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The data on the Anatolian Palace of the Bronze Age is quite uneven. Archaeological exploration of the Kültepe Palace dates back to the first half of the 20th century; however, their internal layout could not be reconstructed. This presentation focuses on the organisation of the Kültepe Palace, the former Kanes, mainly on the basis of epidemic data. A quick summary of the main sectors of level 8 (kàrum II) and level 7 (kârum Ib) palais based on the work of T. contrôle zgüç aims to take stock of the archaeological data available on these buildings. An analysis of the information offered by the quarantine of shelves exhumed on the city city and by the books of merchants in the lower city shows how the palace, as a political body, spends power. The inventory of the Anatolian officials mentioned in the texts provides information on the organisation of power in that body. ; International audience ; The data on the Anatolian Palace of the Bronze Age is quite uneven. Archaeological exploration of the Kültepe Palace dates back to the first half of the 20th century; however, their internal layout could not be reconstructed. This presentation focuses on the organisation of the Kültepe Palace, the former Kanes, mainly on the basis of epidemic data. A quick summary of the main sectors of level 8 (kàrum II) and level 7 (kârum Ib) palais based on the work of T. contrôle zgüç aims to take stock of the archaeological data available on these buildings. An analysis of the information offered by the quarantine of shelves exhumed on the city city and by the books of merchants in the lower city shows how the palace, as a political body, spends power. The inventory of the Anatolian officials mentioned in the texts provides information on the organisation of power in that body. ; Les données sur les palais anatoliens de l'Âge du Bronze sont assez inégales. Les explorations archéologiques des palais de Kültepe remontent à la première moitié du XXe siècle ; toutefois, leur agencement interne n 'a pas pu être reconstitué. Cette ...

Many quarries of cut stone were brought into operation in the Mosellane and Rhine regions with the arrival of Romans. Archaeological studies have so far covered only a small number of mining sites attributed to Roman times, some of which are home to remarkable graffiti and disruptive sculptures. They also provided a large number of epidemic documents attesting to the intervention in the extraction sites of soldiers detached from their unit responsible for supplying military and civilian construction sites in the north-eastern border provinces of the Empire. The organisation of quarries was complex and adapted to the high demand for lithic material. The extraction methods and techniques that are readable by the traces they have left reflect the know-how and skills of the carriers, as well as the limitations imposed on them by the natural environment. The Romans operated both open-air quarries and underground galleries by applying, depending on the lithostratigraphic context, parallel or perpendicular extraction to the natural bed of the rock. Most of the quarrying studies in the region are old, and many questions remain open, which can only be addressed with the initiation of new field research. ; International audience With the arrival of the Romans, a great number of ashlar quarries were soon exploited in the Rhine and Moselle valleys. Until now, comparatively few Roman quarries have been examined, some of them having remarkable graffiti and rock carvings. Numerous epigraphic documents are showing how soldiers were detailed to work in the quarries supplying stone for military and civilian sites in the provinces of the northeast border. The organization of the quarries was complex and adapted to the massive demand for stone material. The quarrying methods and techniques can be read from the marks they left and reflect the ability and knowledge of the quarrymen as well as the limits imposed by the physical context. The Romans exploited opencast as well as underground quarries and, depending on the ...

