Suchergebnisse

El siguiente texto pretende comparar cómo José Antonio Osorio Lizarazo en El día del odio y Miguel Torres en El incendio de abril representan El Bogotazo. Si bien son dos novelas escritas en diferentes momentos históricos y evidentemente a partir de estructuras narrativas propias de movimientos literarios distantes, a saber el realismo literario para el primero y la novela testimonial para el segundo, se parte desde la concepción en la cual, ambos autores, coinciden en su búsqueda por rescatar las voces de los personajes que vivieron dicho acontecimiento de la historia nacional colombiana. En este sentido la construcción de aquellas voces será vista a partir de dos recursos estilísticos diferentes: por un lado, la tipificación de los personajes propia del realismo europeo y de la cual es heredero Osorio Lizarazo; y por otro, la utilización del testimonio como estrategia discursiva en la novela testimonial que plantea Torres. Para fines específicos de este trabajo se ha denominado Ideosema Testimonio a esa manera particular de narrar, categoría tomada de la sociocrítica crossiana. Así pues, nos encontramos con dos formas literarias distintas que responden a la preocupación por mostrar la denuncia social y la toma de conciencia histórica respectivamente. El documento está organizado en dos grandes momentos específicos. El primer capítulo titulado "El Bogotazo y la novelística" estará dedicado a la contextualización del hecho histórico a partir de diferentes lecturas críticas que ayuden a comprender dicho fenómeno. Y el segundo capítulo, a saber: "Del realismo social a la novela testimonial", en el cual se comparan las dos novelas a partir de las estrategias narrativas utilizadas por ambas plumas, y que, como se mencionó párrafos arriba, corresponde a la tipificación de los personajes, por un lado y a la utilización de voces testimoniales, por otro. ; Abstract. This essay sets forth a comparative analysis on "El Bogotazo" (the downfall of Bogotá´s 1948 political renascence). This analysis is done by comparing the works of José Antonio Osorio Lizarazo, "El día del odio" (The day of hate) and Miguel Torres, "El incendio de abril" (April´s fire). Although both novels were written at different times and pertain to different genres (the former to the "literary realism" art movement and the latter to the so-called "testimonial narratives"), they share one common trait: they both describe "El Bogotazo" through the lenses of the people who lived through it. This description will be the core of this essay. Hence, it will be analyzed by using two literary tools. On the one hand, the character profiling tool (very common in European literature). This tool assumes that the accuracy of a fact/story is given as a proxy of the characters´ profile (the life of a character tells us about how real his/her story is). Osorio Lizarazo uses this tool in most of his narratives. On the other hand, there is the testimonial narrative tool which uses people´s own experiences (testimonies) as means to build a more complete version of a story. Torres´ work is well-defined by the use of this tool. In this essay, I will refer to the latter tool with the name of "Ideosema" (a term coined from the French school of sociology of literature). By comparing these tools - as well as the novels - we will obtain a better understanding of two phenomena: social justice and awareness about our history/identity. The essay is divided in two chapters. Chapter one, "Bogotazo y la novelistica" (the history of Bogotazo through novels and narratives) will give a context about "El Bogotazo" both from a history perspective as well as from a literary one. Chapter two, "Del realismo social a la novela testimonial" (from social realism to a testimonial novel) will conduct a comparative analysis of the works of José Antonio Osorio Lizarazo, "El día del odio" (The day of hate) and Miguel Torres, "El incendio de abril" (April´s fire) to better understand "El Bogotazo". ; Maestría

Among main strategic goals of China in the second half of XX century was the creation of a superpower with an efficient economy, which occupies a leading position in the world. Modernization of the country was inextricably linked to the formation of its own self-sustaining innovation system. Using the experience of recognized innovation leaders such as the Soviet Union, France and the United States, China has transformed the elements of its innovation strategy, adjusting it to the circumstances of global innovative activity. The result of government policy was the creation of one of the world's largest national innovation system (NIS). Today China's NIS is a complex set of both public and private institutions, which are closely interrelated. Their joint activities focus on the creation, use and improvement of new and high technologies. The current NIS combines the features of both the administrative-command and market systems and components, folding under the influence of the major trends of global economy, especially the internationalization of innovation activities. Analysis of innovative development strategy pursued by China, allowed to define a distinct periodization that was influenced by the changes taking place in the global economy. The main steps of China's NIS development are the following: formation of incremental type innovation system, upgrading the innovation system, the shift from the strategy of "market in exchange for technology" to "interaction and integration into the world market" and the creation of its own high-tech products. The uniqueness of the political system and structure of economy impact on the state strategy in R&D and NIS, forming both the strengths and weaknesses. The analysis of China's government strategy of innovative development shows that it is significantly and deliberately worked on extensive scientific development indicators. However, this strategy did not lead to a breakthrough in basic research and the creation of significant technological innovation. Nowadays it is important for Russia to conduct research and analysis of China's experience in the implementation of the long-term innovation strategy into practice. The results are useful both in theoretical terms and in terms of extracting economic benefits within the development of Russian-Chinese business relations. ; Среди основных стратегических целей Китая, начиная со второй половины XX вв., было создание супердержавы с эффективным хозяйством, занимающей лидирующие позиции в мире. Модернизация страны была неразрывно связана с формированием собственной саморазвивающейся инновационной системы. Используя опыт таких стран, как СССР, Франция и США, признанных инновационных лидеров, Китай постоянно трансформировал элементы инновационной стратегии, подстраивая их под мировые направления развития инновационной деятельности. Результатом проводимой государственной политики стало формирование одной из крупнейших в мире национальной инновационной системы (НИС). На сегодняшний день НИС Китая – сложнейшая совокупность как государственных, так и частных институтов, которые тесно взаимосвязаны между собой. Их совместная деятельность направлена на создание, использование и усовершенствование новых и высоких технологий. Нынешняя НИС Китая объединяет в себе черты как административнокомандной, так и рыночной систем, а также элементы, складывающиеся под влиянием основных тенденций мировой экономики, прежде всего, интернационализации инновационной деятельности. Анализ стратегии инновационного развития, проводимая Китаем, позволил выделить в ней четко выраженную периодизацию, складывавшуюся под влиянием изменений, происходивших в мировой экономике. Среди основных этапов развития НИС КНР можно выделить следующие: становление инновационной системы по инкрементальному типу, модернизация инновационной системы («всеобщая» индустриализация), переход от стратегии «Рынок в обмен на технологии» к «Взаимодействию и интеграции в мировой рынок» и созданию собственных высокотехнологичных товаров. Уникальность политической системы и структуры экономики Китая отразились на государственной стратегии в области НИОКР и на НИС, формируя как сильные, так и слабые их стороны. Проведенный анализ государственной стратегии инновационного развития КНР показывает, что она значительно и целенаправленно работала над экстенсивными показателями научного развития. Однако эта стратегия не привела к качественным прорывам в фундаментальных исследованиях и созданию существенных технологических инноваций. В настоящее время для России как никогда важно проведение исследования и анализа опыта Китая в области реализации долгосрочной инновационной стратегии на практике. Использование результатов полезно как в теоретическом плане, так и в плане извлечения экономического преимущества при становлении российско-китайских деловых отношений.

