before ordering elsewhere com-pare samples and prices. New Tons:)rial Parlor's, 35 Baltimore St. BARKERS' SUPPLIES A SPECIALTY. Also, choice line of fine Cigars. Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, *^ A, L, Menbeck, Agent, COLLEGE. IF YOU CALL ON C. A. Bloehef*, JemeleF, Centre Square, He can serve you in anything you may want in REPAIRING or JEWELRY. rffWHipwjPii^jj ifwPBjmHHMP! WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. The Pleased Customer is not a stranger in our estab-lishment— he's right at home, you'll see him when you call. We have the materials to please fastidious men. J. D. LIPPY, lxle;reiaa-rit Tailor, 29 Chambersburg Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. CITY HOTEL, Main Street, - Gettysburg, Pa. Free 'Bus to and from all trains. Thirty seconds' walk from either depot. Dinner with drive over field with four or more, $1.35. Rates, $1.50 to $2.00 per Day. Livery connected. Rubber-tire buggies a specialty. John E. Hughes, Prop. T1PT0H M Now in 1 THE .PHOTOGRAPHER. new Studio 20 and 22 Chambersburg Street, Gettysburg, Pa. One of the finest modern lights in the country. C. E. Barbehenn THE EACLE HOTEL ZB-A-ISIBIEIK Corner Main and Washington Sts. 1905 SPECTRUM Now in Printer's hands. Order from M. M. METZGEE. BEILLHAKT & PARKEE Students' Supply Rooms! Everything You Want. Fine Stationery a Specialty. NO. 5 AND 7 EAST. i r PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. I WE HI A COMPLETE LI Of Novelties for the Spring Season, including Latest Suiting, Coating, Trousering and Vesting. Our Prices are Right. SPECIAL CARE TAKEN TO MAKE WORK STYLISH AND EXACTLY TO YOUR ORDER. tUill Ol. Seliman, T^, 7 Chambefsfaufg St., Gettysburg, Pa. R. A. WONDERS Corner Cigar Parlors. A full line of Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, etc. Scott's Corner, opp. Eagle Hotel GETTYSBURG, PA. Pool Parlors in Connection. D. J. Swartz Dealer in Country Produce Groceries Cigars and Tobacco GETTYSBURG. Established 1867 by Allen Walton. Allen K. Walton, Pres. and Treas. Robt. J. Walton, Superintendent. Hummelstown Browq Stone Company and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING, and TILE, WALTOMLLE DAUPHIN COUNTYj: PENNA. Contractors for all kinds of cut stone work. Telegraph and Express Address, BROVVNSTONE, PA. Parties visiting quarries will leave cars at Brownstone Station, on the P. & R. R. R. DO YOU NEED PNEY TO GO TO COLLEGE ? [FROM COPYRIGHTED STEREOGRAFH BY UNDERWOOD AND UNDERWOOD] Happy Land of t :e R* staff Sun where Song Unceasing Flows. Stereoscopes * and * Stereographs K\ can furnish it fo.' you during the Summer Vacation, Many New Subjects for this season: Russian-Japanese War, Panama Canal, Balti-more Fire, President Roosevelt, Gettysburg Battlefield: New Comic Series; Stereo-scopic Tours, accompanied by patent maps and interesting descriptive books- Write for particulars- Underwood & Underwood 3 AND 5 W. NINETEENTH ST., COR. FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. REPRESENTED AT PENN'A COL. BY E- G- HESS- The CDcFGury. The Literary Journal of Gettyburg College. VOL. XIII. GETTYSBURG, PA., JUNE, 1904. No. 4 CONTENTS "DE SAPIENTIAE PROFESSORIBUS "—POEM, . . 128 ANDROMACHE ET DECIDIANA. RUSSIAN AGGRESSION—Pen and Sword Prize Essay, . 130 PAUL B. DUNBAR, '04. A MODERN FAUST, 136 "X. Y. Z.'' SOCIALISM ,137 JOSEPH E. ROWE, '04. THE SABBATH AS A CIVILIZER, 144 Miss HELEN WAGNER, '06. THE COURSE OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT IN CONNECTION WITH THE PANAMA REVOLUTION, . 146 CHAS. W. HEATHCOTE, '05. A HUNTER OF MEN—POEM, 148 "BRIDGET." .'THE PATH OF DUTY IS THE WAY TO GLORY," . 151 POEM, 154 EDITORIALS 155 EXCHANGES, . 157 w 128 . THE MERCURY. «DE SAPIENTIAE PROFESSORIBUS." ANDROMACHE ET DECIDIANA. HOW dear to our hearts are those days when at college We studied and wept o'er the classics of yore; The Latin, the Greek, and the terrible German, And brain-splitting ''Math" which we used to deplore. To-night as we sit in the glow of our fire-side, And think of those days and the pleasures of old, Our hearts fain would turn to our former professors, Who gave to us learning, much better than gold. The fire burns low in its smouldering ashes, The faces appear that we once knew so well, Some pleasant and jovial, and others more solemn, But of each, in his turn, we will .now try to tell. Oh Muse ! pray be kind and remain standing by us, And give to us freely and with no restraint, That much sought for gift, the true power of description, So each one may know whom we're trying to paint. The first who appears in the fast dying embers, Is one who made culprits shake clear to their toes ; He'd rap on the desk with a frowning expression, And quell all confusion, just how, no one knows. His eyes were as blue as the azure of Heaven, His hair was inclined to a faint auburn shade, His stature was tall, and this mighty Apollo Was reverenced alike by each man and each maid. And now we behold one so tall and so handsome, Who led our young minds 'round the fair walls of Troy, Who oft would propound his fav'rite assertion That 'there should be guardians for maidens so coy.' And next to him standing, a man of small stature, Whom feline protectors all look on with dread; He bears in his right hand a tight-covered basket, Just lift up the cover ! Out pops a cat's head. Our dear 'Roman Senator' now looms before us, As tall as a dignified 'senex' of old. He too bears a basket, but it's full of good things, And as a 'rear guard' he has 'Waggles,' the bold. The next that appears to our far-seeing vision Is one who seemed stern tho' at heart he was ki-nd. His friends the}' were num'rous, his travels were many, But ever to "Dutchland" his heart was inclined. THE MERCURY. 129 Scarce had his form disappeared in the ashes, When two more professors came into our sight. A halo of gas, (H2S), was around them, Which ever had been their fond joy and delight. How often we shivered when into their class-room We went in dread fear that we might not come out. A "fiss" and a "bang" and a "crash" would oft greet us; And then the stern question, "What are you about?" And now comes a face that so quietly greets us, He led 'little boys' in the way they should go. He taught them politeness as well as sound doctrine, And stirred to high ideals instead of to low. And last but not least comes that jolly, good "Sap'ens" Who once taught us "Math" and a great deal beside, For he used to tell all the jokes of the season, And solved weighty problems discussed far and wide. The fire dies out and we sit there reflecting On those pleasant days and our teachers of old, And we would not sell our fond recollections For all the rich treasures the deep sea could hold. And so let us close while the dark shadows gather, Which hide from our vision each loved noble face. We hope they still walk through those fair halls of learning, And for many years yet each may keep his old place. 130 THE MERCURY. " RUSSIAN AGGRESSION." [Pen and Sword Prize Essay.] PAUL B. DUNBAR, '04. THE discussion of a subject of world-wide importance can-not fail to be influenced by preconceived prejudices. It seems to be natural for Americans as a whole to entertain strongly such a prejudice against Russia. This is probably the result of our instinctive sympathy for the weak in a contest with the strong. The attempt will be made in this paper, how-ever, to set forth as impartially as possible the facts of the Rus-sian Advance. Having studied these carefully, Russia's motives will be discussed, and finally the probable results of these ag-gressive movements will be briefly summed up. A glance at the map of Russia, her possessions and spheres of influence, shows over how vast a region the Empire of the North holds sway. From the Baltic on the west to the Sea of Okhotsk and the Behring Sea on the east, the Russian territory extends in an unbroken stretch—five thousand miles of steppes and mountains, rivers and inland seas, burning deserts and bar-ren tundras. On the broad plains of Siberia are sections of wonderful fertility practically undeveloped and in its mountain ranges are untouched stores of boundless mineral wealth. This entire region is subject to the most diverse climatic conditions, seasons of extreme cold alternating with intervals of almost tor-rid heat. Such is the Empire of the Czar, embracing more than one seventh of the land surface of the globe and support-ing a population of one hundred and thirty millions. Today we see the Great Bear reaching out ready to seize in his powerful clutch territory after territory. The stress of pres-ent events draws our attention especially to the Far East. There we see the Muscovite pressing relentlessly upon the territory of China, and now by the test of battle it must be decided whether Korea also shall be Russian. The Far East is not the only object of Russia's advance. Slowly, silently, by stealth of di-plomacy, plans are being laid, forces set to work to widen Asi-atic Russia to the southward. During the last forty years; THE MERCURY. 131 , •% . — Britain has watched with apprehension the southward advance of the Bear toward her Indian border. Never for an instant dare she relax her vigilance against the encroachment of the Czar. Russian advisers ever ready to advance the interests of their master hold the ears of many of the native border princes. But yesterday came rumors of Russian influence in Tibet, of a treaty of that country with Russia, and the presence of envoys in the Tibetan capital whose purpose is to forward Russian in-terests in opposition to those of England. Turkey and the Balkan States feel this powerful hand and Sweden and Norway look with alarm toward the borders of Finland. What is the history of the growth of this giant among nations ? Three hundred and twenty years ago Russia was a small and semi barbarous state whose advance posts were scarcely eight hundred miles east of St. Petersburg. In the closing years of the sixteenth century, however, there came to the throne a ruler distinguished for severity even in that stern age. Ivan the Ter-rible, by the very cruelty of his rule, inaugurated the eastward movement of that Slavic invasion which now after three cen-turies of alternate advance and retreat is now approaching so terrible a crisis. Rebellious subjects of the Czar fleeing from pursuing troops were forced to take refuge in the unknown, frigid wilderness to the eastward. As they retreated, they easily overcame the scattered nomads who inhabited these regions. Then by turning over the conquered territory to Russia, they obtained the pardon of the Czar Ivan. This was the first step —the entering wedge—in Russia's eastward advance. The tide thus setting toward the Pacific flowed on slowly but resist-lessly, unopposed by rival nations, for the region was to them unknown. A century passed and another mighty figure ascended the Russian throne. Under Peter the Great came further aggres-sive expansion. The northern ocean presented an insurmount-able barrier but in other directions the advance continued. Southward the Muscovite ruler forced his way and to the west-ward Sweden and Poland felt the force of Russian aggression. Thus year after year, under ruler after ruler, the slow policy of 132 THE MERCURY. expansion has gone on. Wherever opportunity offered the Great Bear forced his entering wedge. West and south felt the advance, but it was toward the east that he moved most steadily. As has been said, Russia aims to follow the line of least re-sistance. The vast plains of Siberia, frozen in winter, parched in summer, were a part of the world's surface uncoveted by the earth-hunger of Europe. So while other nations fought and wrangled over other portions of the globe, the Empire of the Czar silently absorbed this mighty region. Thus by slow movements or sudden leaps, by treachery or by diplomacy, by fair means^or foul, Russia at last reached the Pacific—the ocean outlet which she has always desired. Here was encountered an unsurmountable difficulty. Russia, having apparently overcome all obstacles in her march to the sea, was now met and held by the strength of perpetual winter. The ice bound harbors of northern Asia were valueless. Warmer waters must be reached and, having come thus far, Russia was not to be baffled. By a sudden, bold move the Amur was made the southern boundary. Then in i860, subtle diplomacy obtained from China the strip of coast upon which is built the port of Vladivostok. It is significant that the name of this city is the Russian phrase for " Control of the East." As a seaport Vladivostok is a vast improvement over Petropaulovsk, the first Russian port in Kamtchatka, but still there is not en-tire freedom from the disadvantages of winter. Russia still hungered for a warm-water port. The Trans-Siberian Railway was built—five thousand miles of single track reducing the in-terval of transit between Moscow and Vladivostok to only fif-teen days. Events now began to move rapidly in the Far E^ast. In 1894, the close of the Chino-Japanese war left Japan in possession of the valuable harbor of Port Arthur. On the plea that the possession of this port by Japan threatened the in-tegrity of China, Russia forced the retrocession of Port Arthur to its original owner. Two years later, a Russian squadron entered this harbor ostensibly to winter there. Ere many months the world was startled to learn that Russia had leased Port Arthur from China. The integrity of the latter country THE MERCURY. 133 seemed no longer a consideration. Immediately came military occupation of the city and the erection of tremendous defensive works. Russia had obtained her warm-water harbor; but was she satisfied ? Between Port Arthur and the Siberian frontier lies the rich Chinese province of Manchuria. In it have settled many native Russians. What could be more natural than that the Great Bear should covet this prize also to make his possessions com-plete? Asa preliminary step, a Chinese concession was ob-tained for shortening the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway to Vladivostok by a line across Manchuria. Russia had at last obtained a foot-hold south of the Amur. The erection of branch lines to the borders of Korea and the very gates of Pe-kin was but a short stride. In every case the right of garri-soning the railroad was included in the concession. In 1900, came the Boxer Rebellion. Its close saw Manchuria held by an immense Russian army of occupation. In concert with the allies, Russia agreed to withdraw from Chinese territory, but months went by and the Manchurian'army lingered., The wily Muscovite concluded a treaty with China providing for the long-promised withdrawal, but it soon became evident that before this would be carried out new concessions were expected. The Russian representative in Pekin even went so far as to demand that all the Manchurian concessions be granted to Russians. This was but one of Russia's diplomatic attempts to gain a controlling voice in Chinese affairs. China, however, was al'ive to the true state of affairs and refused to commit herself to any further agreements. As a consequence, Russia is still in mili-tary possession of Manchuria. Nominally her troops were kept there solely in pursuance of the treaty-right of protecting her railroad interests. In reality, the whole line was turned into an armed camp by the establishment of forts garrisoned by all branches of the Russian army, and today Manchuria is practically a Russian province. • We now reach the final chapter in the history of Russian aggression—final because it brings us to the present time, cer-tainly not because it marks the end of the advance. With hr's 134 THE MERCURY. grip firmly fixed on Manchuria, the Bear now turned a longing eye to the little kingdom of Korea. The possession of this choice bit of the world was now his aim. Even before the Chino-Japanese war Russia was laying her subtle plans to this end. In 1893 or early in 1894, she made a generous present of rifles to the Korean army and even furnished a Russian drill-master to train Korea's seven thousand soldiers in European tactics. At the same time swarms of Russian agents entered the country. The fruit seemed almost ripe for plucking. But now an opponent faced Russia. Japan had long watched this onward march with jealous eye. In this move toward Korea she saw a positive menace to her existence. Nothing remained but to throw down the guage of battle and to begin the contest whose result is being awaited by the entire world. What are Russia's motives and what her ultimate policy ? Her statesmen would have us believe it is a simple one. Says M. Witte, the former chief of Russian finances and now presi-dent of the Committee ot Ministers : " History measures not by years, but by centuries ; and from this point of view, by the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway to Port Arthur and Dalny.a mighty work is completed, a historical problem is solved, and one of the last steps is taken in the advance of Russia to the Far East, in her effort to find an outlet to the open sea, to the ice-free shores of the Pacific ocean." This is indeed Russia's principal object, but its fulfillment means also the control of northern Asia. And since the de-velopment of her railroad policy has done so much already for the advance of Russian territory, there is no reason to believe that it will not be made the occasion of further advance. We have the word of M. Witte that Russia's object is to obtain a warm-water port. This is in the main a legitimate object and has been partly fulfilled by the acquirement of Port Arthur. But it must be remembered that Port Arthur is not wholly a Russian possession. It is, therefore, obvious that the Russian wishes will not be entirely satisfied until that port is Russian beyond a doubt. The same is equally true of the whole pro- THE MERCURV. 