Medieval fortifications, fortified settlements and castles were absolutely important part of history. In last decade archaeologists were led scientific researches in different parts of Azerbaijan Republic, studied different type of fortresses and fortifications. Medieval fortresses of Azerbaijan were built at strategical geographical areas. Our article dedicated to some medieval fortresses which studied during archaeological excavations. Azerbaijani castles and fortresses which built in the middle ages were historically and architecturally important for national defensive history. Azerbaijani archaeologists investigated at the medieval castles and the results of some researches were concluded in this article. Fortifications, which have an important place among the medieval monuments of Azerbaijan, were the main object of research in the monograph. For the first time, medieval fortification-type monuments were systematically classified and studied according to this classification. The defensive structures built during this period to prevent various attacks and to protect the territorial integrity of the country are distinguished by their grandeur. Among the fortified monuments of Azerbaijan, settlements and fortified cities with defensive walls, defensive walls, towers, towers, guard posts, military camps, strategic mountain passes and passes of special importance have been scientifically studied in the article. The results of archaeological researches were coordinated with the information provided by written sources, important scientific results were obtained, a number of issues were clarified as a result of systematic study of the history of Azerbaijan and its defensive monuments. The results of the research show that the defense work was perfectly organized in the territory of Azerbaijan in the medieval period. In fact, the political situation in the region has made it necessary. The fact that such magnificent monuments of the local population have left us a monument has served as a kind of source for the study of the history, archaeology, architecture, martial arts and other historical issues of that period. The fortifications of Azerbaijan show the prosperity of its medieval architecture, too. ; Середньовічні укріплення, укріплені поселення та замки були абсолютно важливою частиною історії. В останнє десятиліття археологи вели наукові дослідження в різних частинах Азербайджанської Республіки, вивчали різні типи фортець та укріплень. Середньовічні фортеці Азербайджану будувались у стратегічних географічних районах. Наша стаття присвячена деяким середньовічним фортецям, які вивчались під час археологічних розкопок. Азербайджанські замки та фортеці, побудовані в середні віки, мали історичне та архітектурне значення для національної історії оборони. Азербайджанські археологи досліджували середньовічні замки, і результати деяких досліджень були зроблені в цій статті. Укріплення, які посідають важливе місце серед середньовічних пам'яток Азербайджану, були основним об'єктом дослідження в монографії. Вперше середньовічні пам'ятки фортифікаційного типу систематично класифікувались та вивчались за цією класифікацією. Оборонні споруди, побудовані в цей період для запобігання різним атакам та захисту територіальної цілісності країни, відрізняються своєю величчю. Серед укріплених пам'яток Азербайджану в статті науково вивчені поселення та укріплені міста з оборонними стінами, оборонними стінами, вежами, вежами, сторожовими постами, військовими таборами, стратегічними гірськими перевалами та перевалами, що мають особливе значення. Результати археологічних досліджень узгоджувались з інформацією, наданою письмовими джерелами, отримувались важливі наукові результати, з'ясовувався ряд питань в результаті систематичного вивчення історії Азербайджану та його оборонних пам'яток. Результати дослідження показують, що оборонні роботи були прекрасно організовані на території Азербайджану в середньовічний період. Насправді політична ситуація в регіоні зробила це необхідним. Той факт, що такі чудові пам'ятники місцевого населення залишили нам пам'ятник, послужив своєрідним джерелом для вивчення історії, археології, архітектури, бойових мистецтв та інших історичних проблем того періоду. Укріплення Азербайджану також свідчать про процвітання його середньовічної архітектури. ; Середньовічні укріплення, укріплені поселення та замки були абсолютно важливою частиною історії. В останнє десятиліття археологи вели наукові дослідження в різних частинах Азербайджанської Республіки, вивчали різні типи фортець та укріплень. Середньовічні фортеці Азербайджану будувались у стратегічних географічних районах. Наша стаття присвячена деяким середньовічним фортецям, які вивчались під час археологічних розкопок. Азербайджанські замки та фортеці, побудовані в середні віки, мали історичне та архітектурне значення для національної історії оборони. Азербайджанські археологи досліджували середньовічні замки, і результати деяких досліджень були зроблені в цій статті. Укріплення, які посідають важливе місце серед середньовічних пам'яток Азербайджану, були основним об'єктом дослідження в монографії. Вперше середньовічні пам'ятки фортифікаційного типу систематично класифікувались та вивчались за цією класифікацією. Оборонні споруди, побудовані в цей період для запобігання різним атакам та захисту територіальної цілісності країни, відрізняються своєю величчю. Серед укріплених пам'яток Азербайджану в статті науково вивчені поселення та укріплені міста з оборонними стінами, оборонними стінами, вежами, вежами, сторожовими постами, військовими таборами, стратегічними гірськими перевалами та перевалами, що мають особливе значення. Результати археологічних досліджень узгоджувались з інформацією, наданою письмовими джерелами, отримувались важливі наукові результати, з'ясовувався ряд питань в результаті систематичного вивчення історії Азербайджану та його оборонних пам'яток. Результати дослідження показують, що оборонні роботи були прекрасно організовані на території Азербайджану в середньовічний період. Насправді політична ситуація в регіоні зробила це необхідним. Той факт, що такі чудові пам'ятники місцевого населення залишили нам пам'ятник, послужив своєрідним джерелом для вивчення історії, археології, архітектури, бойових мистецтв та інших історичних проблем того періоду. Укріплення Азербайджану також свідчать про процвітання його середньовічної архітектури.