The modern situation in respect to the labour market poses new challenges to new higher institutions; it declares it is not enough to master the specialist's knowledge and develop professional skills. It`s more important to build professional competence that will allow us responding to changing of professional conditions in appropriate way. The paper considers the linguistic component to be an integral part of the interdisciplinary language competence. Without understanding the socio-economic systems, knowledge of social and political cultures, the study of historical and cultural traditions that have shaped the way of people thinking we have to interact with, it is impossible to learn the language effectively and competently. There is a need to develop the skills of reading and understanding the encyclopedic information. Such information helps to understand the native speaker's attitude to a particular object or a phenomenon that has its expression in the text through the evaluative component of the semantics of lexical units. Solving the problem of effective understanding of newspaper articles and journals relates to appropriate decoding of estimation-pragmatic component of the material. Generally the estimation is rendered as social attitude of the native speaker tonon-language object and language and speech facts. The authors pay attention to the fact that estimation in the press has its own peculiarities. Analyzing the evaluative component of lexical units in publicistic texts we proved that the evaluation in the media is almost always subjective, the traditional attitude of the native speakers and, as a consequence, the language assessment, seeks to indicate the location of an object or a phenomenon in the world picture objectively. No doubt, it is necessary to teach students to understand and realize the most widespread semantic processes, characteristic for functioning of language assessment in publicistic texts. The analysis the semantic changes in the structure of lexicon of newspaper and journal publications allows to speak about relevance of studying of such phenomenon, as specialization and socialization of an assessment. Thus, dealing with cross-cultural information while learning the foreign language in higher institutions allows considering interrelation between culture and language and shows real functioning of language means in authentic documents, regional geographic and publicistic texts; it promotes training of specialists in the aspect of cross-cultural dialogue between the countries. ; Современное состояние рынка труда ставит новые задачи перед высшей школой: недостаточно вооружить специалиста знаниями, выработать умения и навыки, необходимо сформировать профессиональные компетенции, которые позволят адекватно реагировать на изменяющиеся условия работы. Неотъемлемой частью языковой межпредметной компетенции является ее лингвострановедческий компонент. Без понимания социально-экономических систем, знания социальной и политической культур, изучения исторических и культурных традиций, которые сформировали образ мышления тех людей, с которыми предстоит взаимодействовать, невозможно эффективно и компетентно изучать язык как средство общения. Возникает необходимость формировать у студентов навыки считывания лингвострановедческой информации, важной частью которой является отношение носителей языка к тому или иному предмету или явлению, имеющее свое выражение в тексте через оценочный компонент семантики лексических единиц. Решение проблемы адекватного понимания студентами газетной или журнальной статьи напрямую связано с правильностью декодирования оценочно-прагматической составляющей текстового материала. Традиционно оценка понимается как общественно закрепленное отношение носителей языка к внеязыковому объекту и к фактам языка и речи. Оценка в прессе имеет свои особенности. Так, наше исследование оценочного компонента лексических единиц публицистических текстов доказывает, что оценка в прессе почти всегда субъективна, в то время как традиционное отношение носителей языка и, как следствие, языковая оценка стремится объективно указать на место предмета или явления в картине мира. С лингводидактической точки зрения представляется необходимым научить студентов пониманию наиболее распространенных семантических процессов, характерных для функционирования языковой оценки в публицистических текстах. Анализ семантических изменений, которым достаточно часто подвергается смысловая структура лексики газетных и журнальных публикаций, позволяет говорить об актуальности изучения такого явления, как специализация и социализация оценки. Таким образом, работа над лингвострановедческой составляющей в ходе обучения иностранному языку в вузе позволяет учитывать взаимосвязь культуры и языка, показывает реальное функционирование языковых средств в аутентичных документах, страноведческих и публицистических текстах; что способствует подготовке специалистов к межкультурному диалогу между странами.

The intention of this publication, it is analyzes the historical process given during the dependence metropolis colony and of the colonial State. The investigation reveals the influence of the Kings Católicos and his social order, which stopped during the colony but his constant in force mentality. Bringing piggyback the colonial inheritance, the Creole elite received the Saxon liberalism, linking itself rapidly, with his wealth, agricultural and mining, on the world market. This elite, knowledgeable of the Jacobin riot they used his libertarian harangue without doing the economic and political changes that the French Revolution realized. The Creole, in addition, raised the race as emblem of civility and progress, and as a good example of implementation, we see it in the leaders of the nascent republic of The United States who avizorando the development of the capitalism, they promoted the Europeans' emigration with all the facilities in order that they were surrounding vast territories. The neoliberalism gathers his idea of freedom, in the freedom of company, so, we all offer work and consume; this industrial Utopia and of profit, it is the new religion. Stocks on the theoretical frame and concepts argued of Max Weber and with a methodology of comparative analysis there take the reflections of several authors who strengthen the hypothesis "that the market and freedoms decide the human and natural luck, it will go to an end of fright, so, the man forgot his house and the time that needed the life to grow and to progress; he ignored that it is easier than all the souls go to the sky that to answer the happiness of the rich one for seven billion beings".The imaginary one of progress treats itself, so, in this analysis of deconstruir; to highlight that the man and the company was born in natural harmony; respecting the cycles natural and connected to the environmental way. Today one insists on the Utopia terrena or celestial forgetting the environmental crisis. Utopian and unnatural world, but the scene where the neoliberal model will operate up to the Day of Judgment. ; El propósito de esta publicación es analizar el proceso histórico dado durante la dependencia metrópoli colonia y del Estado colonial. La investigación pone de manifiesto el influjo de los reyes católicos y su orden social, el cual cesó durante la colonia, pero su mentalidad continúa vigente. Trayendo a cuestas la herencia colonial, la élite criolla acogió el liberalismo sajón, vinculándose rápidamente, con su riqueza agropecuaria y minera, en el mercado mundial. Esta élite, conocedora del motín jacobino, usó su arenga libertaria sin hacer los cambios económicos y políticos que realizó la Revolución Francesa. El criollo, además, erigió la raza como emblema de civilidad y progreso, y como un buenejemplo de implementación; esto lo vemos en los gobernantes de la naciente república de Estados Unidos, quienes avizorando el desarrollo del capitalismo promovieron la emigración de europeos con todas las facilidades para que cercaran vastos territorios. El neoliberalismo recoge su idea de libertad, en la libertad de empresa, pues todos ofertamos trabajo y consumimos; estautopía fabril y de lucro es la nueva religión. A partir del marco teórico y de conceptos argumentados de Max Weber y con una metodología de análisis comparativo, se toman las reflexiones de varios autores que fortalecen la hipótesis "que el mercado y libertades decidan la suerte humana y natural, llevará a un final de espanto, pues, el hombre olvidó su casa y el tiempo que precisó la vida para crecer y progresar; ignoró que es más fácil que todas las almas vayan al cielo que replicar la dicha del rico para siete mil millones de seres". Se trata, pues, en este análisis de deconstruir el imaginario de progreso; resaltar que el hombre y la sociedad nacieron en armonía natural, acatando los ciclos naturales y acoplados al medio ambiental. Hoy se insiste en la utopía terrena o celestial olvidando la crisis ambiental. Mundo utópico y antinatural, pero el escenario donde el modelo neoliberal operará hasta el día del juicio final.