135 vince of Manchurfa. Then, too, it is more than probable that the desire is to reserve the acquired territory for Muscovite trade alone. It is true that Dalny is an open port, but Port Arthur is closed and foreign merchants find much difficulty in meeting Russian competition in Manchuria. As a recent writer puts it: The Russian motive may be viewed from two stand-points. Russia herself would have us believe that it is benevo-lent. She is building a railroad through unopened territory, erecting modern cities and valuable mills in the wilderness, and setting up an orderly government in the place of misrule. The outsider acknowledges all this, but what, lie a;ks, will Russia demand in return for these enormous expenditures? The an-swer is apparent. It has already been given. She has the right of protecting her interests and now demands a complete monopoly. Such are Russia's complex motives. What will the outcome be? If Russia be successful in the present contest, will her aggressive plans be concluded without opposition ? Will the world witness the spectacle of Korea and China absorbed or will the Powers step in to fix a limit to further expansion ? If they do so, will their strength be sufficient to restrain the Bear already flushed with victory ? If Russia be vanquished, will the settlement thus arrived at be permanent ? Will little Japan continue to be an efficient barrier, or will returning strength again put in motion the tide setting toward the Orient with overwhelming volume ? Will the gallant Island Kingdom perish or may it look for help to Europe and America? Time alone can bring an answer. Here prophecy has often failed and will fail again, for as has been well said: "Russia's state-craft is not of the months or of the years; it is of the ages. It is not of monarchs, but of a dynasty, and it is less the policy of the dynasty than it is the need of a people and of a land." 136 THE MERCURY. "A MODERN FAUST." (BEING A BIT OF TRUTH MASQUERADING AS NONSENSE.) ONCE upon a time—during the twentieth century—there lived a young man who had been but three years out of college. Having entered the greater University of the World, he had been hailed by his fellow Freshmen as a comrade, had been hazed by Sophomores, patronized by condescending Juniors, and deluged with advice by venerable Seniors, even as he had been in college. But he was a restless and adventure-some youth. The monotony of the office palled upon him, and, for relief, he experimented in Mysticism and Christian Science. One momentous evening he conceived the idea of putting his knowledge to the supreme test, by summoning be-fore him the Prince of Darkness. Thereupon he took down his LeConte and. his Mary Baker Eddy from the shelf and set to work. And in very truth, gentle reader, in less than half the run-ning of an hour glass, Mephistopheles himself stood before him. faultlessly attired in evening clothes—for the red cap and mantle had succumbed to the spirit of progress in Hades even as the simple sins of our forefathers have given place to the more delicately refined and ingenious vices of to-day. But in this one respect was the Devil unchanged. For no sooner had the usual conventionalities been exchanged than lie attempted to purchase the soul of the youth in the most approved man-ner. He showed him visions of fair women, even as he had shown them to the Faust of old. But the youth was unmoved; he smiled and shook his head, for he was a wise youth. And the Devil promised him great riches and power. But the youth, for he was wise, replied, "If these things were worth while, O Lucifer, I could attain at a lesser price, even hard work. It is not enough." T,hen did the Devil promise a most miraculous thing, "For," said he, "if thou wilt give thyself to me, Grover Cleveland and William J. Bryan shall make a truce and be as brothers. Shoulder to shoulder they will fight for thee and nominate thee for the Presidency on the Democratic THE MERCURY. I 37 ticket. Thou wilt be the most talked-of man in the Nation." But the youth, being wise, replied : "Am I not own cousin to the Proprietor of Pennsylvania, and is it not agreed that I shall be the next State Treasurer? And is not this better than to be President, much less a candidate for President mid on the Democratic ticket? Go to, it is not enough." Now the Devil was almost vanquished, but he was also wise and he thought deeply, and he said, "I can then offer thee nothing more than again to make thee a reckless, carefree Sophomore among thy former classmates. Think! Is it not enough?" And the youth meditated within himself; he knew there were no days like those days; he longed again to be carefree and thought-less, recognizing no higher authority than his own sweet will and the majority action of his class; his heart called out for those friends who, too, had dwelt in Arcady. And he replied, "It is enough." For he was a wise youth withal. MORAL—Eat, drink, and be merry, ye Seniors, for to-mor-row ye die. "X. Y. Z." • SOCIALISM. ( Written for the Pen and Sword Prize Essay Contest.) JOSEPH E. ROWE, '04. THE word socialism was first used in 1835 in connection with an organization founded by Robert Owen of Eng-land. This society was given the grandiloquent appellation of the Association of all Classes of all Nations, and its purpose was to secure "Social improvement and reconstruction." Since that time the word socialism has been applied rather incautiously, and,as a consequence, it is an exceedingly difficult word to define with precision. According to some writers there is a growing tendency to regard as socialistic any inter-ference with property undertaken on behalf of the poor, or any measure promoted by society to limit or modify the working of the economic principle of laissez-faire. Roscher defined socialism "as including those tendencies which demand a greater regard for the common-weal than consist with human 138 THE MERCURY. nature." John Raeof our day declares that it is common to describe as socialistic "any proposal that asks the State to do something lor the material well being of the working class, or any group of such proposals, or any theory that favors them." Janet defines it as "every doctrine which teaches that the State has a right to correct the inequality of wealth which ex-ists among men, and to legally establish the balance by taking from those who have too much in order to give to those who have not enough, and that in a permanent manner, and not in such and such a particular case—a famine, for instance, or a public calamity." But these definitions and all others describe only phases of the question. For instance, in order for any measure to be socialistic it need not proceed from the State; it may emanate from individuals just as well; in fact the earliest socialistic measures proceeded from individuals. There was socialism in colonial times when they had a common storehouse from which each one received his equal share of goods; the instituting of a wider system of public schools is a highly socialistic measure ; an equal distribution of profits between two partners, or among the many members of a company is also socialistic; and yet it is just as proper and usual to describe as socialistic the so-called "strikes," or the assassination of million-aires by dynamite. It is, therefore, evident that socialism em-braces a great deal; at the same time, we must remember that all these are only different phases of the same great question. All socialists are alike in attempting to secure a more equit-able distribution of wealth, or in endeavoring to equalize op-portunities for acquiring it; but the salient points upon which they differ are the ways and means of accomplishing their ends. Some maintain that the State, by managing industry and controlling land, could best promote the commonweal; others very emphatically declare that there should be no cen-tral government at all. The more radical of the first class try to get control of the government; those of the latter class en-deavor to destroy it. Unfortunately in the present age the most influential forrfl of socialism is of the most radical and revolutionary character— THE MERCURY. 139 that which desires no government at all. Alexandria II. of Russia and our late President McKinley fell victims to this outrageous doctrine. Nihilism and anarchism are its more specific names. Yet we cannot afford to consider as danger-ous all socialistic measures of today. Upon exactly this prob-lem a great amount of useless discussion has taken place. Politicians of late years have made very effective use of the ambiguity in the word socialism. Whenever an opponent could accuse a candidate for public office, of promoting socialistic measures, no matter how benevolent or beneficial they might have been to the people, the mention of that word together with the prevalent misconception of it in its better sense, was generally the most derogatory charge brought against him in the eyes of the ignorant working classes—the very persons whom worthy socialistic principles would benefit. Although every writer has made his own classification of so-cialists, they all directly or indirectly acknowledge the four following classes: (1) large-hearted and thoroughly benevo-lent men whose feelings have been touched by the unjust op-pression of laborers ; (2) those who are revolting against cruel oppression; (3) those who are discontented with their positions in life, principally because they fail to realize their limitations; (4) the lowest class whose adherents are characterized by a covetous, selfish, and utterly lawless spirit. The first of these classes consists principally of nothing more than ardent sympathizers with the socialistic movement in its better meaning. According to good authority more than a half million of such men are found in the United States. Many ministers of the gospel and other benevolent men as well as the members of philanthropic and humanitarian orgini-zations belong to this class. They sympathize deeply with the oppressed laborer and endeavor to alleviate his misery by every peaceable means. Others of this class" become so impressed with the necessity of social and industrial improvements that they have devoted their lives entirely to the cause. These are quite liable to be-come extremists, and notwithstanding the fact that their inten- 140 THE MERCURY. tions are of the most noble character, more harm than benefit results from their efforts, chiefly because the lower moral and mental capacities of those whom they influence are not vigor-ous enough to prevent the latter from becoming radical, desper-rate, and fanatical. Hall Cane has pictured such a man in his "Eternal City" in the person of Dr. Roselli or of David Rossi, especially in the latter; but the futility and evil consequences of their efforts are also portrayed in a striking manner. It is only natural that there should be such men especially in a Christian nation. When one considers the extremely low wages for which laborers had to work at certain periods of our history, the condition of some of their homes even in our day, the company store and the extortion ot overwork from them by overseers, it is not very strange that large hearted men should bestow their symapthy. No doubt, these conditions have been vastly exaggerated by some writers, but that they exist to a reasonable extent cannot be doubted. The oppressed or those who imagine themselves to be in such a condition, constitute the second class of socialists. Only men who work come properly under this divisicjp; those who become discontented and quit work will be considered later. Labor Unions consist almost entirely of such men; if they suspend labor, it is only temporarily, and is for the purpose of bringing about better conditions. Occasionally the labor union-ists content themselves by merely putting a stop to production, but more frequently, almost invariably, they manifest quite "an omnivorous spirit of destruction." The whole cause of the unreasonable demands made by Labor Unions seems to arise out of ignorance. They claim that the whole production of their labor belongs to them, on the ground that wealth belongs to those who make it. In a certain sense this is true, but not according to the interpreta-tion of it given by these laboring men. They understand it to mean that the entrepreneur, landlord and capitalist have no natural right to a portion of the wealth produced, forgetting that in the modern differentiated and specialized form of in-dustry these—especially, the entrepreneur and capitalist—are THE MERCURY. 141 absolutely indispensable. The socialistic idea of the State's ownership of land could probably do away with the landlord, but to attempt the abolition of entrepreneur and capitalist in our present industrial system is absurd. Another very prevalent kind of socialism arises out of the fact that a great many men, failing to realize their limitations, complain of the more advantageous opportunities of other in-dividuals. They claim that the world owes them a living, but as some one has said, "are too lazy to collect the debt." It is this sort of socialism which is the "besetting sin" of our age. Ambitious people now-a days are so thoroughly imbued with the spirit of "sticktoitiveness" that only a few failures leave them practically undaunted. Having been taught, as Dr. Furbae says, such precepts as "There is always room at the top," encouraged by such maxims as "Try, try again," and cautioned to aim high instead of directly at the mark, they continue to strive for positions to which it is impossible for them to attain and for which, if they did reach, they would find themselves wholly unfitted. Many a proud father and fond mother, either because they have wished to encourage a son, or because of the blindness of paternal love, are respon-sible for a young man's superabundance of self-esteem by their having told him that he is not like the average person, and then he goes forth into the world only to consider his efforts unsuccessful because he cannot do as much as some one else who probably has much greater talent. It is this tendency of the individual's failure to realize his true place in life and his proper relation to others that has produced in our age so many dissatisfied, petulant, and cynical socialists. The last and most dangerous sort of socialism is that which manifests itself in murder, vandalism, and other lawless practices. It is exactly synonymous with anarchism. The number of such persons in the United States is as astounding as the awful doctrines which they promulgate. Some years ago President Seelye of Amherst College, declared: "There are probably 100,000 men in the United States to-day whose animosity against all existing social institutions is hardly less than bound- 142 THE MERCURY. less.' In 1881 their press consisted of 19 journals with a cir-culation of about 80,000, and since that time their numbers and the powers of their press have vastly increased. The fol-lowing are statements from some of their papers. "Religion, authority, and state are all carved out of the same piece of wood—to the Devil with them all!" "Dynamite is the power which in our hands, shall make an end of tyranny." "War to the palace, peace to the cottage, death to luxurious idleness." "You might as well suppose the military orginizations of Eu-rope were for play and parade, as to suppose labor orginizations were for mere insurance and pacific helpfulness. They are organ-ized toprotect interests, for which, if the time comes, they would fight." This last, taken from a socialistic paper of Chicago, pro-bably shows, to a great extent, the true relation between Labor Unions and socialistic tendencies of the most awful character. Such socialists probably began their careers as oppressed working men, or as men who failed to realize their true posi-tions in life, and later under the influence of violent socialistic journals or the lectures of an Emma Golden, became fanatical. A great number of them are foreigners who, having become disgusted with the absolutism of Europe, have come to Amer-ica to carry out their nefarious designs. Several great movements of the past two centuries have conspired to inspire socialistic propensities in men. The foun-dation of the American Republic, with the annunciation of her principles—-such as, "all men are equal and possessed of cer-tain inalienable rights such as, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"—paved the way for ideas which, carried to extremes by the ignorant and mischievous, resulted in socialism. In the same way, the French Revolution radiated its evil influences; and the Proclamation of Emancipation by Abraham Lincoln had its baneful as well as its worthy effects. But more influential than any of these has been the greatly increased profits of the rich. How would a poor down-trodden laborer look upon the following statement which occurred in a paper of 1880 ? "The profits of the Wall Street Kings the past year were enormous. It is estimated that Vanderbilt made THE MERCURY. 