The demand for glassware in the northern part of Europe saw a marked growth only in the 16th century although the history of glassmaking goes back several millennia. The population of the Baltic region, including the city of Klaipėda (Memel in German), did not remain on the margins of the glass culture developments in the modern period. Glassware featuring plastic shapes, delicate silhouettes and transparent materials spread widely across the entire region and became an integral attribute of a daily life, sociocultural patterns, etiquette and even military art in a relatively short time. A great deal of archaeological investigations in different fields has been accomplished in Klaipėda, whilst daily life of Klaipėda in the modern period has attracted the least attention on the part of researchers thus far. We possess little knowledge on the old Klaipėda gastronomy and table culture, health practices, sociocultural life of urban population and cultural ties of the local population with other cities, countries and regions. The situation of Klaipėda as a port city accounts for a circulation of a greater variety of commodities in the city itself and also for a diversity in the patterns of use of such commodities, therefore perspectives of the city case analyses through the prism of the studies of glass artefacts provide a deeper glance into the problem, i.e. in addition to general knowledge on Klaipėda glass artefacts, an issue of the use of glassware in different walks of life of the city population in the modern period is dealt with representing an integral part of the expectations postulated in the contemporary science of archaeology. What kind of impact on sociocultural life of Klaipėda population in the modern period was made by other countries and regions: in what ways material-social and spiritual-cultural life of the urbanites was influenced, how and by what means diverse urban population groups created their identity and their sense of distinctiveness, – these are the questions that this work attempts to provide answers for, at least in part. A single case study, as a reference point, can bring a significant contribution to the analysis of sociocultural history of other cities and towns of the same period in the territory of present - day Lithuania or former Prussia. It is easy to notice that the amount of archaeological data is increasing annually, and research of protected artefacts is expanding, nonetheless, imbalances in the development of the chains of data collection, its systematisation and interpretation remain an acute issue in the archaeological research both in Klaipėda and in Lithuania as a whole. In keeping with a concept that a consistent research of discreet groups of artefacts is a key element in the studies of urban life of earlier periods, a special focus is given to the heretofore understudied glassware items of Klaipėda, of which little information is available today. This fact has provided an incentive to effectively address the accumulated problems on both methodological and theoretical levels. Glassware, unlike pottery ware, has been used in the Lithuanian archaeological practice to a lesser degree for the purpose of characterisation of archaeological layers and structures, and for the interpretation and evaluation of changes in urban development, historical facts and processes. Thus far, glassware finds in Lithuania have not been systemised, classified or dated in chronological order, neither harmonisation of glass terminology and data documentation system has been attained, hence the question regarding museum assets is actualised, with a special focus on why and what glass artefacts should be preserved and which ones should be regarded not as significant in terms of scientific research. The glassware research provides an opportunity to compare manufacturing technological advancements, the glass culture transformations, and the expansion of import geography in Klaipėda over a period exceeding 300 years. Furthermore, it is not for nothing that circulation of the glassware in the modern period is linked to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, involving the research of consumption patterns through the medium of glassware, which opens up prospects for tackling social issues brought about by alcohol consumption, the causes and possible solutions thereof the modern world is still seeking for. As a matter of fact, this research may present a value for a general public that holds an opinion that a form of individual expression, involving things or certain products, is a feature of a modern consumer only. It must be noted that glass artefacts and perspectives of their analysis have not been properly considered neither by archaeologists of Lithuania nor archaeologists of other south-eastern Baltic region countries, which has prevented an objective assessment of general trends in the development of glass culture across the entire Baltic region. The object of this research is the development of manufacturing, or craft production, techniques, otherwise known as manual glassblowing, of glassware and culture of its use in Klaipėda in the modern period.