Selama ini perhatian media massa cetak di Indonesia yang menurunkan tulisan tajuk rencana masalah pendidikan masih cukup rendah. Media massa cetak cenderung menurunkan tulisan tajuk rencana tema politik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui tingkat perhatian media massa cetak harian Bali Post terhadap permasalahan pendidikan, (2) mengetahui struktur penulisan tajuk rencana harian Bali Post terhadap pemaparan masalah pendidikan, (3) mendapatkan gambaran permasalahan-permasalahan pendidikan yang menjadi fokus kepedulian media massa cetak harian Bali Post selama kurun waktu tiga bulan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Objek dan subjek penelitian ini adalah semua tajuk rencana yang terbit selama tiga bulan mulai tanggal 1 Februari s/d 30 April 2016 dalam bentuk guntingan koran (kliping). Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu pencatatan dokumen (dokumentasi) dengan menggunakan pengkategorian intercoder. Data yang sudah terkumpul dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif (kuantitatif dan kualitatif). Hasil peneltian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) Tingkat kepedulian harian Bali Post terhadap masalah-masalah pendidikan berada pada urutan ke 1) Politik dan Pemerintahan, 2) Sosial Budaya, 3) Hukum dan Kriminal, 4) Pendidikan, 5) Ekonomi Bisnis dan seterusnya. Tingkat kepedulian sudah cukup baik yaitu 12 buah tulisan (16,67%) sudah di atas angka rata-rata (7,2%). (2) Anatomi tulisan tajuk rencana terhadap 12 tulisan yang menyangkut masalah-masalah pendidikan telah memenuhi layaknya sebuah tulisan tajuk rencana. Ketentuan yang dimaksudkan itu meliputi;pemaparan masalah pendidikan, pemberian kritik dan masukan untuk mencari jalan keluar pemecahan masalah (solusi).(3) Masalah-masalah pendidikan yang disoroti harian Bali Post (edisi 01 Februari 2016 s/d 30 April 2016) didominasi oleh masalah kualitas (mutu) pendidikan yaitu sebanyak 12 item (50% ) lebih, sedangkan masalah kuantitas sebanyak 2 item (8,33%), relevansi 9 item (33,33%), efektifitas dan efisiensi 4 item (16,66%). Kata Kunci : Tajuk Rencana, Bali Post, Masalah Pendidikan Nowadays, the attention of the print media in Indonesia which lowers editorial writing educational issues is still quite low. Print mass media tends to degrade editorial writing of political theme. This study aims to (1) determine the level of attention of the daily print media Bali Post on the issues of education, (2) determine the structure of editorial writing on daily Bali Post toward the exposure of educational issues, (3) get an overview of the educational issues that become the focus of concern of daily print mass media Bali Post over a period of three months. This research is a descriptive study. The object and subject of this research is all editorial published for three months starting from February 1 s/d 30 April 2016 in the form of newspaper clipping (clipping). Data collection method used is the recording of documents (documentation) using intercoder categorization. Data that have been already collected were analyzed using descriptive analysis (quantitative and qualitative). The results of this research show that (1) the level of concern of daily Bali Post toward the issues of education are in order to 1) Politics and Government, 2) Socio-Cultural, 3) Law and Crime, 4) education, 5) Business Economics and so on. The level of concern is good enough, namely 12 pieces of writing (16.67%) have been already above the average (7.2%). (2) Writing anatomy of editorials toward 12 articles concerning educational issues has met like a editorial writing. The provisions intended including; the exposure of educational issues, the criticism and feedback to find a way of problem solving (solution). (3) The issues of education highlighted by daily Bali Post (edition February 1, 2016 to 30 April 2016) are dominated by quality issues (quality) of education by 12 items more than (50%), while the issues of quantity are 2 items (8.33%), relevance of 9 items (33.33%), effectiveness and efficiency of 4 items (16.66%).keyword : Editorial, Bali Post, Education Issues

El propósito de esta publicación es analizar el proceso histórico dado durante la dependencia metrópoli colonia y del Estado colonial. La investigación pone de manifiesto el influjo de los reyes católicos y su orden social, el cual cesó durante la colonia, pero su mentalidad continúa vigente. Trayendo a cuestas la herencia colonial, la élite criolla acogió el liberalismo sajón, vinculándose rápidamente, con su riqueza agropecuaria y minera, en el mercado mundial. Esta élite, conocedora del motín jacobino, usó su arenga libertaria sin hacer los cambios económicos y políticos que realizó la Revolución Francesa. El criollo, además, erigió la raza como emblema de civilidad y progreso, y como un buenejemplo de implementación; esto lo vemos en los gobernantes de la naciente república de Estados Unidos, quienes avizorando el desarrollo del capitalismo promovieron la emigración de europeos con todas las facilidades para que cercaran vastos territorios. El neoliberalismo recoge su idea de libertad, en la libertad de empresa, pues todos ofertamos trabajo y consumimos; estautopía fabril y de lucro es la nueva religión. A partir del marco teórico y de conceptos argumentados de Max Weber y con una metodología de análisis comparativo, se toman las reflexiones de varios autores que fortalecen la hipótesis "que el mercado y libertades decidan la suerte humana y natural, llevará a un final de espanto, pues, el hombre olvidó su casa y el tiempo que precisó la vida para crecer y progresar; ignoró que es más fácil que todas las almas vayan al cielo que replicar la dicha del rico para siete mil millones de seres". Se trata, pues, en este análisis de deconstruir el imaginario de progreso; resaltar que el hombre y la sociedad nacieron en armonía natural, acatando los ciclos naturales y acoplados al medio ambiental. Hoy se insiste en la utopía terrena o celestial olvidando la crisis ambiental. Mundo utópico y antinatural, pero el escenario donde el modelo neoliberal operará hasta el día del juicio final. ; The intention of this publication, it is analyzes the historical process given during the dependence metropolis colony and of the colonial State. The investigation reveals the influence of the Kings Católicos and his social order, which stopped during the colony but his constant in force mentality. Bringing piggyback the colonial inheritance, the Creole elite received the Saxon liberalism, linking itself rapidly, with his wealth, agricultural and mining, on the world market. This elite, knowledgeable of the Jacobin riot they used his libertarian harangue without doing the economic and political changes that the French Revolution realized. The Creole, in addition, raised the race as emblem of civility and progress, and as a good example of implementation, we see it in the leaders of the nascent republic of The United States who avizorando the development of the capitalism, they promoted the Europeans' emigration with all the facilities in order that they were surrounding vast territories. The neoliberalism gathers his idea of freedom, in the freedom of company, so, we all offer work and consume; this industrial Utopia and of profit, it is the new religion. Stocks on the theoretical frame and concepts argued of Max Weber and with a methodology of comparative analysis there take the reflections of several authors who strengthen the hypothesis "that the market and freedoms decide the human and natural luck, it will go to an end of fright, so, the man forgot his house and the time that needed the life to grow and to progress; he ignored that it is easier than all the souls go to the sky that to answer the happiness of the rich one for seven billion beings".The imaginary one of progress treats itself, so, in this analysis of deconstruir; to highlight that the man and the company was born in natural harmony; respecting the cycles natural and connected to the environmental way. Today one insists on the Utopia terrena or celestial forgetting the environmental crisis. Utopian and unnatural world, but the scene where the neoliberal model will operate up to the Day of Judgment.