143 $30,000,000; Jay Gould $15,000,000; Russel Sage $10,000,- 000; Sidney Dillon $10,000,000; and James R. Keene $8,- 000,000. Is it strange if the working man thinks he is not getting his due share of the wonderful increase of national wealth ?" How do men to-day regard a rise in the price of coal-oil and the next week read in all the papers that the larg-est stockholder of the Standard Oil Company has made a be-nevolent gift of several million dollars ? The assassination of rulers and millionaires, the wanton des-truction of property by strikers, and the inconvenience accru-ing from a stoppage of production are not the only bad results of socialism. It tends to ruin the Church as well as the State. Infidelity and skeptacism follow closely in its tracks. In a so-cialistic convention at Pittsburg not many years ago the follow-ing nefarious resolution was unanimously adopted: "The church finally seeks to make complete idiots of the mass, and to make them forego a paradise on earth by promising them a fictitious heaven." "Truth, a socialistic journal of San Fran-cisco says : "When the laboring men understand that the heaven they are promised is but a mirage, they will knock at the door of the wealthy robber, with a musket in hand, and de-mand their share of the goods of this life now ! " What could have a more disasterous effect upon discontented humanity than to read such doctrine ? The socialist of this order denies the existence of God on the ground that if there would be one, wealth, happiness and opportunities would be more equally shared ; they forget to see that the rich are as often unhappy as the poor, and that God sends "his rain upon the just and unjust." Although an attempt to solve a problem of such magnitude may appear absurb, there is, at least one, feasible solution— a more general acceptance and use of the principles ot Chris-tianity. "Socialism attempts to solve the problem of suffering without eliminating the factor of sin." That all suffering caused by our industrial system is the result of sin, either on the part of employer or emplyee, or of both, there can be no doubt. If the spirit of the Golden Rule were put into practice, it "would 144 THE MERCURY. dictate such arrangements between capitalist and laborer as will secure to the latter a fair return for his toil." As Dr. Fisher says, "It will check the accumulation of wealth in a few individ-uals. And the Christian spirit, as in ancient days, will inspire patience and contentment, and a better than earthly hope, in the minds of the class whose lot in life is hard." THE SABBATH AS A CIVILIZER. Miss HELEN WAGNER, '06. WHEN God said, " The seventh is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God, in it thou shalt not do any work, thou nor thy man servant—," He surely had more ends in view than the mere refreshing of man and His own glorification. Besides achieving these results the Sabbath has other far-reaching in-fluences. Chief among these influences we see its power as a civilizer, as an educator and a refiner. It has long been an ac-knowledged fact that Christianity pnd education go hand in hand. In the accomplishment of one we necessarily attain the other. The influence of the Sabbath is like the atmosphere—it sur-rounds every one it touches, whether with that one's approval or not. The most violent atheist would be no more likely to scorn the influence of the day set apart chiefly for the worship of the God he ignores than would our staid old deacons. It has been proven that no civilized country can exist without the aid of the soothing influence of the Sabbath on the passions ot men, in the observance of its laws. Because the influence of the Sabbath is so all-prevailing and must be felt everywhere, no man can or does escape it. Christians, of course, are those most directly affected by the Sabbath. They come into immediate contact with some of its most potent influences. A true Christian never misses the Sabbath—he spends . it in the worship of God and for rest as was commanded. And so he reaps not only the physical bene-fit but the intellectual as well. One of his chief duties and THE MERCURY. MS '* pleasures is a regular attendance upon divine worship. Thus while being spiritually fed and elevated he assimilates some of the best literature and art of the world as it radiates from the pulpit and the organ loft and the temple of God itself. But the people who do not come into direct contact with the Sabbath influence, feel it just as surely. They must breathe it with the very air. One cannot go anywhere on the Sabbath Day without being made very conscious that this day differs from all others. In the cities and towns the stillness imparted to the streets, noisy and hustling on other days, by the aspect of the closed stores and shops and the absence of the clattering dray and shouting venders, and the quietly passing inhabitants with their peaceful, serene countenances and their fresher, more artistic raiment, and the sweet music of the church bells—all have a subduing, refining influence on the sensibilities and pas-sions of men, not easily thrown off. And out in the open country away from church bells and changed surroundings one feels an unwonted peace and calm—one breathes with the very air which draws one a little nearer Mother Earth—and thus is made to appreciate her beauties and truth a little more fully. Besides these maternal, physical influences there is another, more subtle, ever advancing influence—the influence of man upon man. Usually the Christian does not need the Sabbath environment for purposes of self-education and refinement, but those with whom he associates or with whom his friends come in contact may and are more helped, as they imperceptibly absorb from him a finer sense of right and wrong and a better general knowledge, than they would be by any numbers of over-zealous instructors and noisy evangelists. I46 THE MERCURY. THE COURSE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERN-MENT IN CONNECTION WITH THE PANAMA REVOLUTION. ( Written for the Pen and Sword Prise Essay Contest.) CHAS. "VV. HEATHCOTE, '05. PANAMA has an area of about 31,500 square miles and a population of almost 300,000. When Panama revolted a short time ago, it was not the first time she attempted to throw off the yoke of Columbia. In 1885 a similar revolution took place. Columbia promised various reforms which checked the revolution. However, Columbia failed to carry out these reforms. Columbia established a centralized form of govern-ment which caused Panama to lose the privilege of a state. For years the idea of building a canal across the isthmus has been in vogue. The French Company, which attempted it a few years ago, failed miserably. It remains for the United States to carry out the plan. The Panama and Nicaragua routes were suggested. The need of the canal is very evident. If the canal had been built when the Oregon made her long run around Cape Horn the United States government would have been saved much expense. Then, the American interests in Porto Rico, Cuba and the Pacific possessions strongly urge the construc-tion of this canal. For a time the Nicaragua route was favored. A bill was drawn up and unanimously ratified by both Houses of our Na-tional Legislature. The main idea of this bill was that when the canal was completed it was to remain neutral under the protection of the great European powers. However, delay over this part led the people to favor the Panama route. Fi-nally, upon the recommendation of the Walker Commission, the Panama route was chosen providing it could be bought from the old French Company for $40,000,000. However, to keep our word with Nicaragua, the Spooner compromise was passed which instructed the President to select the Panama route pro-viding the necessary arrangements could be made. If, not the Nicaragua route was to be chosen. About this time Columbia became very much interested in THE MERCURY. 147 the canal affairs. They gave the United States every assurance that a treaty favoring the Panama route would be ratified by their Senate. However, after much delay, it was unanimously rejected. Columbia was to receive $10,000,000 for certain con-cessions. Columbia thought the United States was an easy mark and refused to ratify the treaty unless $20,000,000 was given to them. In all these proceedings the Columbian politi-cians refused to consult the wishes of Panama. Panama knew the value of the canal. That the Columbian politicians were working for their own interests was very evident. Conse-quently Panama's hatred for Columbia grew more intense. When the revolution broke out the world was not surprised. The revolution was virtually bloodless. The republic was soon recognized by the United States, France, Germany, Russia and many other powers. In a short time a treaty was drawn up and signed. By this treaty the United States gained complete ownership of the canal and received much more territory than she would have received had Columbia-not acted in such an ugly manner. The course of the United States government has met with general approval by all well-thinking people. All the foreign powers sanctioned the action. Many people tried to condemn the course of the government because the warships were or-dered to prevent any of Columbia's troops being landed to bring Panama to time. How often in the South American rev-olutions the lives of our citizens and likewise their property have been endangered. Many times before this the United States marines and sailors were landed to protect the property of our citizens. American interests are better developed in Panama than in any other South American state. American capital runs the whole railroad system on the isthmus. What good is a government to its people if it fails to protect them ? Then again Panama had been recognized by the United States and for that reason alone her action was justifiable. Some people in criticizing the government forget the action of Presi-dent Polk in the way he started the Mexican War. His action cost the United States' thousands of lives and dollars in order to maintain the national honor. Today all people recognize 148 THE MERCURY. that the addition of Texas to United States territory is a blessing. The idea that the government's course is a stain up-on the history of our country is erroneous. The government has upheld our traditions by being the champion of the weak and helping young republics maintain their standing. "A HUNTER OF MEN." "BRIDGET." WITHIN the forest depths I wandered far, O'er the great battlefield, where bloody war Had made upon our land a loathsome sore, Healed now, but still retaining its deep scar. At last, upon a wooded hill was found, what I had sought, A monument, commemorating strife With victory and loss of life, The boon God-given, A monument for heroes, dearly bought, A witness unto Heaven. Upon a natural rock, like those which on the hillside lay, Was carved the figure of a man; Not as the Knights of old, with upright pose, And fearless eyes, he faced his foes, at bay, But crouched and hid him, midst the trunks of trees, And with a deadly purpose, did the hillside scan. 'Twas here I rested me, A dream I dreamed, Which, to my wand'ring fancy, even seemed A waking dream, a reverie. Within the homestead of an old Virginian farm, A mother sat one sunny summer morn, Holding, within the shelter of her arm, A little babe, her son, her own first born. Oh! what a wondrous grace was in those words,, "her own," What sword could pierce the soul of such a one ? A soul, so full of hopes, before unknown, The deed too cruel, to be planned or done. THE MERCURY. 149 A glorious future lay before her boy, All fashioned with her mother love and care, A future, full of happiness and joy, Devoid of sin, the bait of Death's dread snare. "Her own," but ever since the earth wastrod By her, above all women blest of God, In honor of her wondrous motherhood, The soul of womankind has felt the sword. He grew into a handsome, stalwart youth, Beloved by many, and disliked by few, Then came the blow; her soul was pierced in truth, And he went forth to die, as sons of all brave mothers do. To die, but could he kill his fellow-man? This was the question that had haunted him, Upon the day of march, and in the nightly din Of dreadful dreams, bloody with warfare's ban. A marksman of sure eye, and hand unfaltering, Far-famed was he, And many a woodland voice had cased to sing Through death, from him, its untaught melody. So, when night's dreams were changed to day's reality, Not placed in ranks that fought an open war was he, But called of men, a sharpshooter, lay low, Upon the hillside's brow, to slay the unwary foe. #**#*#***♦* The sun comes flickering through the whispering leaves, Casting their shadows on green moss and fern, A birdling, from a nest above, moves restlessly, and grieves, In dismal chirpings, for its mother's late return. The noonday calm is over hill and glen, Save for the distant sound of battle's roar, There, where a multitude of bravest men, Fight onward for their country's noble fame, for honor more. Then with a rustling sound, the calm is broken, The underbrush is parted by a man in blue, A moment's pause; no warning word is spoken, To tell him "Death is waiting now for you." And he, whom destiny ordained to give to Death her prey, One instant hesitated, in his covert lay Sickened by fear, of his dread deed alone, Then aiming fired and it was done. ISO THE MERCURY. Quickly his weapon casting on the ground, He bounded fearless, down the wooded slope, His boyish eyes, all bright with unshed tears, For in his soul remorse fought hard with hope. And Hope, how soon 'twas vanquished in the fray, A boy, scarce older than himself, his victim lay, Dying in agony upon the sod ; No word he spoke, but with great eyes of pain, Looked up into his face, who had his brother slain, And then, just as the birdling fell to earth, His spirit met his God. 'Twas then a red mist rose before his eyes, a mist of blood ; Concealing the poor body of the slain, from which the soul had fled, He climbed once more the hillside's weary road, Determined to repeat his deed of dread. At sunset, when the wounded mother-bird Returned, to find her nestlings gone, No sound, upon that dark hillside she heard, To tell her of the deeds that there were done. Yet, 'midst the underbrush, there silent lay What had been seven brave men, And he, who watched the little bird's dismay, Red-eyed and haggard, envied each of them. But God is good, his day of darkness o'er, A wandering bullet claimed him for its own, And his sad soul, its struggles knew no more, No more did yearn for murder to atone. As from my dream I woke, my heart was torn With pity, for the " Man of Sorrows " who, Upon another hill, in distant clime, Gave up his life " hunter" for such as you. " Oh, God Omnipotent! " aloud I cried, " For His dear sake forgive the crimes, Committed in the name of Liberty, and dyed With heroes' blood, the curse of warlike times." THE MERCURY. 151 "THE PATH OF DUTY IS THE WAY TO GLORY." NO one will deny me the fact that our present age with all its hurry and hustle, its energy and propelling-force, its competition and its competitors, is an age for the success of in-dividual purpose. Having granted this concession, it follows that individuals must exist with specific purposes, carrying out and fulfilling the obligations which are imposed on them. Be-lieving that no man has ever been created without a purpose, which results in a duty or obligation to his Creator, and when he fulfills this obligation or carries out this duty he has a for-tune worth more in realistic and spiritual value than all the Rockefellers, Carnegies, Vanderbilts or any other gods of gold that ever lived—believing this, I ask you to come with me to the rich meadow-lands of Connecticut, where on Oct. 5, 1703, a man was born who graduated from Yale University at the early age of 16 and set out into the world following the paths of duty and therein was his fortune, a legacy far richer than any earthly inheritance the world could have given him. It was during his boyhood days that a problem of extreme importance began to trouble him, and the solution of this was the determining of his course in after life. From that time he became a man that had an end in view, a something to say and he said it. A bold, fearless, ardent and consistent advocate of his belief; a man with a conscience so clear, so pure, and so unbiased that all the world loved him though he sought not for their favor; a man with iron-clad precepts, not for others, but for himself and he lived them; a man that has come down through two centuries, spotless, to live in the hearts of all man-kind, and who dares to say that his glory shall not live till the sun shall cease to rise and set and until time shall be no more ! This man of purpose or duty has been the father of a very illustrious progeny. Among his descendants more eminent men have been numbered than have been recorded of any other man in American history. They have been most promi-nent in the ministry, in education, in law and a number have sat on the bench. Let me mention some of them: Dr. Jo-nathan Edwards, Aaron Burr, Vice-President, Prof. Park, of Andover, President Woolsey and President Uwight, of Yale, 152 THE MERCURY. not forgetting the elder President Dwight. Three Presidents of Yale are his descendants. Could any man be more signally blessed or have a richer inheritance in the hearts of his child-ren ? He was also a born naturalist, and there is hardly any doubt that had he not become our greatest theologian he would have been our father of Natural Philosophy. As a boy he dis-covered facts which have been handed down to the naturalist of today as most valuable information. Who can set the limit for his discoveries had he devoted himself to this branch of science with his purpose and ambition ? Jonathan Edwards as a man, as a theological and philosophi-cal writer, as a naturalist and as the broadest and grandest man the American pulpit has ever produced, stands out in lines so bold, in verse so tender, and in character so spotless as to thrill with admiration and awe every American youth of today. Who would not love to be what he has been ? Who would not exchange all the wealth he possesses—I care not whether it be millions—for the place Jonathan Edwards holds in the hearts of the people and in the history of his country ? His life is a story that should make any young man enthusiastic and his success has been such as would turn the heads of thousands had it been theirs, but not his for he had a purpose, a convic-tion, a duty to the world and his fellow-man and until that should be accomplished his labor was with him incessantly. Truly he knew the paths of duty and just so surely his glory followed. In two centuries from today how many men's 'names of the present generation, lives and characters do you suppose will have been handed down to posterity ? Where are our Long-fellows, our Emersons, Whittiers, Bryants, Lincolns and Far-raguts of today ? Are we producing any such ? Indications from the past decade and more do not show them and it is believed that unless a change in the ambitions of the young of today is brought about, America will have none to record in her history. The lust for gold is the keynote to this dearth of noble manhood. Men are willing to sacrifice anything—prin-ciple, creed, honor, friends, self, anything—no matter what to obtain the riches of a Carnegie or Morgan. THE MERCURY. 