The demand for glassware in the northern part of Europe saw a marked growth only in the 16th century although the history of glassmaking goes back several millennia. The population of the Baltic region, including the city of Klaipėda (Memel in German), did not remain on the margins of the glass culture developments in the modern period. Glassware featuring plastic shapes, delicate silhouettes and transparent materials spread widely across the entire region and became an integral attribute of a daily life, sociocultural patterns, etiquette and even military art in a relatively short time. A great deal of archaeological investigations in different fields has been accomplished in Klaipėda, whilst daily life of Klaipėda in the modern period has attracted the least attention on the part of researchers thus far. We possess little knowledge on the old Klaipėda gastronomy and table culture, health practices, sociocultural life of urban population and cultural ties of the local population with other cities, countries and regions. The situation of Klaipėda as a port city accounts for a circulation of a greater variety of commodities in the city itself and also for a diversity in the patterns of use of such commodities, therefore perspectives of the city case analyses through the prism of the studies of glass artefacts provide a deeper glance into the problem, i.e. in addition to general knowledge on Klaipėda glass artefacts, an issue of the use of glassware in different walks of life of the city population in the modern period is dealt with representing an integral part of the expectations postulated in the contemporary science of archaeology. What kind of impact on sociocultural life of Klaipėda population in the modern period was made by other countries and regions: in what ways material-social and spiritual-cultural life of the urbanites was influenced, how and by what means diverse urban population groups created their identity and their sense of distinctiveness, – these are the questions that this work attempts to provide answers for, at least in part. A single case study, as a reference point, can bring a significant contribution to the analysis of sociocultural history of other cities and towns of the same period in the territory of present - day Lithuania or former Prussia. It is easy to notice that the amount of archaeological data is increasing annually, and research of protected artefacts is expanding, nonetheless, imbalances in the development of the chains of data collection, its systematisation and interpretation remain an acute issue in the archaeological research both in Klaipėda and in Lithuania as a whole. In keeping with a concept that a consistent research of discreet groups of artefacts is a key element in the studies of urban life of earlier periods, a special focus is given to the heretofore understudied glassware items of Klaipėda, of which little information is available today. This fact has provided an incentive to effectively address the accumulated problems on both methodological and theoretical levels. Glassware, unlike pottery ware, has been used in the Lithuanian archaeological practice to a lesser degree for the purpose of characterisation of archaeological layers and structures, and for the interpretation and evaluation of changes in urban development, historical facts and processes. Thus far, glassware finds in Lithuania have not been systemised, classified or dated in chronological order, neither harmonisation of glass terminology and data documentation system has been attained, hence the question regarding museum assets is actualised, with a special focus on why and what glass artefacts should be preserved and which ones should be regarded not as significant in terms of scientific research. The glassware research provides an opportunity to compare manufacturing technological advancements, the glass culture transformations, and the expansion of import geography in Klaipėda over a period exceeding 300 years. Furthermore, it is not for nothing that circulation of the glassware in the modern period is linked to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, involving the research of consumption patterns through the medium of glassware, which opens up prospects for tackling social issues brought about by alcohol consumption, the causes and possible solutions thereof the modern world is still seeking for. As a matter of fact, this research may present a value for a general public that holds an opinion that a form of individual expression, involving things or certain products, is a feature of a modern consumer only. It must be noted that glass artefacts and perspectives of their analysis have not been properly considered neither by archaeologists of Lithuania nor archaeologists of other south-eastern Baltic region countries, which has prevented an objective assessment of general trends in the development of glass culture across the entire Baltic region. The object of this research is the development of manufacturing, or craft production, techniques, otherwise known as manual glassblowing, of glassware and culture of its use in Klaipėda in the modern period.