Abstract: Islamic economic system has been experiencing rapid growth and development in Indonesia since the 1998 reform. Islamic economic discourse has become an intensive study, discussions, seminars, workshops to formulate ideal type of Islamic economics. Islamic economics is practically manifested in the form of banking, non-banking, insurance, and financial institutions. Islamic Economics has gone into rural areas in the systemic struggle among traditional economic system, a market economy and capitalistic system. Economic position of Islam becomes a middle way in terms of foundation, practices, access and capital assets. The seep of Islamic economy in the rural area is done through Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil (BMT). The process is viewed as a social movement so that it can touch rural communities. Its movement is performed by Islamic activist organizations of young generation which is affiliated with Islamic organizations or mosque activists. Early initiation was triggered by Center Incubation of Small Scale Business (Pusat Inkubasi Bisnis Usaha Kecil /PINBUK), Economic Organization, and Indonesian Muslim Scientist Association (Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim/ ICMI) 1996. The establishment of BMT in Sragen was first done by Sragen ICMI branch. In this case, social and political conditions determined the process of formation. The primary role of BMT is as a financial institution and deposit. The role of financing has helped micro scale group of entrepreneurs,and small and medium scale groups of entrepreneurs to develop their business, and access capital. BMT encourages rural people to save their money for investment. As the Islamic financial services cooperation, BMT teaches the spirit of brotherhood and cooperation to develop Islamic economy in the rural areas. الملخص: أصبح النظام الإقتصادي الإسلامي ينمو نموّا سريعا في إندونيسيا بعد واقعة " إصلاح " 1999م. وأصبح حديث الإقتصاد الإسلامي موضوع دراسات متواصلة، ومناقشات علمية، وندوات، وورشات عمل لصياغة النموذج الأمثل للإقتصاد الإسلامي. ويتجلّى الإقتصاد الإسلامي عمليا في عدّة أشكال : المصرفية، وغير المصرفية، والتأمين والمؤسسات المالية. وقد تسرّب الإقتصاد الإسلامي في القرى في النضال النظامي بين الإقتصاد التقليدي وبين نظام الإقتصاد السوقي الرأسمالي، وأصبح الإقتصاد الإسلامي وسيطا في الأمور : الأساس والتطبيق والتدبير وعملية الحصول على الأصول والرأسمال. ويكون تسرّب الإقتصاد الإسلامي في القرى عن طريق بيت المال والتمويل. وهذه العملية كحركة إجتماعية حتى وصلت إلى المجتمع الريفي. وهذه الحركة قام بها مجموعة من الشبان المتحمّسين (أي الشبان الحركيين للمسجد) من المنظّمات الإسلامية المنتمية إلى الجمعيّات الإجتماعية الإسلامية . كان الاستهلال الأول PINBUK وهي المنظمة الإقتصادية لرابطة المثقّفين المسلمين الإندونيسيين (ICMI) سنة 1999م. وتأسيس بيت المال والتمويل في سراغين حرّكتها (ICMI) سراغين. والوضع الإجتماعي السياسي في ذلك الحين دفع عملية التشكيل. وكان دور بيت المال والتمويل الرئيس هو كمؤسسة التمويل والادّخار. ودوره التمويل يساعد العمل التجاري الصغير والمتوسّط لتنمية عمله التجاري وللحصول على الرأسمال. وقد حثّ بيت المال والتمويل المجتمع القروي على الادّخار للتمويل. وكمؤسسة الخدمات المالية الإسلامية، علّم بيت المال والتمويل الناس روح الأسرية والتعاون والتكافل لتنمية الإقتصاد الإسلامي في القرى Abstrak: Sistem ekonomi Islam mengalami pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang pesat di Indonesia pasca reformasi 1998. Wacana ekonomi Islam telah menjadi kajian intensif, diskusi, seminar, lokakarya dan workshop merumuskan tipe ideal ekonomi Islam. Secara praktis ekonomi Islam mewujud dalam bentuk; perbankan, non bank, asuransi, dan lembaga keuangan. Ekonomi Islam telah meresap ke pedesaan diantara pergulatan sistemik, ekonomi tradisional dengan ekonomi pasar – kapitalistik. Posisi ekonomi Islam menjadi jalan tengah dalam hal; landasan, praktik, pengelolaan dan akses serta aset permodalan. Peresapan ekonomi Islam di pedesaan melalui Baitul Mal Wat Tamwil (BMT). Proses tersebut sebagai suatu gerakan sosial, sehingga mampu menyentuh masyarakat pedesaan. Gerakannya dilakukan oleh generasi muda aktifis organisasi Islam yang berafiliasi dengan ormas Islam atau aktifis masjid. Inisiasi awal oleh Pusat Inkubasi Bisnis Usaha Kecil (PINBUK), organisasi ekonomi Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia (ICMI) tahun 1996. Pembentukan BMT di Kabupaten Sragen pertama kali digerakkan ICMI cabang Sragen. Kondisi sosial politik menentukan proses pembentukan. Peran utama BMT adalah sebagai lembaga pembiayaan dan simpanan. Peran pembiayaan telah menolong kelompok usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah mengembangkan usahanya, dalam mengakses permodalan. BMT mendorong masyarakat pedesaan menabung untuk investasi. Sebagai koperasi jasa keuangan syariah, BMT mengajarkan semangat kekeluargaan dan kerjasama untuk mengembangkan ekonomi yang Islami di pedesaan.