153 Says B. O. Fowler, "if this, our republican form of govern-ment is to stand we must have men" and he means more men like Jonathan Edwards. The U. S. Senate has grown to be a rich man's club, the offices of the government are filled and controlled by political graft with men who are unable to cope with the issues demanded of them. Oh for a few fearless preachers of duty and loveliness, for a few men like Jonathan Edwards; men with purposes, men with a sense of duty and honor, men with the love of a superior being in their hearts ! Our nation must have these men and she is going to get them. Whether they come from Connecticut or from Florida, from California or from Pennsylvania it matters not; they must come. Would you have this, your free form of government turned into a monarchy? Indications point us to the fact that it is gradually being done and there is only one sure method of making the wrong right. This threatening evil can only be averted by finding men who are willing, if need be, to die for a correct principle. Nothing counts so much as principle and nothing tells in a man like purpose. If you would have a for-tune, have a principle, and if you would have the love and esteem of your fellow men live a principle. In all the history of the world there never was a grander period in which to live than the present. Never was there so much to do, so many chances, so bright an outlook, but it is only for the man with a sense of duty. The nation wants men, but she wants them stern, tender and fearless, full of duty and loneliness as was this missionary to the savages, this first of American naturalists, this explorer of philosophy and theology. If for no other vir-tue we should love and revere the memory of Jonathan Edwards today because of his devotion to stern duty and to no other cause can we attribute his success and glory. If asked to write his epitaph I would have inscribed on his monument the sub-stance of his acts done on earth : "The part of duty is the way to glory." "C. E. B. '05." 154 THE MERCURY. POEM. ( Written by a quondam High School pupil.) We come before you this evening, To tell of our High School days, And while our stories we relate, Don't criticize our ways. We started the fourth of September The ladder of knowledge to climb, While the months were rapidly passing, Marking the flight of time. While our work was thus progressing. The holidays drew near, And through all the glad and happy days Were pleasures, unbedimmed by tears. We studied hard to reach the goal, We scholars of Number Ten, And now to the fullest we realize " Laborum Dulce Lenimen." The friendships, sympathies and all That were our life in school, Are meshed with memories of the hall, Which was our working tool. 'Tis sad to part with friends so dear, With whom so long we've been. Try as we will, the briny tears Will come, and sight bedim. School life, so dear, is over now, On life's broad wave we speed, May God 'ere guide our journey through, And we His warnings heed. To one and all we bid farewell, As now are separated The many friends who proved us well, And joys anticipated. Farewell to many undone tasks, To victories not yet won ; May all unfinished work In heaven, if not on earth, be done. * f THE MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter VOL. XIII GETTYSBURG, PA., JUNE, 1904 No. 4 Editor-in-ch ief C. EDWIN BUTTER, '05 Exchange Editor CHARI,ES GAUGER, '05 Business Manager A. L. DILLENBECK, '05 Asst. Business Managei E. G. HESS, '06 Associate Editors H. C. BRILLHART, '06 ALBERT BILLHEIMER, '06 H. BRUA CAMPBELL, '06 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT.D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Busi-ness Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. LOYALTY TO Probably no force, power or influence among ALMA MATER, the graduates of a college is felt so much as Loyalty. We all believe that a college can be only what her Alumni wills her to be. If she is to spread her influence through-out many states; if she is to wax strong and command a place among the leading universities and colleges of the world; if she is to grow and prosper as she should, and as so many col-leges are doing, she must have your support, Alumni. Loyalty to Alma Mater must be your watch-word day and , night. Be eager, ready and enthusiastic at all times and you will be surprised beyond measure how much you can do for her. The very fact that you are a graduate is proof of your obligation and should be a sufficient incentive to rouse your earnest endeavors on her behalf. I56 THE MERCURY. Every college, no matter where or how situated, has its own reasons for producing loyal Alumni. It is, indeed, a sad day for the old mother when liar son turns his back on her, and it is a sorry day for Gettysburg when an Alumnus forgets her love and devotion. Perhaps a true indication of the success a man will make in the world is the spirit and vehemence with which he accomplishes his college work. If the undergraduate does his very best and is loyal to the core, the college cannot be without loyal Alumni. He who sings most lustily his Alma Mater'a songs, who has again and again made his throat raw with a "heike" for the orange and blue, who fervently loves every spot of this historic ground, he is the fellow who usually counts for something. Tis to the devotion and love and in-terest of such men that Gettysburg pays tribute. Loyalty to Alma Mater means the preaching of her charms to every boy who expects to go to college, and to many more who have never had a thought of a college course. Loyalty to Alma Mater means doing one's best and a keen and lively interest in all her affairs. Loyalty to Alma Mater means your unbounded support, Alumni, to your college publications. Gettysburg wants love and devotion and loyalty from every Alumnus. How much will you do for her in the next year ? Shall we, undergraduates, believe your efforts to be commen-surate with your love ? It is the only criterion we have with which to take your measure. Are you one of the many who are always so busy that when an appeal comes you must beg to be excused ? If you are made of such stuff, Gettysburg has no use for you, and the noise you will make in the world will never cause a disturbance. Our dear old college has many loyal alumni who have fought, bled and died in her interests, and to them, we, her sons, give all the honor and reverence for what she is today and for what she gives promise of in the not far distant future. Sooner or later in the life of many a young person the ques-tion comes, "To what college shall I go after I have prepared myself in the academy or high school?" It is thrusting itself upon a great many young people in this month of June, as the THE MERCURY 157 colleges and universities are sending out their scores and hun-dreds of graduates and the preparatory schools are finishing up the share of- the work that properly belongs to them. It is a serious question, one that will mean much in the life of the in-dividual, one that should not be decided without grave con-sideration. Shall he go to the college having the most successful ath-letic teams ? or to the one having the greatest reputation ? or to the one which makes the greatest promises ? These are some of the questions usually taken into consideration by pro-spective college students. But how many stop to ask them-selves and to consider the vastly more important question, "Which college lays the greatest emphasis upon the training of its students in the duties of good citizenship and the devel-opment of Christian character?" This, after all, is the important consideration. Not how great a reputation do the athletic teams have, not how much does it seem to promise, but how much importance does it attach to the development and training of that which really makes character ? H. C. B. -^> EXCHANGES. " Criticism is essential to good work. True criticism is both appreciative and corrective, but it is not so essential that a writer receive perfect criticism after all. Public judgment, fav-orable, adverse or perverse, is instructive and leads us to correct our errors, improve our style, sharpen our wits and pay more attention to the perfecting of our work, line by line. Have you a thought, the plot of a story, the idea of a poem ? Write it in your best and freshest moments and lay it by until the frost of cool evenings has chilled it, and it has become a thing apart from yourself. Then criticize it, remodel it, with your best impartial judgment. Never doubt that the English lan-guage has the right word ; and the right words rightly and ar-tistically constructed, make famous literature of the thought of men."—The Bowdoin Quill. I58 THE MERCURY. V The Otterbein Argus contains a rather interesting story en-titled " Character Painting." It pictures quite vividly the con-dition of many a poor child in the mining districts of our coun-try and portraying the effect produced by refinement and wealth upon so uncultured a mind as that of the heroine. While this story is good in the main, it is the only article of a literary nature in the journal. We cannot feel that such a meagre amount of literary matter does justice to a school which styles itself an university. The editorial pointing out why students should remain for commencement, whenever it is at all possible, is timely and well worth putting into practice. Commence-ment exercises are the crowning events of the year, and cer-tainly, whenever possible, the student should avail himself of this privilege to enjoy the happy closing of the school-year and also to bid farewell to the graduating class for whom it means so much. Remember that you yourself expect to be in a similar position some day, then perhaps you can better appreci-ate its significance. The best part of the World's Fair number of The Wabash is its "exchange pickings." The exchange editor is to be com-mended^ for his judgment and selection of clippings. We quote a few of them. " Are you Hungary ? Yes; Siam. Well, come along ; I'll Fiji." Again : " It is said some girls are pressed for time ;—others for the fun of it." " If college bred is a four-year loaf (The Smart Set says its so.) Oh tell me where the flour is found For us who need the dough !" —The Acorn. TEACHER—Johnny, repeat after me " Moses was an austere man and made atonement for the sins of his people." JOHNNY—" Moses was an oyster man and made ointment for the shins of his people." MM » "THE MERCURY. 159 "Usefulness is the rent we are asked .-to pay for room on earth. Some of us are heavily in debt." The May number of the Manitou Messenger \s a credit to the new staff. The oration "The Public Service of Church and School" is a well written and logical development of the power exerted upon the state by church and school. " Chaucer's Hu-mor" is a terse estimate of one side of his nature, as seen in "The Canterbury Tales." We are glad to welcome the Bucknell Mirror to its long va-cant place on our table. The only literary article, "The Col-umn to the Right of the Doorway," is an interesting and amusing reminiscence of a college prank fifty years ago. An increase in amount of literary matter would greatly improve the paper. The Buff and Blue contains a number of short articles. Among them "The Assassination," while an interesting recital of an imaginary college joke, it might be much improved by a smoother style, less abrupt and " choppy " sentences. The article on "Fiction" gives a brief history of its beginning, de-velopment, present use and abuse. " Ninety-Seven," an episode of an undergraduate who was determined to win his race in an indoor meet, is well written and worth reading. The Red and Blue is always among the best journals of fic-tion on our table. The June number is no exception. Roses bloom and roses fade, Flowers bloom and die. Life is made of sun and shade, ' Laughter and a sigh. Heigh-o ! sun and shade, Laughter and a sigh. 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Travel reports have shaped the emergence of early U.S. culture and its "geographical imagination" (David Harvey). Framing the Nation, Claiming the Hemisphere examines the trans-national imagination in travel reports by American authors written between 1770 and 1830. Its range is from John and William Bartram's pre-revolutionary travelogues and Jonathan Carver's exploratory report on his journey in the Great Lakes region (1778), to Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative (1789), to early nineteenth-century reports, such as Anne Newport Royall's Sketches of History, Life, and Manners, in the United States (1826) and William Duane's A Visit to Colombia (1826). The chapters of the monograph concentrate on writing about journeys to the North American 'interior', the Caribbean, Latin America, and Africa. The primary sources were written between the beginning of the struggle against British rule, following the end of the French and Indian War, and the beginning of Andrew Jackson's presidency. The decades between 1770 and 1830 were times of shifting colonial boundaries, nation-building, and emergent discourses of collective identification in North America. The study reads travel writing in the context of the identity-generating discourses of nation-building, imperialism, anti-colonialism, and cosmopolitanism.
In contrast to scholarship that engages a notion of Americanness based primarily on 'domestic' outlooks and experiences such as westward expansion (the frontier), the study highlights the function of categories such as the outside world, neighboring nations, and colonial empires in the emergence of U.S. national literary imagination. How does a shift in focus from a discursive 'domestication' of North American space to an interest in the Othering of what lies beyond national borders affect the understanding of the emergent national self? These are the kind of questions that begin by seeing the transnational as a fundamental element of national emergence.
The monograph ultimately works to demonstrate how travel writing – with very few exceptions – supports and affirms processes of nation-building. Thus, the national narrative evolves from representations of contact scenarios in North America, in the transatlantic world, and around the globe. Without ignoring the roles of national mythology, the analysis concentrates on the continual co-existence of fluid notions of both 'home' and 'abroad' in times of shifting geographical borders. From such a perspective, travel writing not only contributes to shaping the national imagination and its conceptions of superiority but is also complicit in territorial expansionism and its subjugation of conquered peoples and their respective cultural histories.
The present study emphasizes the significance of accounts of non-voluntary movement that embrace captivity narratives, slave narratives, sailor narratives, and reports by individuals who had access to neither publishing nor public culture. Accounts by such authors have often been published posthumously, promoted by printers, professional authors, or scholars. The central focus of analysis, however, examines how American self-fashioning and self-positioning in the world appear in the travel writing of the period. The trans-national imagination engages in a symbolic construction both of the collective national 'Self' and of the outside world as the nation's 'Other.'
Travel writing functions as a tool in the nation-building process of the United States: a tool that reflects the mindset of the time, a tool that imagines a national community, and a tool that shapes the mindset of a people. The study maintains that travel writing, as a literary format, negotiates the triangular relationship between American post-revolutionary nation-building, continued European colonial expansion in the Americas, and the ongoing existence of indigenous nations. Underlying each of the readings is a common thesis that travel writing defines and negotiates borders, limits, and territorial expansion, and that it does so within the parameters of nation-building.