The demand for glassware in the northern part of Europe saw a marked growth only in the 16th century although the history of glassmaking goes back several millennia. The population of the Baltic region, including the city of Klaipėda (Memel in German), did not remain on the margins of the glass culture developments in the modern period. Glassware featuring plastic shapes, delicate silhouettes and transparent materials spread widely across the entire region and became an integral attribute of a daily life, sociocultural patterns, etiquette and even military art in a relatively short time. A great deal of archaeological investigations in different fields has been accomplished in Klaipėda, whilst daily life of Klaipėda in the modern period has attracted the least attention on the part of researchers thus far. We possess little knowledge on the old Klaipėda gastronomy and table culture, health practices, sociocultural life of urban population and cultural ties of the local population with other cities, countries and regions. The situation of Klaipėda as a port city accounts for a circulation of a greater variety of commodities in the city itself and also for a diversity in the patterns of use of such commodities, therefore perspectives of the city case analyses through the prism of the studies of glass artefacts provide a deeper glance into the problem, i.e. in addition to general knowledge on Klaipėda glass artefacts, an issue of the use of glassware in different walks of life of the city population in the modern period is dealt with representing an integral part of the expectations postulated in the contemporary science of archaeology. What kind of impact on sociocultural life of Klaipėda population in the modern period was made by other countries and regions: in what ways material-social and spiritual-cultural life of the urbanites was influenced, how and by what means diverse urban population groups created their identity and their sense of distinctiveness, – these are the questions that this work attempts to provide answers for, at least in part. A single case study, as a reference point, can bring a significant contribution to the analysis of sociocultural history of other cities and towns of the same period in the territory of present - day Lithuania or former Prussia. It is easy to notice that the amount of archaeological data is increasing annually, and research of protected artefacts is expanding, nonetheless, imbalances in the development of the chains of data collection, its systematisation and interpretation remain an acute issue in the archaeological research both in Klaipėda and in Lithuania as a whole. In keeping with a concept that a consistent research of discreet groups of artefacts is a key element in the studies of urban life of earlier periods, a special focus is given to the heretofore understudied glassware items of Klaipėda, of which little information is available today. This fact has provided an incentive to effectively address the accumulated problems on both methodological and theoretical levels. Glassware, unlike pottery ware, has been used in the Lithuanian archaeological practice to a lesser degree for the purpose of characterisation of archaeological layers and structures, and for the interpretation and evaluation of changes in urban development, historical facts and processes. Thus far, glassware finds in Lithuania have not been systemised, classified or dated in chronological order, neither harmonisation of glass terminology and data documentation system has been attained, hence the question regarding museum assets is actualised, with a special focus on why and what glass artefacts should be preserved and which ones should be regarded not as significant in terms of scientific research. The glassware research provides an opportunity to compare manufacturing technological advancements, the glass culture transformations, and the expansion of import geography in Klaipėda over a period exceeding 300 years. Furthermore, it is not for nothing that circulation of the glassware in the modern period is linked to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, involving the research of consumption patterns through the medium of glassware, which opens up prospects for tackling social issues brought about by alcohol consumption, the causes and possible solutions thereof the modern world is still seeking for. As a matter of fact, this research may present a value for a general public that holds an opinion that a form of individual expression, involving things or certain products, is a feature of a modern consumer only. It must be noted that glass artefacts and perspectives of their analysis have not been properly considered neither by archaeologists of Lithuania nor archaeologists of other south-eastern Baltic region countries, which has prevented an objective assessment of general trends in the development of glass culture across the entire Baltic region. The object of this research is the development of manufacturing, or craft production, techniques, otherwise known as manual glassblowing, of glassware and culture of its use in Klaipėda in the modern period.

The demand for glassware in the northern part of Europe saw a marked growth only in the 16th century although the history of glassmaking goes back several millennia. The population of the Baltic region, including the city of Klaipėda (Memel in German), did not remain on the margins of the glass culture developments in the modern period. Glassware featuring plastic shapes, delicate silhouettes and transparent materials spread widely across the entire region and became an integral attribute of a daily life, sociocultural patterns, etiquette and even military art in a relatively short time. A great deal of archaeological investigations in different fields has been accomplished in Klaipėda, whilst daily life of Klaipėda in the modern period has attracted the least attention on the part of researchers thus far. We possess little knowledge on the old Klaipėda gastronomy and table culture, health practices, sociocultural life of urban population and cultural ties of the local population with other cities, countries and regions. The situation of Klaipėda as a port city accounts for a circulation of a greater variety of commodities in the city itself and also for a diversity in the patterns of use of such commodities, therefore perspectives of the city case analyses