This research project arises from four thematic areas of analysis: Natural Resources - water in particular, the geographical region between the NOA and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, the context of integration MERCOSUR and the Initiative for Integration South American Regional Infrastructurein the framework of the UNASUR. It seeks to understand the impacts of consolidatingUNASUR particularly around the use of its strategic natural resources.Using as a starting point the analysis completed in the first stage of this Project, we´ve decidedto connect the status of the natural resources and the by-products of political projects that wereinitiated before the creation of UNASUR and IIRSA (Initiative for the Integration of the SouthamericanRegional Infraestructure, according to its Spanish abbreviation) as in the North- WesternArgentinean Region (NOA; concentrating in the province of Tucumán) as in BoliviaIn this way, we seek to analyze the evolution of the physical, economic and institutional integrationplanned for the NOA-Tucumán and Bolivia and the impact of the development of UNASURintroducing IIRSA inserted in COSIPLAN-UNASUR as a potential marketing tool for socio-economictransformation and projects.Natural resources, integration, cooperation and conflict, analyzed in historical perspective andas a process of construction-deconstruction and synthesis, it helps us understand the evolution ofthe organization of joint decision-making structures and unified in the region as concrete optionsadvance social progress and development of Latin American societies.We would like to put an emphasis on the fact that the south-american region since 1960´s isknown to have a history of construction of different paths for integration, originating in the particularcircumstances of each case. Since the 90´s this initiatives have been framed by the challengesand opportunities that have materialized with globalization, the predominance of market and theWorld Bank as financial elements of economic and social development. Before finishing, the keysto understand the beginnings of the third millennia are the relations and the dilemmas between theprocess of WTO/WB, FTAA and MERCOSUR. ; El presente Proyecto de investigación surge a partir de cuatro ejes temáticos de análisis: los Recursos Naturales – agua en particular-, la región geográfica comprendida entre el NOA y el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, el contexto de integración MERCOSUR y la Iniciativa para la Integración en Infraestructura Regional Sudamericana en el marco de la UNASUR. Así, se pretende comprender los impactos que conlleva la consolidación de UNASUR, particularmente en torno a la utilización de sus recursos naturales estratégicos.A partir del análisis y balance efectuado en una primera etapa del presente Proyecto de Investigación, nos propusimos vincular la situación de los recursos naturales y los proyectos políticos derivados durante el período previo a la aparición de la UNASUR y el IIRSA (Iniciativa para la Integración de la Infraestructura Regional Suramericana) tanto en el NOA (con eje en la Provincia de Tucumán) como en Bolivia.De esta manera, buscamos analizar la evolución de los proyectos integración física, económica e institucional previstos para el NOA-Tucumán y Bolivia y el impacto del desarrollo de la UNASUR, que incorpora a IIRSA inserto en COSIPLAN-UNASUR como herramienta posible de transformación socioeconómica y comercial.Los recursos naturales, la integración, la cooperación y el conflicto, analizados en perspectiva histórica y como un proceso de construcción-deconstrucción y síntesis, nos permiten comprender el devenir de la organización de estructuras comunes y unificadas de decisión en la región, como opciones concretas para avanzar en el progreso social y desarrollo de las sociedades latinoamericanas.Debemos remarcar que la región sudamericana ha mostrado tener una historia de construcción desde 1960 de diversos caminos de integración a partir de coyunturas particulares en cada caso. Desde los 90' estas iniciativas han estado enmarcadas por los desafíos y las oportunidades surgidas dentro de la lógica de globalización, predominio del mercado y el Banco Mundial, como elementos financiadores del desarrollo económico y social. Por último, las claves para comprender los comienzos del tercer milenio son los vínculos y los dilemas entre los procesos OMC/BM, ALCA y MERCOSUR.

AbstrakPengaturan ruang angkasa pada dasarnya telah diatur dalam undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria (UUPA). Hal ini diatur dalam pasal 1 ayat (2) yang intinya terdapat pengaturan ruang angkasa . problematika muncul ketika pengaturan ruang angkasa pada UUPA berbeda degan pengaturan ruang angkasa yang ada pada Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2002 tentang Pengesahan Space Treaty 1967. Konflik norma yang terjadi terdapat pada Pasal 1 ayat (2) UUPA yang menyatakan adanya ruang angkasa yang berada dalam Wilayah Republik Indonesia berbeda dengan pengaturan ruang angkasa pada article II Space Treaty 1967 yang telah diratifikasi dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 tahun 2002, dan apakah benar Undang-Undang Nomor 16 tahun 2002 merupakan pengaturan pelaksanaan dari UUPA terkait dengan substansi pengaturan ruag angkasa yang terkandung didalamnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah pengaturan ruang angkasa pada Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok AgrariaJenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif taraf sinkronisasi yakni menganalisis dan mensinkronkan pengaturan ruang angkasa dalam UUPA dengan UU Nomor. 16 Tahun 2002. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan Undang-Undang, pendekatan konsep. Jenis bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa UU Nomor. 16 Tahun 2002 tentang Pengesahan Space Treaty 1967 bukanlah pengaturan pelaksanaan dari UUPA yang dilihat dari kedudukan UUPA sebagai undang-undang organik dan UU Nomor 16 tahun 2002 sebagai undang-undang nonorganik. Pengaturan ruang angkasa antara kedua undang-undang yang terkait tidaklah sinkron. Sehingga menurut Asas lex posterior derogate legi priori UU Nomor 16 Tahun 2002 dirasa dapat mengesampingkan UUPA, karena permasalahan yang dibahas terkait dengan hukum formil. Pengaturan ruang angkasa yang tidak sinkron antara undang-undang terkait memberikan akibat yang kurang baik, karena ketidaksinkronan ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku dapat menimbulkan kebingungan dalam memilah peraturan mana yang akan dipergunakanKata Kunci: Sinkronisasi Pengaturan Ruang Angkasa, Konflik Norma, Ruang Angkasa.AbstractThe spatial arrangement space basically has been stipulated in Law number 5 year 1960 About Regulation of The Basic Principles of Agrarian. It is stipulated in article I Paragraph (2) wich basically there are setting space. This issue emerge when the spatial arrangement space different from regulation about space that is on Law Number 16 year 2002 regarding the ratification of the space teraty 1967. The norm conflict is on Article 1 paragraph 2 of Regulation of The Basic Principles of Agrarian expressed the space that located in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia different from the regulation of space on article II of Space Treaty 1967 ratified by Law Number 16 Year 2002, and is it correct that Law Number 16 Year 2002 is the implementation of arrangements Regulation of The Basic Principles of Agrarian related to the substance of arrangement space contained in it. The purpose of this reserach is to find and analyzes do the spatial arrangement space on law number 5 year 1960 about regulation of the basic Principles of Agrarian.Type of this research is normative research stage synchronization which analyze and synchronize regulation space in Law Number 16 Year 2002 and Regulation of The Basic Principles of Agrarian. The approach used is Act approach, concept approach and legal political approach. Kinds of materials laware primary and secondary. The discussion showed that Law Number 16 Year 2002 About Ratification of Space Treaty 1967 is not the implementation arrangements of Regulation of The Basic Principles of Agrarian viewed from the position of Regulation of The Basic Principles of Agrarian as an organic law and Law Number 16 Year 2002 as a non organic law. Regulation the space between two related laws are not synchronized. According to the principle of lex posterior derogate legi priori Law Number 16 Year 2002 considered able to put aside Regulation of The Basic Principles of Agrarian, because the the problems discussed associated with formal law. Regulation space are not in sync between related laws gives the effects that not well, because unsynchronized conditions the laws applicable causing confusion in sorting out the regulations which will be used.Keywords: Synchronization Regulation Space, Conflict of Norms, Space