Introduction -- Part I: Arrivals and departures: local and global -- 1 Arrivals and departures -- 2 "The inalienable right of man to change his home and allegiance": historical perspectives on the freedom to move -- 3 Harboring empire: London, Canton, Boston -- Part II: The nineteenth century: re-readings and re-writings from offshore -- 4 The old Melville and the sea: ideas of the harbor in Melville's literary career -- 5 Walt Whitman's "Sea Drift" cluster: the encounter of Sufi and American selves at Paumanok -- 6 "The voices came from the sea": ghostly encounters and the Mary Celeste Nicolangelo Becce -- Part III: Across the Atlantic -- and back -- 7 A "battered and accommodating beauty": New York Bay revisited by Henry James in The American Scene -- 8 Neither old nor new but other: Willa Cather's syncretic experience of history and love -- 9 Dangerous trips: war tourism in Willa Cather's One of Ours and Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms -- 10 Is home where the anchor drops? representations of the harbor in Joshua Slocum's Sailing Alone Around the World -- Part IV: Transatlantic views: the Euro-American circulation of ideas -- 11 The Transatlantic making of the American middle class: the origins of an essential category of the American century -- 12 "Roundtrip to Anglo-Saxon democracy": Beatrice Potter Webb's appraisal of industry and society -- 13 The mirror of alienation: T.S. Eliot and the other modernity -- Part V: Topographies of slavery and colonialism -- 14 Derek Walcott: a shipwrecked mind -- 15 Excavating the voice: the "sea's strange fruit" touches Liamuiga's shores -- safe native harbor turns into colonized hell -- 16 Harbors and port towns in Paule Marshall's memoir Triangular Road -- 17 Topophilia and Topophobia in Solomon Northup's Twelve Years a Slave -- Part VI: Tropes of migration and harboring -- 18 Adrift: the language of migration and harboring -- 19 Mythologies of migration in Henry Roth's Call It Sleep -- 20 The Malady of Remembrance: contagious memories in Georges Perec's Récits d'Ellis Island translated by Harry Mathews as Tales of Vagrancy and Hope -- Part VII: Trans-Pacific encounters: 21 Founding Chinese America in Louis Chu's Eat a Bowl of Tea -- 22 Contending forces: Chinese American identity and Chinatown as an ambivalent harbor in Ng's Bone -- 23 When the Transpacific encounter becomes a contagious fluke: Ruth Ozeki's A Tale for the Time Being -- Part VIII: Inflections of the Italian American experience -- 24 Stories of linguistic displacement and cultural longing: the narrative of a second-generation Italian-American -- 2 Italian language and Italian dialects: tendencies and perspectives among the young Italian Americans in the greater New York City area -- 26 The fallacies of political hybridity: transcultural identities and the Italian-American vote in Italy's election and referenda -- Part IX: Italian Americans between fact and fiction -- 27 Pete Panto's story between fact and fiction: Jim Longhi and his Two Fingers of Pride -- 28 In the name of the Father and the Son: Italian migrations in the art of Joseph and William Papaleo -- 29 About family reunions: when The Sopranos met their cousins from Naples -- Part X: Representing Muslim America after 9/11 -- 30 Pulling the rug of religion and race from under Uncle Sam's feet: the subversive fiction of Mohja Kahf and Laila Halaby, The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf and Once in a Promised Land -- 31 Veiling and unveiling: vulnerability and self-protection in Mohja Kahf's work -- 32 The proximal-ancillary coverage continuum and the discourse of the American "War on terror".