У дисертації здійснено системно-аналітичне потрактування жанру монодрами, уточнено термінологічний апарат, що стало можливим завдяки застосуванню методів не тільки літературознавства, а й суміжних гуманітарних дисциплін. Жанр монодрами потрактовано як культурно-історичний феномен, найширше репрезентований у кінці ХХ – на початку ХХІ ст. з точки зору наукових пошуків, театрально-драматургічної та соціокультурної інтенсифікації. Зроблено спробу цілісного теоретико-літературного осмислення жанру монодрами як втілення певної естетичної концепції дійсності; визначено етапи її розвитку. У дослідженні поетики описано специфіку тематики та проблематики, окреслено моносуб'єктну організацію монодрами з огляду на художнє втілення в монодрамі єдиної розділеної свідомості суб'єкта дії. Обґрунтовано жанрові параметри монодрами, виокремлено типи конфліктів, висвітлено властивості сюжету та хронотопу, розглянуто паратекстуальні та інтертекстуальні елементи. Здійснено спробу виявити феномен монодрами через дослідження проблеми "театральності". ; The thesis presents a systematic and analytical interpreting of Monodramas genre correctly, the terminology is clarified, which became possible through the use of not only literature but also related humanities techniques. The basic Monodramas features were analyzed and it's poetry was outlined based on a study of the genre as the author's embodiment of the realities' model. In this purpose, the most informative material of contemporary world drama were analyzed and the movement of author and reader strategies of the late XX − early XXI century was highlighted. In terms of scientific, theatrical and dramatic sociocultural researches the genre of Monodrama is interpreted as a cultural and historical phenomenon, the most widely represented at the end of the XX − XXI century. An attempt of coherent theoretical understanding of Monodramas genre as the embodiment of a certain aesthetic conception of reality model of the world was made; the process of Monodramas becoming the independent drama genre was described; the following stages of its development as diffusion, assimilation, modification and transformation were defined. The study describes the specific poetics existential themes and issues, image intensity and dramatic pathos of Monodramas. Metonymically-associative and associative and metonymical principles of reality modeling in this genre were determined. The analysis outlined monosubjective organization of Monodramas due to the artistic expression of a single entity action in mind of monodrama. Genre parameters of Monodramas as a rhetorical − communicative aspect were grounded, the fundamental role of confession and complaints which were important for Monodramas poetic reception were defined. By analyzing the opposition "spoken" / "unspoken" the types of conflicts in monodrama were traced on the specifics of conflict development on the example of contemporary world playwrights. Plot of Monodramas as a combination of linear and cyclic components was characterized. "Time-space and life crises break" Monodramas that time-space is split into subject and object. Paratextual and intertextual elements that were provided by functions genre motivation perception by Monodramas authors were analyzed. Monodrama as a dramatic genre with the sole subject of the action, the split of consciousness of which is realized by character through the opposition "spoken" / "unspoken" which not only reflects the internal conflict, but becomes a way of dramatic action in the process of deliverance, was interpreted. The concept of "monodramatical" is interpreted as one of the elements of poetics; receptive analysis; theater reception. An attempted to detect the phenomenon through research of Monodramas problem "theatricality" as a type of artistic worldview of the Monodramas authors was made. Monodramatical discourse of XXI century is defined as a significant factor in the cultural life of a society that has demonstrated a new phase of Monodramas opportunity: not just a genre, drama, theater, cultural and historical phenomenon, and manifested in the expansion of its context. At present the concept of "monodrama" containing to include different contents and functions of phenomena that can be seen against the background of the laws of theater: "Theater" author-writer; "Theater" of political life; one-man show; other theatrical phenomena where personality shows itself. In all manifestations of Monodramas its compensatory function remain important which made possible theatrical transformation of living to possibility of manifestation as bright personality.

Peter Carey has been discussed in academia since the 1980s. And since then these discussions revolve around postmodernism, postcolonial studies or, indeed, both at once. So, either Peter Carey has been writing the same old novel for nearly thirty years by now, or there are whole worlds in his writings that have yet to be uncovered. Since I claim the latter is the case, this thesis sets out to chart at least a few areas of these vast forgotten territories, to use a consciously colonial metaphor. The theoretical 'vehicle' with which the new areas are entered is agency. Which means that the thesis investigates how individual characters manage to become successful actors, or fail to do so. The thesis first provides an overview of Carey's writing (Chapter 2), then traces three typical 'Carey themes' through his entire oeuvre and shows how they are relevant for agency (Chapter 3), before discussing the concept of agency itself at some length in Chapter 4. Chapters 5, 6 and 7 are close readings of My Life as a Fake, Illywhacker and Tristan Smith and investigate the novels' main characters' development in depth. The appendix contains research that would be relevant for a biographical approach to Carey's works. It explains the climate of Australian literature production in the 1970s in which Carey emerges as an author and that is relevant for his writing up to his latest works Amnesia and a Long Way from Home. It also relates a few biographical notes that are relevant for many of his works.:1. Introduction 4 2. Literary Overview of Carey's Writing 18 3. Agency in Carey's Writing: Three 'Carey Themes' 29 4. Agency 49 4.1. Important Terminology 49 4.2. Agency: A New Phenomenon? 53 4.3. The Ancient Sources of Agency 62 4.4. The Agency Game: The Sociological Concept of Agency 67 4.5. Agency, Nature, and Metaphysics 76 4.6. The Problem of Normativity 84 4.7. Getting the Moral Framework Back into the Picture 89 4.8. Getting Intrinsic Capacity Back into the Picture 95 4.9. The Whole Picture 100 5. My Life as a Fake 109 5.1. The Story 109 5.2. The Central Conflict: Apollo and Dionysus Caught in a 'Deathlock' 112 5.3. My Life as a Fake and the Struggle for Authenticity 125 5.4. Chubb and McCorkle Revisited: Authenticity and the Social Arena 132 5.5. Conclusion 138 6. Illywhacker 141 6.1. Lies and control 148 6.1.1. Book I 149 6.1.2. Book II 156 6.1.3. Book III 164 6.2. Compulsive Visions and Compelled Selves 171 6.2.1. The McGraths: Molly and Jack 185 6.2.2. The Young Compulsive Mistresses 190 6.3. Peter Carey's Entrapped Dreamers 199 6.4. From the Aircraft Factory to the Museum: Baudrillard in Australia 204 6.4.1. The Three-Tiered Advance of Australia Fair 205 6.4.2. Agency in the Hyperreal Condition 214 6.4.3. Illywhacker and the Western World: Anti-Depressants 217 6.5. Final Remarks on Illywhacker 221 7. Tristan Smith 224 7.1. Tristan as Narrative Voice and as Character inside his Story 228 7.2. Tristan's Bildung: A Study in two Mirror Phases 231 7.2.1. Initial Conceit 232 7.2.2. The Gaze of the Other 236 7.2.3. The First Mirror Stage 241 7.2.4. Interlude 246 7.2.5. The Voyage 249 7.2.6. The Second Mirror Stage 252 7.3. Tristan's Subversiveness: "Bodies […] out of Control" 258 7.3.1. Postcolonial Approaches and External Reality 259 7.3.2. Cultural Simulation: Ghostdorps and Ghost Lights 264 7.3.3. Confronting Simulations: Tristan and Peggy 270 7.3.4. Not Escaping the Now: Felicity 275 7.3.5. Jacqui: From Self-Realisation to Escapism and Back to the Now 280 7.4. The Radical's Conceit: Peter Carey's Political Activists 287 8. Conclusion 292 9. Bibliography 303 10. Appendix 314 10.1. Publishing Carey: The Emergence of an Author 314 10.2. Peter Carey and the New Nationalism 320 10.3. Biographical Notes on Peter Carey's Writing 330