Telegraphed for months in advance, qualifying for Louisiana executive office contests besides governor went
largely to script and brought largely predictable clarity to races, if not intrigue.

Lieutenant governor looks like a walkover for Republican
Lt. Gov. Billy Nungesser, drawing
token opposition with the exception of GOP former state Sen. Elbert Guillory. This isn't Guillory' first
statewide rodeo but he doesn't have a great history in drawing votes statewide and
hasn't reported any consequential raising or spending of campaign funds.

By contrast. in terms of unpredictability, perhaps
the most interesting is Secretary of State, where incumbent Republican Kyle
Ardoin chose not to run for reelection. GOP Public Service Commissioner Mike Francis is the biggest
spender and has a base to work from, while Republican businessman Brandon Trosclair who previously
made a legislative run has waged an insurgent campaign based on election integrity.
GOP House Speaker Clay Schexnayder is
trying to rival Francis in spending, hoping to appeal to state government
insiders and crossover Democrats, having had a relationship with them since his
speakership election that relied heavily on their support and typically acting
sympathetically to their spending agenda unless really pressured by his caucus.

Those plans suffered a setback when current Ardoin
deputy and former state Rep. Republican Nancy
Landry entered the race, as she also appeals to capitol insiders but not so
much Democrats. And Schexnayder received bad news when a quality Democrat, Gwendolyn Collins-Greenup, jumped
in. She pushed Ardoin to a runoff in 2019 as well as in the 2018 special election
that first put Ardoin in charge.

Her presence makes a runoff between her and
Francis, who besides having the most resources also can draw upon his
background as a state party activist, including leading it, to corral conservative
support, the most likely outcome. Yet a wildcard in the form of the GOP's Thomas
Kennedy adds uncertainty to this scenario. He also ran in 2018 and 2019,
gathering nine and then nineteen percent of the vote despite hardly campaigning
– apparently all off the fact he shares a last name with the very popular
Republican Sen. John Kennedy.

For attorney general, GOP state Rep. John Stefanski may find himself plagued
by the same dynamic as Schexnayder. Landry's solicitor general Republican Liz Murrill has consolidated the conservative
vote including
the official state party endorsement, leaving greener pastures to the left
for Stefanski whose fundraising Murrill has dwarfed. But with apparent
state party support personal injury attorney Democrat Lindsey Cheek joined the fray, and although
she appears to date to have done little campaigning if the state party gives her
modest backing she could steal a runoff spot from Stefanski, where Stefanski's
only chance is to hope for a runoff against Murrill and non-Republicans then
overwhelmingly vote for him.

The race for treasurer will be decided by whether
GOP former Rep. John Fleming can
outlast Republican state Rep. Scott McKnight.
Both have raised considerable sums but Fleming can draw upon more personal
wealth in a pinch and has the state party's official endorsement that brings
funding advantages. Likely only one will make the runoff with Democrat Dustin Granger who is running just
serious enough of a campaign to pick up the necessary support from his party's registrants
by default. Whoever does will defeat him.

For insurance commissioner, 2019 close runner-up
Republican Tim Temple, who has
poured nearly $2 million of his own cash into the contest, seems to have scared
off any quality competition. And for agriculture commissioner, long-time
incumbent Republican Mike
Strain will be the only statewide elected executive not on a board to
escape any competition.

Colleen Hroncich


In the United States today, the word "liberal" is often linked to Democrats and others on the political left who favor using government to implement social change. But the word actually comes from the Latin root liber, which means free. And that is at the heart of the Institute for Catholic Liberal Education (ICLE), which was founded in 1999. ICLE's mission is to renew Catholic schools "by drawing on the Church's tradition of education, which frees teachers and students for the joyful pursuit of faith, wisdom, and virtue."
According to the Institute, most modern schools are based on a pragmatic, utilitarian, secular philosophy that is fragmented and focused on skills, job training, and standardized tests. A Catholic classical liberal arts education, on the other hand, emphasizes wisdom, independent thought, and discovery while focusing on the whole child created in the image of God.
ICLE provides a number of resources for schools that want to adopt the Catholic classical educational philosophy. For schools that are considering this path, ICLE offers presentations for parents, clergy, and boards as well as training for teachers and school leaders. There are also conferences, workshops on various topics, publications, and site visits.
New this year after a pilot program in Denver, ICLE is launching a Catholic Educator Formation and Credential (CEFC) program. This 18‐​month program, delivered online and in‐​person, is designed to be an alternative to state licensure that can be used by Catholic dioceses across the nation.
Emily Zgonc is the principal at St. Michael School, a Catholic school in western Pennsylvania that was founded in 1899. This year, the school is embarking on a new ICLE partnership that Emily is very excited about. "ICLE has been working with Catholic schools across the United States to support a refreshing renewal of Catholic education," she explains.
"We're going back to our roots of what made Catholic education so effective and vibrant: the importance of story and wonder. Our students will be reading great stories that they can delve deeply into, befriending and learning life lessons from the characters. Instead of bland 'social studies,' our students will learn the history of western civilization and where they fit in that story. Going beyond a typical science class, we're going to incorporate nature studies so our students can 'get their hands dirty' and dig into what they are learning about, awakening a sense of wonder and leading to deep questions. Our newly revamped curriculum will help our students grow to become intelligent, curious, and engaging adults."
St. Michael School is not alone. Interest in classical education, including ICLE, has exploded in recent years. Earlier this week, ICLE hosted its national conference at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh. While the Institute expanded conference capacity by 25 percent compared to last year, the event still sold out quicker than in the past.
I attended the ICLE conference to participate on a panel about school choice and Catholic schools. One of the topics I discussed was how the government largely monopolized education in the late 1800s and early 1900s, which crowded out many other models. School choice policies, like tax credit scholarships, education savings accounts, and vouchers, are helping to correct that problem. As interest grows in education options beyond local district schools—including interest in classical Catholic schools like ICLE partners—the expansion of school choice programs will help families access these options.

Chris Edwards


Congress will consider a new farm bill this year, which will likely be a logrolling extravaganza costing $1.5 trillion or more over the coming decade. Just as Lollapalooza had a diverse lineup of bands, the farm bill will include a diverse lineup of subsidies for farms, food programs, energy, rural programs, forestry, trade, environmental activities, and many other things. Hemp production used to be illegal but now gets subsidized in the farm bill.
In his book on government dysfunction, MSNBC host and former congressman Joe Scarborough described the logrolling frenzy leading to the passage of the 2002 farm bill, which he called the "largest corporate welfare scam in history." He discussed how dairy subsidies were demanded by members from Maine, Pennsylvania, and Vermont, peanut subsidies were demanded by members from Virginia, Alabama, and Georgia, and sugar subsidies were demanded by members from Florida. The logrolling continued for cotton, wheat, wool, mohair, and many other products.
Scarborough concluded, "Standing alone, not one of these corporate welfare measures could survive the bright light of public scrutiny." That is the key point about logrolling. Unfortunately, logrolling is central to the modern legislative process because the government has grown too large to consider individual provisions on their own merits.
Logrolling means that bills jammed full of special‐​interest provisions can gain majority support even if none of the provisions could gain majorities by themselves. Logrolling involves committee chairs or party leaders bundling together narrow subsidies benefiting particular states and interest groups. If democracy means majority support for specific policies, then logrolling undermines democracy.
The problem with logrolling has been observed since at least the mid‐​19th century when omnibus bills bundled dozens of Army Corps of Engineers projects across many states. At the time, people objected that these bills included low‐​value projects that did not have broad support. The federal government is much larger today, and so the logrolling problem is worse, as I discuss here and here.
Here is a June 2023 Congressional Research Service (CRS) report on the upcoming farm bill: "The omnibus nature of the farm bill can create broad coalitions of support among sometimes conflicting interests for policies that individually might have greater difficulty achieving majority support in the legislative process." That is a polite way of saying that if you bundle a bunch of loser provisions together you can end up with a legislative winner.
Farm bill logrolling is becoming more extensive says the CRS:
In recent years, more stakeholders have become involved in the debate on farm bills, including national farm groups; commodity associations; state organizations; nutrition and public health officials; and advocacy groups representing conservation, recreation, rural development, faith‐​based interests, local food systems, and organic production. These factors can contribute to increased interest in the allocation of funds provided in a farm bill.

What can we do about it? The official baseline for the farm bill this year is $1.5 trillion over 10 years. Farm bill leaders in Congress think of the baseline as the minimum pot of money they can carve up and handout to dozens of special‐​interest groups in coming months. But the federal government is hurtling toward a debt crisis, and business as usual is not acceptable. The bipartisan debt‐​ceiling deal passed in May reflected a new priority of controlling red ink. We need belt‐​tightening all around and a much lower price tag than $1.5 trillion for any farm legislation.
I look at logrolling in detail here and here and farm subsidies here.

A surprising
and faulty U.S. Supreme Court decision may force Louisiana to redraw its
congressional map for 2024 – or might put the state in a position to act as a
springboard for an entirely new challenge to making race the predominant factor
in drawing electoral boundaries.

That predominance was strengthened by today's
decision in Allen v.
Milligan, which concerned Alabama's districts. Although six justices –
those nominated by a Republican president – agreed that Section 2 of the Voting
Rights Act did not compel states to give race a privileged place in drawing
lines, which Alabama argued in that the only real difference between its adopted
plan that created only one majority-minority district out of seven whereas the
population proportion would suggest two, Chief Justice John Roberts and Assoc.
Justice Brett Kavanaugh essentially said because
enough states had treated it as such over the years that it had earned that
privilege.

In other words, apply a bad interpretation of the
law long enough and it becomes sanitized. Specifically in this case, as long as
district drawing doesn't devolve into ridiculous shapes and running riot over
other generally-accepted principles of reapportionment, race can have a privileged
status over all others. Dissenting justices noted the perversity of an
interpretation that grants precedent such power over intent and logic.

Louisiana has a pair of joined cases on hold to
which this decision will apply, but perhaps not change the its current
arrangement of districts where in a state with nearly a third of the population
having significant black ancestry has only one M/M districts of six. That's
because in the Alabama
case an alternative two M/M plan didn't have its results running race that
roughshod over other metrics such as separating communities of interest. By
contrast, in the two Louisiana cases the alternative maps do more violation
particularly to communities of interest and Louisiana itself doesn't have the
same history in trying to impose race as a dominant criterion after failing to
do so in the 1990s – even among minority elected officials – weakening the value
of precedent.

In other words, given the strengthened position of
race-conscious apportionment, Louisiana will have to show any such solution still
does enough violence to other criteria to reject that approach. But the
challenges to its plan also could be defended in another way.

The Alabama case looked only at statute. In
particular, Assoc. Justice Clarence Thomas has argued that the insertion of
primarily race-conscious solutions to reapportionment violate the Constitution,
specifically the 14th and 15th Amendments. Kavanaugh in
his opinion noted the case didn't address that argument, which he intimated he
would be open to considering. If Louisiana has a lower court rule with the
plaintiffs, it could appeal on this basis.

There's also the matter of using the larger
affirmative action lens in interpreting VRA Section 2, which later this month
should receive greater clarity rulings about its use in college admissions.
That is, the Court, having recognized using race as redress for past discrimination
is a temporary thing, may conclude the clock has run out on affirmative action
use with the change of objective conditions. Louisiana or others could argue
that giving race primacy in reapportionment has run its course in its necessity
in ensuring intentional discrimination against minorities in setting parameters
for elections.

Still, the Court's apparent endorsement, for now,
of using race paradoxically to combat alleged racism should disturb Americans
who believe their representation shouldn't hinge on the immutable
characteristic of their race.