International audience ; The literature on the right to the city, which has seen a major resurgence in recent years, focuses primarily on two subjects, which specifically interrogate the relationship of city-dwellers to the State: social movements/urban citizenship. In order that the claim of a right to the city might be codified, whether overtly or implicitly, numerous works (Purcell, Kyumulu, etc.) also emphasize the extent to which the right to the city manifests in widely diverse "questions", any of which may well contradict or be in competition with any other.In the framework of a comparative research program (DALVAA "Rethinking the right to the city from the Southern cities – perspectives on sub Saharan Africa/Latin America) we distance ourselves from these uses of the idea of right to the city and their emancipatory political ambitions. We put forth the right to the city as an exploratory notion that interrogates the processes of organization and normalization of postcolonial urban societies, from which we posit the hypothesis that they are partly marked by neoliberal rationalities currently under construction. The goal is to shift the analytical focus from an anti-establishment social group, politically constructed in conflict, to the subject ("the individual in socialization" to use Henri Lefebvre's phrase), understood through his social and spatial practices. Through this shifting of focus, we aim to reveal the modes of control and the exercise of power in the city. Analyzing on the micro level, we attempt to interrogate the processes of the construction of norms through the prism of the position of subjects in the practices of control of public space. In Cape Town and Lomé, forms of resistance and of production of counter-rationalities in ordinary, and not conflictual or post-crisis, space-time will be analyzed using qualitative field data.In Cape Town, we will analyze the control of a central historic square, which has been heritage-ized and "beautified" in the framework of a politics of neoliberal urban regeneration, the Greenmarket Square. This square is occupied by an "African" market, where artisanal items are sold, whose place in this urban project was renegotiated and redefined at the time of the FIFA World Cup (2010). Five years after this moment of crisis, we wonder about the functioning of spatial control through the new routines that were then established and the evolution of the individual and collective entrepreneurial subjectivities of the merchants in the square. In Lomé, our reflection will begin with the post-flight spaces, in particular in Djagblé (on the northeast edge of Grand Lomé), where citizens who fled due to the creation of the Grand highway bypass of Lomé between 2011 and 2014 were relocated. This large urban project, mostly financed by Chinese investors and with the strong support of the government, is a showcase for the modernization of the capital. The seizure of the necessary real estate for the creation of this large road (particularly to the east of the Tsévié road) led to the destruction of multiple places of residence and to the displacement of the commercial activities previously practiced there. The initial terms were negotiated by the CII (Interministerial Indemnity Committee) and varied widely from case to case. The responsible parties at the CII effectively compensated families differently while relying on certain residents to relate the politics of displacement in a way that might be acceptable to those affected. Meanwhile at the relocation sites, major conflicts over real estate arose between the original occupants and the residents affected by the urban project. How do these power dynamics create an alliance with or an opposition to the Ministry of Urbanization and the urban authorities tasked with taking action in the area on the outer edges of Grand Lomé? What can we learn from the practices of those affected, as well as from those citizens of the transformed site, about the acceptance of a new order and a new norm in the outer neighborhoods? In areas affected by forced removals, routine practices prevail while very little contestation to the urban project is observed, the differential treatment and the powerful coercion that accompanied the departure of those affected being rarely condemned.

The European Union launched its first comprehensive better-regulation agenda in 2002 and has since then been constantly modifying and improving its toolkit aimed at guaranteeing the quality of its legislation. The first better-regulation agenda followed the pioneering experience of some of its member states and introduced a formal procedure of ex ante impact assessment (IA) as well as minimum criteria for stakeholder consultation.1 Different variables explain the rise of EU-level IA, such as reactions to the overuse of the precautionary principle in risk analysis and health policy (especially in chemicals and tobacco);2 pressure from finance ministers in countries such as the U.K. and the Netherlands to introduce evidence-based procedures in policy formulation, thus increasing accountability;3 and organizational developments within the European Commission, with an expansion to regulatory policy of tools originally crafted for sustainable development policies.4 The EU IA model was introduced together with a communication aimed at simplifying and improving the regulatory environment and promoting "a culture of dialogue and participation" within the EU legislative process.5 As a result, the commission decided to integrate all forms of ex ante evaluation and various tests by building an integrated impact-assessment model, to enter into force on Jan. 1, 2003.6 This model was tasked with the heavy responsibility of ensuring that adequate account was taken, at an early stage of the regulatory process, of both the competitiveness and sustainable-development goals, which ranked among the top priorities on the EU agenda. Over the past 14 years, the better-regulation toolkit of the European Commission has been strengthened from a methodological standpoint, and expanded into a more comprehensive system that involves ex ante IAs, ex post evaluations, "fitness checks" focused on clusters of laws, and cumulative cost assessments that address specific industry sectors. At the same time, the system gradually involved other institutions, such as the European Parliament (especially from 2012) and, to a lesser degree, the Council. And in May 2015, the European Commission further re-launched the system with a much stronger emphasis on ex ante political validation of proposals, stakeholder consultation at all phases of the policy process, and comprehensive, well-structured retrospective reviews. The European Commission has completed more than 1,000 IAs since 2003 and this provides a solid basis for observing the main virtues and challenges of the system as it has evolved to date. This paper looks at the lessons that can be drawn from the EU experience and highlights the challenges that have been successfully addressed and the ones that still remain unsolved. In discussing challenges, reference will be made to other legal systems, such as those in the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. The paper also discusses the main novelties introduced by the recently adopted new EU Better Regulation Package, as well as the content of the proposed new Inter-Institutional Agreement on Better Lawmaking, both presented by the European Commission on May 19, 2015. Section 1 of the paper analyzes the current role played by major EU institutions in better lawmaking and aspects of the current inter-institutional agreement that would be worth reconsidering. Key issues include the use of ex ante impact assessments in major EU institutions; the frequency, timing and relevance of stakeholder consultation throughout the policy process; problems related to the ex post evaluation, fitness checks and other forms of analyses of the stock of legislation (e.g., cumulative cost assessments). Section 2 focuses on methodology and discusses the taxonomy of costs and benefits that is now the basis for both ex ante impact assessments and ex post evaluations, including fitness checks and cumulative cost assessments. Section 3 briefly summarizes the main activities carried out in the realm of financial regulation and describes the recent consultation launched by the European Commission for a thorough revision of the whole stock of legislation in this domain. Section 4 concludes by briefly comparing the EU experience with the Canadian one.

В кінці ХХ — на початку ХХІ ст. Україна пережила три революційні хвилі: розпад Радянського Союзу і проголошення незалежності, «помаранчеву» революцію і «революцію гідності». Українське громадянське суспільство здійснило значний крок. Тепер громадяни України не тільки усвідомили свої цінності, інтереси і права. Українському громадянському суспільству вистачило сміливості і організованості, щоб за них боротися. У другій половині 1980-х років громадянська активність, непритаманна для Радянського Союзу, з одного боку, і невдала спроба НКДС зберегти єдність СРСР силовими методами мали епохальні наслідки: ухвалення 24 серпня 1991 р. Акту проголошення незалежності України. «Помаранчева» революція розпочалася у листопаді 2004 р. У листопаді 2014 р. розпочалася «революція гідності». Рушійними силами стали студенти, інтелігенція, підприємці — «середній клас». Причини: невідповідність вимог громадянського суспільства і тогочасних українських реалій. Вищезазначені події — не просто мітинги і акції протесту. Вони не є наслідком спонтанних рішень. Вони є закономірністю, складовими одного процесу. Це процес трансформації українського суспільства. ; В конце ХХ — начале ХХІ вв. Украина пережила три революционных волны: распад Советского Союза и провозглашение независимости, «оранжевую» революцию и «революцию достоинства». Украинское гражданское общество совершило существенный шаг вперед. Теперь граждане Украины не только осознали свои ценности, интересы и права. Украинскому гражданскому обществу хватило смелости и организованности, чтобы бороться за них. Во второй половине 1980-х годов общественная активность, не свойственная гражданам Советского Союза, с одной стороны, и неудавшаяся попытка ГКЧП сохранить единство СССР силовыми методами привели к эпохальным последствиям: принятие 24 августа 1991 г. Акта провозглашения независимости Украины. «Оранжевая» революция началась в ноябре 2004 г. В ноябре 2014 г. началась «революция достоинства». Движущими силами стали студенты, интеллигенция, предприниматели — «средний класс». Причины: несооветствие требований гражданского общества и тогдашних украинских реалий. Перечисленные события — не просто митинги и акции протеста. Они не являются последствием спонтанных решений. Они закономерны, составные одного процесса. Это процесс трансформации гражданского общества. ; Ukraine passed through three revolutionary waves on the border of the twentieth and twenty one centuries. It was: the collapse of the Soviet Union and proclamation of state independence, the «Orange» revolution and the «revolution of dignity». Each of them was forewent by the crisis of political system, corruption, outright falsification of the will, ignoring interests of the population, attempts to manipulate of mass consciousness. The ruling classes' desperate attempts to save the deeply contaminated system while their own privileges with it had aroused considerable public response. Ukrainian civic society withstood them. Ukrainian civic society has intergraded considerably. At the time, the Ukrainians not only were understanding their values, interests and rights. They were ready to fight for them. Since the second half of the 1980-th were arising the new and recreating the old public organizations such as: Union of writers of Ukraine, Lev Company, student organization «Community», Ukrainian studies club «Heritage», Ukrainian Cultural club etc. Lately all these organizations had shaped the People's Movement of Ukraine. They have showed the unprecedented for the Soviet Ukraine civil activity. The failure of the Emergency Committee accelerated one watershed event: the pronouncement of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine 24.08.1991. The «Orange» revolution has started in November 2004. Students, intelligentsia, entrepreneurs had becommen its driving forces. In other words, the Ukrainian middle class made the «Orange» revolution. The rude fraud poll for the one candidate was the pretext for it. But the cause of it was the that: the contradiction between the requirement of Ukrainian civil society and the reality. In November 2014 the «Revolution of dignity» has started. And again students, intelligentsia, entrepreneurs were its driving forces — the same middle class. The cause was the same. Only the pretext has changed. The President of Ukraine V. Yanukovich neglected to sign the Association Agreement with the European Union. All these events were not mere meetings and protest actions. They were not spontaneous. This is the regularity, the components of one process. This is the process of the transformation of Ukrainian society.

RESUMO: Auckland tem sido pioneira na implementação de modelos de Intervenção Precoce em Psicose. No entanto, esta organização do serviço não mudou nos últimos 19 anos. Segundo os dados obtidos da utilização do serviço, no período de 1996 -2012 foram atendidos 997 doentes, que tinham um número médio de 89 contactos (IQR: 36-184), com uma duração média de 62 horas de contactos (IQR: 24-136). Estes doentes passaram um número médio de 338 dias (IQR: 93-757) em contacto com o programa. 517 doentes (52%) não necessitaram de internamento no hospital, e os que foram internados, ficaram uma mediana de 124 dias no hospital (IQR: 40-380). Os doentes asiáticos tiveram um aumento de 50% de probabilidade de serem internados no hospital. Este relatório inclui 15 recomendações para orientar as reformas para o serviço e, nomeadamente, delinear a importância de uma visão organizacional e dos seus componentes-chave. As recomendações incluem o reforço da gestão e da liderança numa estrutura de equipe mais integrada, com recursos dedicados a melhorar a consciencialização da comunidade, a educação e deteção precoce, bem como a capacidade de receber referenciações diretas. Os Indicadores Chave de Desempenho devem ser estabelecidos, mas os Exames de Estado Mental em risco, devem ser removidos. Auckland deve manter a faixa etária alvo atual. A duração do serviço deve ser aumentada para um mínimo de três anos, com a opção de aumentá-la para cinco anos. A proporção de gestor de cuidados para os doentes deve ser preconizada em 1:15, enquanto o pessoal de apoio não-clínico deve ser aumentado. Os psiquiatras devem ter uma carga de trabalho de cerca de 80 doentes por equivalente de tempo completo. Um serviço local de prestação de cuidados deve ser desenvolvido com, nomeadamente, intervenções culturais para responder às necessidades da população multicultural de Auckland. A capacidade de investigação deve ser incorporada no Serviço de Intervenção Precoce em Psicoses. Qualquer alteração deverá envolver contacto com todas as partes interessadas, e a Administração Regional de Saúde deve comprometer-se em tempo, recursos humanos e políticos para apoiar e facilitar a mudança do sistema, investindo de forma significativa para melhor servir a comunidade Auckland. --- ABSTRACT: Auckland has been pioneering in the adoption of Early Intervention in Psychosis models but the design of the service has not changed in 19 years. In service utilisation data from 997 patients seen from 1996 -2012, patients had a median number of 89 contacts (IQR: 36-184), with a median duration of 62 hours of contact (IQR: 24-136). Patients spent a median number of 338 days (IQR: 93-757) in contact with the program. 517 patients (52%) did not require admission to hospital, and those who did spent a median of 124 days in hospital (IQR: 40-380). Asian patients had a 50% increased chance of being admitted to hospital. This report includes 15 recommendations to guide reforms to the service, including outlining the importance of vision and key components. It recommends strengthened managerial leadership and a more integrated team structure with dedicated resources for improved community awareness, education and early detection as well as the capacity to take direct referrals. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) should be established but At Risk Mental States should be excluded. Auckland should maintain the current target age range. The duration of service should be increased to a minimum of three years, with the option to extend this to five years. The ratio of care co-ordinator to patients should be capped at 1:15 whilst non-clinical supporting staff should be increased. Psychiatrists should have a caseload of about 80 per FTE. A local Service Delivery framework should be developed, as should cultural interventions to meet the needs of the multicultural population of Auckland. Research capacity should be incorporated into the fabric of Early Intervention in Psychosis Services. Any changes should involve consultation with all stakeholders, and the DHB should commit to investing time, human and political resources to support and facilitate meaningful system change to best serve the Auckland community.