Social marketing in its non-profit dimension has always been present in the history of humanity. Non-profit organizations have been affected in recent years, due to the decrease in resources and the ignorance of them, for the most part, by the society where they operate, largely due to the lack of marketing strategies. These organizations consider the satisfaction of the consumer/user and the donor, not only in the short term, but also in the long term, and to the individual satisfaction of these figures is added the search for collective satisfaction or the well-being of society as a whole. There are different types of non-profit organizations: health, political, religious, educational, social, ecological, etc. All of them focus on trying to help solve and address problems in society and for their survival, they require donations, sponsorships and volunteers. Social responsibility is a collective behavior and within that collective behavior, one of the actors is society. The objective of this research is to know the awareness that Morelia society has of these organizations, and their involvement, in order to determine the appropriate marketing strategies so that these types of organizations are better known because very few know of their existence and their form of operation, therefore, little participate in them; With the implementation of marketing strategies, you can achieve greater participation from society, as many are interested in participating in its different forms. There are various organizations that defend different causes and address various problems that are relevant in society, and that society itself is willing to support. This research is exploratory, experimental and descriptive, based on documentary analysis of scientific articles, popular articles and books; as well as the use of a survey instrument, to show the findings and conclude the investigation. ; La mercadotecnia social en su dimensión no lucrativa, ha estado presente siempre en la historia de la humanidad. Las organizaciones no lucrativas, han sido afectadas en los últimos años, debido a la disminución de los recursos y al desconocimiento de ellas en su mayoría, por la sociedad en donde operan, en gran parte por la falta de estrategias de marketing. Estas organizaciones se plantean la satisfacción del consumidor/usuario y del donante, no sólo a corto plazo, sino también a largo plazo, y a la satisfacción individual de estas figuras le añade la búsqueda de la satisfacción colectiva o del bienestar de la sociedad en su conjunto. Hay diferentes tipos de organizaciones no lucrativas de: salud, políticas, religiosas, educativas, sociales, ecológicas, etc. Todas ellas se enfocan a tratar de ayudar a resolver y atender problemas en una sociedad y para su sobrevivencia, requieren de donativos, patrocinios y voluntarios. La responsabilidad social es un comportamiento colectivo y dentro de ese comportamiento colectivo, uno de los actores es la sociedad. El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer la conciencia que tiene la sociedad moreliana de estas organizaciones, y su involucramiento, para poder determinar las estrategias de marketing adecuadas para que se conozcan más este tipo de organizaciones, porque muy pocos conocen de su existencia y de su forma de operación, por lo tanto, poco participan en ellas; con la implementación de las estrategias de marketing, se puede lograr una mayor participación de la sociedad, ya que muchos están interesados en participar en sus diferentes formas. Existen diversas organizaciones que defienden diferentes causas y atienden diversos problemas que son relevantes en la sociedad, y que la misma sociedad está dispuesta a apoyar. Esta investigación es de tipo exploratoria experimental y descriptiva, en base a un análisis documental de artículos científicos, artículos de divulgación y libros; así como el uso del instrumento de una encuesta, para mostrar los hallazgos y concluir la investigación.

Purpose/Context. In this article, we will present the different types of bioethics committees and review their history and then delve into the role of nursing within these spaces.Methodology/Approach. Bioethics committees are bodies that address moral dilemmas that arise in the health sciences, life sciences and innovative health policies. Although their composition should be multidisciplinary, with the aim of having a broad approach to the situations that arise, in practice this is not always the case. We will focus on analyzing the experience of these professionals within the committees and the barriers they face when they want to be part of these teams.Results/Findings. Among the findings are the difficulties for nurses to participate in the committees due to lack of time, institutional support, peer and superior recognition and support, lack of specific training and confusion between ethical and legal issues. Dispersion in Argentine legislation on the subject was also found. Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions. It is necessary to gain greater recognition and support from institutions and from colleagues and superiors so that the participation of nursing professionals can be effective. ; Propósito/Contexto. En este artículo expondremos los diferentes tipos de comités de bioética y realizaremos un recorrido por su historia para luego adentrarnos en el rol de enfermería dentro de estos espacios. Metodología/Enfoque. Los comités de bioética son organismos que abordan aspectos dilemáticos de orden moral que se presentan en las ciencias de la salud, las ciencias biológicas y las políticas de salud innovadoras. Si bien la conformación debería ser multidisciplinar, con el objetivo de tener un enfoque amplio frente a las situaciones que se presentan, en la práctica no siempre esto sucede. Nos enfocaremos en analizar cómo es la experiencia de estos profesionales dentro de los comités y cuáles son las barreras frente a las que se encuentran al querer formar parte de estos equipos. Resultados/Hallazgos. Entre los hallazgos se encuentran las dificultades para la participación de los enfermeros en los comités por falta de tiempo, reconocimiento y apoyo institucional, de los compañeros y de los superiores, falta de formación específica y confusión entre problemas éticos y legales. También se encontró dispersión en la legislación argentina sobre el tema. Discusión/Conclusiones/Contribuciones. Es necesario ganar un mayor reconocimiento y apoyo por parte de las instituciones y de los colegas y superiores para que la participación de los profesionales en enfermería pueda ser efectiva. ; Finalidade/Contexto. Neste artigo iremos apresentar os diferentes tipos de Comités de Bioética e analisaremos a sua história e depois exploraremos o papel da enfermagem nestes espaços.Metodologia/Aproximação. Os comités de bioética são organismos que abordam dilemas morais nas ciências da saúde, ciências da vida e políticas de saúde inovadoras. Embora a composição deva ser multidisciplinar, com o objectivo de ter uma abordagem ampla das situações que surgem, na prática nem sempre é esse o caso. Iremos concentrar-nos em analisar como é a experiência destes profissionais dentro dos comités e que barreiras enfrentam quando querem fazer parte destas equipas.Resultados/Findings. Entre as conclusões estão as dificuldades dos enfermeiros em participar nos comités devido à falta de tempo, falta de reconhecimento e apoio das instituições, colegas e superiores, falta de formação específica e confusão entre questões éticas e jurídicas. Foi também encontrada dispersão na legislação argentina sobre o assunto. Discussão/Conclusões/Contribuições. É necessário obter maior reconhecimento e apoio das instituições e dos colegas e superiores para que a participação dos profissionais de enfermagem possa ser eficaz.

Philibert van Serooskerke (1537-1579), viscount of Zealand, steward of Zealand West of the Scheldt and governor of Bergen op Zoom was the chief administrator in Zealand for Philip II, king of Spain and lord of the Habsburg-Burgundian Netherlands. On the basis of a biographical study in historical context, this dissertation aims to bridge the gap between what is known about the motives of the Dutch Revolt's initiators, and the contrasting attitude of a high-ranking civil servant who remains loyal to his sovereign and to the central administration of the Low Countries. The lord of Serooskerke is not a generally known figure in the political history of the early decades of the Dutch Revolt or Eighty Years' War. European historiography of that era generally focuses on emperors and popes, queens and kings, admirals and field-marshals, statesmen and stadtholders. It describes the events caused by their schemes and ambitions, rivalry, relations, failures and successes in response to the spirit of the age. With reference to the Dutch Revolt, much has been written about the prominent vassals of Philip II, the grand seigneurs who rose against him and took the lead in the rebellion in its early phase: Hendrick van Brederode; the counts of Egmont, Horne, Montigny, Hoogstraten; the marquess of Bergen; and – last but not least – the prince of Orange, the king's stadtholder or locum tenens in the provinces of Holland and Zealand. Particularly with regard to these two provinces, the motives and considerations of civil administrators were far less a subject of historical review, notwithstanding their crucial role. The administrators in charge were forced to choose between allegiance to their superior – the rebellious prince – and loyalty to their overlord the Spanish king, sovereign count of Holland and Zealand. Philibert van Serooskerke is a perfect example, because of his rank as viscount of Zealand and his functions of royal counsellor, steward, grand bailiff and supreme dike-reeve in Zealand West-of-Scheldt. His obligations are to keep law and order in this most important district of the province, covering more than half of its territory. It is his duty to supervise jurisdiction, prevent religious strife, and protect the king's subjects from war, plunder and exploitation. He facilitates commerce and industry. In the case of Zealand in particular this means: keeping the waterways safe for international transport and trade. Access to the great European port of Antwerp must remain open, and reversely 'nuestra salida al océano' as the Spanish governor-general in Brussels frases it, has to be reconquered when blocked by rebellious forces. In addition, dike maintenance to safeguard the islands from storm surges and floods is an almost unbearable responsibility in times of war. Raising the money to finance the province's obligations to its constituency on the one hand, and on the other to cover the growing needs of the central government, is not a very popular duty of a royal steward. During the last two years of his tenure, it may have appeared to him that siding with the king of Spain and remaining with the Roman faith had become contradictory to the interests and future welfare of his descendants. Nevertheless, he persisted in his task, secundum fidem et religionem, until this was no longer possible in 1578 because of his discharge from office by the States of Zealand then in power, acting in usurpation of the king's rights. Philibert van Serooskerke passed away a year later, an exile in Antwerp and a devout Roman Catholic.

The essay aims to investigate for the first time in a systematic way the plan of Venice (Venetia) by Gian Battista Arzenti, a canvas painted in oil, collected at the Correr Museum and recently dated to 1621–26 (by Gianmario Guidarelli 2015). The plan depicts the city as a very compact and homogeneous body, at a time in its urban history when part of the great transformations designed by Cristoforo Sabbadino in the previous century have now come to an end. The painter's gaze offers an almost isotropic view of the city, where the Marciana area (which has a central role in previous depictions, such as that of Jacopo de 'Barbari, 1500) is only one of the celebratory fulcrums of the city, together with the Grand Canal (with its parade of patrician palaces) and the Arsenale. In this visual reworking of Venice, the role of monasteries and convents is central, but not predominant compared to the other elements of the city. The marble facades of the Benedictine churches of San Zaccaria and San Giorgio Maggiore and the bulk of the mendicant churches of the Frari and San Zanipolo emerge from the surrounding fabric without imposing themselves on the surrounding space, re-entering the logic of a harmonious and compact city. As for the smaller churches (above all, parish and brotherhood churches) the painter's logic frames them as an integral part of urban scenes (such as the Riva delle Zattere). In light of these considerations, we propose to map the occurrences of cultic buildings in the plan and to verify their visual role in the construction of the urban representation, in a balance between religious and civil buildings, between infrastructures and natural network of canals which Venice celebrates as an image of social and political harmony. ; Il saggio si propone di indagare, per la prima volta in modo sistematico, la pianta di Venezia (Venetia) di Gian Battista Arzenti, una tela dipinta ad olio, conservata presso il Museo Correr e recentemente datata al 1621–26 (da Gianmario Guidarelli nel 2015). La pianta raffigura la città come un corpo molto compatto e omogeneo, in un momento della sua storia urbana in cui parte delle grandi trasformazioni progettate da Cristoforo Sabbadino nel secolo precedente sono ormai giunte al termine. Lo sguardo del pittore restituisce una veduta quasi isotropa della città, dove l'area marciana (che ha un ruolo centrale nelle raffigurazioni precedenti, come quella di Jacopo de' Barbari, 1500) è solo uno dei fulcri celebrativi della città, insieme al Canal Grande (con la sua parata di palazzi patrizi) e all'Arsenale. In questa rielaborazione visiva di Venezia, il ruolo dei monasteri e dei conventi è centrale, ma non predominante rispetto agli altri elementi della città. Le facciate marmoree delle chiese benedettine di San Zaccaria e San Giorgio Maggiore, e la mole delle chiese mendicanti dei Frari e di San Zanipolo, emergono dal tessuto circostante senza imporsi rispetto allo spazio circostante, rientrando nella logica di una città armoniosa e compatta. Per quanto riguarda le chiese più piccole (parrocchiali e confraternali, prima di tutto) la logica del pittore le inquadra come parte integrante di quinte urbane (come la riva delle Zattere). Alla luce di queste considerazioni, ci proponiamo di mappare le occorrenze degli edifici cultuali nella pianta e di verificarne il ruolo visivo nella costruzione della rappresentazione urbana, in un equilibrio tra edifici religiosi e civili, tra infrastrutture e rete naturale di canali che Venezia celebra come immagine di una armonia sociale e politica.

This paper explores the historical development and mutual construction of cultural identity through looking at the interaction of art of tea between China and Taiwan. Borrowing insights from theories about cultural identity and the paradox of constructing cultural authenticity, this paper aims to show that the development of the Taiwanese art of tea offers insights into Taiwan's economic and social change in the past few decades, as well as Taiwan's paradox of political and cultural identification. It raises questions about why the Taiwanese art of tea is having a great impact on China, what aspirations are embedded in mainland Chinese demand for Taiwan's art of tea, and what are the Taiwanese reactions to this demand. Furthermore, why have there been so many constant changes and innovations in the Taiwanese art of tea, and what are the driving forces behind these changes and innovations? In addition, what are the sources and more original cultural formats that Taiwanese tea persons have incorporated and adapted from? What struggles have they experienced and how do they look at self and others in this adaptation process? Based on ethnographic participation in tea gatherings and interviews with practitioners of the art of tea in Taiwan and China, this paper shows that the Taiwanese art of tea, although seen by people from China as the authentic model of traditional Chinese culture, has gone through uneven paths along with the changes in Taiwan's economy and society. It has incorporated multiple elements including Chao-Shan gongfu tea, the Japanese Way of Tea, as well as Taiwanese self-creations. The paradox, contained in Taiwanese politics and mirrored through the case of the art of tea, is displayed by the strategies of selecting whom to identify with or be distinct from; but at the same time the paradox also becomes the dynamic power driving the Taiwanese art of tea, as well as the whole society, towards ceaseless innovation. The paper first provides background on the aspiration for cultural authenticity by mainland Chinese, as a means of opening discussions about the mutual construction of cultural identity, as well as highlighting the context of intimate cultural interactions across the Taiwan Strait. A brief history of Taiwan follows and brings along information about how the enduring tensions across the Strait have shaped the communication of tea culture historically and in the present. Next, against the simplified saying that Taiwan 'preserves' the authentic traditional culture, the paper traces the development of the art of tea in Taiwan to show how it becomes part of Taiwanese cultural creation and reconstruction from the 1970s through the 1990s. The paper then explores how the reconstruction of the art of tea is associated with selected cultural identities, namely how Taiwanese practitioners of the art of tea choose whether to adopt a Japanese or Chinese cultural legacy under different conditions. Finally, it illustrates how Taiwanese tea persons look at the ongoing practice of the art of tea in mainland China with criticism as well as with paradoxical attitudes. The paper concludes with a discussion about how cultural authenticity in Taiwan has been constructed paradoxically yet with vitality. The paper, while showing the influence of the art of tea brought by Taiwan to China, also raises potential questions as to how the impact might be turned the other way round due to the increasing economic power of China.

Implication of resilience and executive functions on academic performance in compulsory education. Academic performance can be defined as the set of student s skills and abilities to demonstrate their knowledge in different areas. Currently, it is one of the reasons of concern and interest for all governments since it is related to the educational and economic development of a country. Especially, as a result of the health crisis, special interest has been placed on the adaptability of students to face new situations, resilience. According to other studies, there is a relationship between resilience and academic performance and between executive functions and academic performance. For this study, the objective was to analyze to what extent each of these variables, in addition to gender, could explain the dependent variable: academic performance. 177 adolescents participated in the courses from 1st to 4th of ESO, of which 55.4% were men. All of them were students from the same educational center. For the evaluation of problems in executive functioning, the BRIEF-2 was used. To assess resilience capacity, the Connor- Davidson questionnaire was used. Finally, to measure academic performance, the average of the grades for the subjects was taken into account: language, mathematics, English, physical education, and geography and history. The three variables (gender, executive functioning and resilience) were included in the model, which was significant with an explanatory value of academic performance of (R2 = .276; p <.05). Gender was the variable that contributed the most to academic performance (β = .54), followed by problems in executive functioning (β = -.33) and resilience (β = .20). These results address the importance of developing executive functioning and resilience development programs in adolescents, especially males, to improve academic performance. These competencies are of great importance in the performance of not only academic functions, but also life skills. ; El rendimiento académico se puede definir como el conjunto de destrezas y capacidades del alumnado para demostrar sus conocimientos sobre diferentes áreas. Actualmente, es uno de los motivos de preocupación e interés para todos los gobiernos ya que se encuentra relacionado con el desarrollo educativo y económico de un país. Especialmente, a raíz de la crisis sanitaria, se ha puesto especial interés en la capacidad de adaptación del alumnado para afrontar nuevas situaciones, resiliencia. Según otros estudios existe relación entre la resiliencia y el rendimiento académico y entre las funciones ejecutivas y este mismo. Para este estudio el objetivo fue analizar en qué medida cada una de estas variables, además del género, podían explicar la variable dependiente: rendimiento académico. Participaron 177 adolescentes de los cursos desde 1º hasta 4º de ESO, de los cuales el 55,4% eran hombres. Todos ellos eran alumnos de un mismo centro educativo. Para la evaluación de los problemas en el funcionamiento ejecutivo se utilizó el BRIEF-2. Para evaluar la capacidad de resiliencia se utilizó el cuestionario Connor-Davidson. Por último, para medir el rendimiento académico se tuvo en cuenta la media de las notas de las asignaturas: lengua, matemáticas, inglés, educación física y geografía e historia. Las tres variables (género, funcionamiento ejecutivo y resiliencia) quedaron incluidas en el modelo que resultó significativo con un valor explicativo del rendimiento académico de (R2= .276; p< .05). El género fue la variable que más contribuyó al rendimiento académico (β = .54), seguido de los problemas en el funcionamiento ejecutivo (β = -.33) y la resiliencia (β = .20). Estos resultados abordan la importancia de desarrollar programas de desarrollo del funcionamiento ejecutivo y de la resiliencia en adolescentes, especialmente del género masculino, para la mejora del rendimiento académico. Estas competencias son de gran importancia en el desempeño de funciones no solo académicas, sino de habilidades para la vida.

Introduction. The article considers the official and regional Germanic language varieties of Wallonia. As researchers mainly focus on the confrontation of the French and Dutch parts of Belgium when analyzing sociolinguistic processes in the country, studying the linguistic situation in the Wallonia regions where German, Luxembourgish, Ripuarian (Plattdütsch) are widespread might be of great current interest.Methodology and data sources. The research methodology is based on Russian and foreign approaches towards studying pluricentric and regional languages. Through the example of Plattdütsch the current state of the concept of dialect continuum boundaries was analyzed. A continuous sampling method was used to search for examples showing lexicogrammatical peculiarities of the Germanic language varieties common in Wallonia.Results and discussion. The article presents the diversity of the Germanic language varieties widespread in Wallonia. The history of the German language in Belgium and its current state have been explored. The correlation of the Limburg language and Ripuarian dialects has been studied. In an attempt of linguistic identification of Plattdütsch, the Germanic language varieties of East Cantons have been reviewed, the role of Low German dialects (Plattdeutsch) in the evolvement of German-speaking regions in Belgium has been analyzed. Lexical and grammar peculiarities of the Luxembourgish language in comparison with German and Limburg have been summarized. The Limburg language is presented as one of the foundations of Plattdütsch.Conclusion. Whereas the German language is an official language in Wallonia, Luxembourgish and Plattdütsch have the status of regional languages, notably, the latter is often used for political manipulations, which hinders its linguistic identification. By presenting it as a special language, French-oriented politicians aim at downgrading the role of Dutch in East cantons. Limburg is a variety of Dutch both in Belgium and the Netherlands, the Ripuarian language in Germany represent German, however the Wallonia government prefers to point out uniqueness of Plattdütsch. ; Введение. В статье рассматриваются германские языковые варианты, имеющие в Валлонии статус официальных или региональных. Поскольку в основном внимание исследователей социолингвистических процессов в Бельгии заостряется на противоборстве франкоязычной и нидерландоязычной частей страны, весьма актуальным может быть изучение языковой картины в тех областях Валлонии, где распространены немецкий, люксембургский и рипуарский (плат-дитс) языки.Методология и источники. Методология исследования основана на подходах таких отечественных и зарубежных ученых к изучению плюрицентрических и региональных языков, как Л. В. Разумова, А. А. Джундубаева, А. И. Домашнев, А. Дж. Вреде, Г. Ньютон, Дж. Фринс. На примере языка плат-дитс изучено современное состояние вопроса о границах лингвистической непрерывности. Для поиска примеров, иллюстрирующих лексико-грамматические особенности германских языковых вариантов, распространенных в Валлонии, использовался метод сплошной выборки.Результаты и обсуждение. В статье представлено разнообразие германских языковых вариантов, распространенных на территории современной Валлонии. Рассмотрена история вхождения немецкого языка в Бельгию, его современное состояние. Исследуется вопрос о соотношении лимбургского языка и рипуарских диалектов, предпринята лингвистическая идентификация языка плат-дитс. В этих целях проводится обзор германских языковых вариантов восточных кантонов, обсуждается роль нижненемецкой диалектальной группы в становлении германоязычных областей Бельгии. Приводится краткая справка о лексических и грамматических особенностях люксембургского языка в сопоставлении его с немецким и лимбургским. Лимбургский язык представляется в качестве одной из основ языка плат-дитс.Заключение. Наряду с официальным статусом немецкого языка Валлония признает региональный статус люксембургского языка и языка плат-дитс; последний зачастую используется для политических манипуляций, что затрудняет его лингвистическую идентификацию. Возведение его в особый ранг франкоориентированными политиками Валлонии связано с намеренным умалением роли нидерландского языка в Восточных кантонах. Лимбургский язык, как в Бельгии, так и в Нидерландах, является представителем нидерландского языка, а рипуарский язык в Германии в не меньшей степени представляет немецкий, однако власти Валлонии предпочитают прокламировать особую самобытность плат-дитс.

In the article there has been made the analyzes of reflection ideological bases of foreign political and governmental positioning of Tajikistan in its' doctrine documents. The main blocks of our analyzes was historical bases of Tajik statehood; the place and a role of Tajikistan in the world history, the place of the country in the modern world and features of understanding of the world trends of development; the place of water diplomacy in foreign political positioning of Tajikistan. It was found, that important part of official ideological concept of Tajikistan was the appeal in way of Aryan origin of Tajiks, the heritage of government of the Samanids and the losses of the "original" Tajik's territories. It was state that during 1990s until 2010s, doctrine understanding of Tajikistan about their place in the evolutionary region in the spot of the mission of historical civilization of Tajik's nation regarding to other population of the region. Important elements of the ideology of Tajikistan's foreign policy positioning in the 1990s were the secular nature of the development of this Muslim state, elected during the 1992-1997 civil war, and the need for international assistance due to the country's poverty and underdevelopment. In the doctrinal documents of the first half of the 2000s, the provision on poverty was combined with the thesis of the injustice of world development, which is dominated by the West, and the negative impact of globalization, which fuels the confrontation of civilizations. Since the mid-2000s, there has been a doctrinal rethinking of the role and place of Central Asia in the world - from a backward and troubled region to a clash of global interests and an economically important region of the world, dominance of great powers. By proclaiming a multi-vector open door policy in 2002, Tajikistan has doctrinally broadened its horizons of engagement with the world, going beyond the discourse of cooperation only with neighboring Muslim countries and Russia. ; У статті здійснено аналіз відображення ідеологічних основ зовнішньополітичного та державного позиціонування Таджикистану у його доктринальних документах. Основними блоками нашого аналізу стали історичні засади таджицької державності; місце і ролі Таджикистану у всесвітній історії; місце країни у сучасному світі та особливості розуміння світових тенденцій розвитку; місце водної дипломатії в зовнішньополітичному позиціонуванні Таджикистану. Було з'ясовано, що важливою частиною офіційного ідеологічного концепту Таджикистану є апеляція до арійського походження таджиків, спадку Держави Саманідів та втрат «споконвічних» таджицьких територій. Встановлено, що впродовж 1990-х – 2010-хрр. доктринальне розуміння Таджикистаном свого місця у регіоні еволюціонувало до положення про історичну цивілізаторську місію таджицької нації щодо відсталіших народів регіону. Важливими елементами ідеології зовнішньополітичного позиціонування Таджикистану у 1990-хрр. стали положення про світський характер розвитку цієї мусульманської держави, виборене під час громадянської війни 1992-1997рр. та про потребу міжнародної допомоги через бідність і нерозвинутість країни. У доктринальних документах першої половини 2000-хрр. положення про бідність було поєднано з тезою про несправедливість світового розвитку, при якому панує Захід та негативний вплив глобалізації, яка підживлює протистояння цивілізацій. З середини 2000-хрр. відбувається доктринальне переосмислення ролі та місця Центральної Азії у світі – з відсталого та проблемного регіону на місце зіткнення глобальних інтересів та економічно важливий регіон світу, домінування у якому дозволить великим державам отримати контроль над євразійським простором та наблизитись до світового панування. Проголосивши у 2002р. багатовекторну політику «відкритих дверей», Таджикистан доктринально розширив горизонт взаємодії зі світом, вийшовши за межі дискурсу співпраці лише з сусідніми мусульманськими країнами та Росією.