through the prism of the studies of glass artefacts provide a deeper glance into the problem, i.e. in addition to general knowledge on Klaipėda glass artefacts, an issue of the use of glassware in different walks of life of the city population in the modern period is dealt with representing an integral part of the expectations postulated in the contemporary science of archaeology. What kind of impact on sociocultural life of Klaipėda population in the modern period was made by other countries and regions: in what ways material-social and spiritual-cultural life of the urbanites was influenced, how and by what means diverse urban population groups created their identity and their sense of distinctiveness, – these are the questions that this work attempts to provide answers for, at least in part. A single case study, as a reference point, can bring a significant contribution to the analysis of sociocultural history of other cities and towns of the same period in the territory of present - day Lithuania or former Prussia. It is easy to notice that the amount of archaeological data is increasing annually, and research of protected artefacts is expanding, nonetheless, imbalances in the development of the chains of data collection, its systematisation and interpretation remain an acute issue in the archaeological research both in Klaipėda and in Lithuania as a whole. In keeping with a concept that a consistent research of discreet groups of artefacts is a key element in the studies of urban life of earlier periods, a special focus is given to the heretofore understudied glassware items of Klaipėda, of which little information is available today. This fact has provided an incentive to effectively address the accumulated problems on both methodological and theoretical levels. Glassware, unlike pottery ware, has been used in the Lithuanian archaeological practice to a lesser degree for the purpose of characterisation of archaeological layers and structures, and for the interpretation and evaluation of changes in urban development, historical facts and processes. Thus far, glassware finds in Lithuania have not been systemised, classified or dated in chronological order, neither harmonisation of glass terminology and data documentation system has been attained, hence the question regarding museum assets is actualised, with a special focus on why and what glass artefacts should be preserved and which ones should be regarded not as significant in terms of scientific research. The glassware research provides an opportunity to compare manufacturing technological advancements, the glass culture transformations, and the expansion of import geography in Klaipėda over a period exceeding 300 years. Furthermore, it is not for nothing that circulation of the glassware in the modern period is linked to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, involving the research of consumption patterns through the medium of glassware, which opens up prospects for tackling social issues brought about by alcohol consumption, the causes and possible solutions thereof the modern world is still seeking for. As a matter of fact, this research may present a value for a general public that holds an opinion that a form of individual expression, involving things or certain products, is a feature of a modern consumer only. It must be noted that glass artefacts and perspectives of their analysis have not been properly considered neither by archaeologists of Lithuania nor archaeologists of other south-eastern Baltic region countries, which has prevented an objective assessment of general trends in the development of glass culture across the entire Baltic region. The object of this research is the development of manufacturing, or craft production, techniques, otherwise known as manual glassblowing, of glassware and culture of its use in Klaipėda in the modern period.

The typical methodology for comparing simulated galaxies with observational surveys is usually to apply a spatial selection to the simulation to mimic the region of interest covered by a comparable observational survey sample. In this work, we compare this approach with a more sophisticated post-processing in which the observational uncertainties and selection effects (photometric, surface gravity and effective temperature) are taken into account. We compare a 'solar neighbourhood analogue' region in a model MilkyWay-like galaxy simulated with RAMSES-CH with fourth release Gaia-ESO survey data. We find that a simple spatial cut alone is insufficient and that the observational uncertainties must be accounted for in the comparison. This is particularly true when the scale of uncertainty is large compared to the dynamic range of the data, e.g. in our comparison, the [Mg/Fe] distribution is affected much more than the more accurately determined [Fe/H] distribution. Despite clear differences in the underlying distributions of elemental abundances between simulation and observation, incorporating scatter to our simulation results to mimic observational uncertainty produces reasonable agreement. The quite complete nature of the Gaia-ESO survey means that the selection function has minimal impact on the distribution of observed age and metal abundances but this would become increasingly more important for surveys with narrower selection functions.© 2017 The Author(s). ; This is based on data products from observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 188.B-3002 (the Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey). We acknowledge the insightful comments and support provided by our colleagues Stefano Pasetto, Daisuke Kawata, Rob Thacker and Dimitris Stamatellos. We would thank the anonymous referee for a very constructive report of the work presented here. BBT acknowledges the support of STFC through its PhD Studentship Programme (ST/F007701/1). We also acknowledge the generous allocation of resources from the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) via the DEISA Extreme Computing Initiative (PRACE-3IP Project RI-312763 and PRACE-4IP Project 653838) and STFC's DiRAC Facility (COSMOS: Galactic Archaeology). CGF acknowledges funding from the European Research Council for the FP7 ERC starting grant project LOCALSTAR and the DiRAC Complexity system, operated by the University of Leicester IT Services, which forms part of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility (www.dirac.ac.uk). This equipment is funded by BIS National E-Infrastructure capital grant ST/K000373/1 and STFC DiRAC Operations grant ST/K0003259/1. DiRAC is part of the National E-Infrastructure. Continued access to the University of Hull's High Performance Computing Facility ('viper'), the HPC facility at the University of Central Lancashire and the computational facilities at Saint Mary's University are likewise gratefully acknowledged. TB was funded by the project grant 'The New Milky Way' from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. SGS acknowledges the support by Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) (ref: UID/FIS/04434/2013 & PTDC/FIS-AST/7073/2014 & Investigador FCT contract of reference IF/00028/2014) through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 (ref: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007672 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016880). UH acknowledges support from the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB/Rymdstyrelsen). The Gaia-ESO Survey data products have been processed by the Cambridge Astronomy Survey Unit (CASU) at the Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, and by the FLAMES/UVES reduction team at INAF/Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri. These data have been obtained from the Gaia-ESO Survey Data Archive, prepared and hosted by the Wide Field Astronomy Unit, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, which is funded by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. This work was partly supported by the European Union FP7 programme through ERC grant number 320360 and by the Leverhulme Trust through grant RPG-2012-541. We acknowledge the support from INAF and Ministero dell' Istruzione, dell' Universita' e della Ricerca (MIUR) in the form of the grant 'Premiale VLT 2012'. The results presented here benefit from discussions held during the Gaia-ESO workshops and conferences supported by the ESF (European Science Foundation) through the GREAT Research Network Programme. MTC acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, through grant AYA2013-40611-P. UH acknowledges support from the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB/Rymdstyrelsen). This work was supported by Sonderforschungsbereich SFB 881 'The Milky Way System' (subprojects A5, C9) of the German Research Foundation (DFG). This work benefited from discussions at GNASH workshop, Victoria supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-1430152 (JINA Center for the Evolution of the Elements). ARC is supported by Australian Research Council Grant DP160100637

The article is dedicated to the designation of the modern tendency of open-air museums development (skansens). It is proved that a priority of development is complex, which includes exposure of Ethnography and arhiolohiyi different regions of the country. Scientists are constantly working on improving the forms of museum display. Traditional approaches that have developed over decades, is now in need of further improvement. Therefore, the search for new forms of exposure is a matter of very urgent. Museumification integrates a museum needs of humanity on immovable monuments of culture. Historically, that museumification cultural monuments begins with the monuments. Today Skansen (open air museum) is the main museum for the preservation and demonstration muzeyefikovanyh attractions, including – archaeological sites. However, their use and development, there are different approaches. Scientifically grounded museumification restoration and archaeological sites begins with the Renaissance. The first attempts museification ancient ruins to the early XVI century. The first scientific contribution to the restoration and museumification made by J. Winckelmann. At the end of XVII century. UK proposed the use of Stonehenge excursion purposes. Questions about museumification this outstanding monument is broken in the XVIII century. Ferdinand Keller pile explored Neolithic settlements . One of the earliest archaeological sites muzeyefikovanyh becomes Tsar Barrow in Kerch. In the nineteenth century. begins museumification and in Ukraine. Also museumification some archeological developed the idea of creating a museum of archaeological sites in the open. For the first time, this idea appears in the XVIII century. In 1891, a prominent anthropologist and professor Arthur Hezelius founded now known all over the world "Skansen" in Stockholm. The second half of XIX century. characterized by the appearance of a number museification archaeological sites that are authentic open-air museum. Basically it was a Neolithic settlement culture kyokken – moddinh. One of the first attempts to create open-air museum on the territory of Ukraine was carried out during the exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the liberation of the Polish uprising of 1794. The open air museum in Oslo organized in 1897 In 1901 a similar museum was founded in Copenhagen. Another country that has created Skansen was Finland. At the beginning of XX century. muzeyefikuyetsya the Acropolis in Athens. In 1924 he was created Olbian reserve. He successfully developed yet. At this time, there was almost no theoretical and methodological papers, where the practice of creating summarized Skansen or put forward to the general requirements for archaeological, claiming to museumification. In fact it was the first step in the legislative protection of the archaeological heritage. At the beginning of XX century famous Russian restorer P.P.Pokryshkin treats the restoration as researchbased repair. The same view is taken already in Soviet times and I.Ye.Hrabar. However, these principles and design used exclusively in the restoration of architectural monuments of later eras. In Pereyaslivskomu open-air museum presents the reconstruction of some archaeological sites: the stone stele Chalcolithic era, bronze objects from Dobranychivskoyi Late parking rannopolovetske sanctuary excavated expedition IA Zaporizhzhya National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Chernyahovsk housing and housing Kievan Rus altar bronze Age, pottery kiln, commercial and industrial complex Tripoli culture. The modern open-air museum is like a museum complex that has exposure of immovable monuments erected in separate bands, inscribed into the landscape, covering all stages of settlement in the Ukraine humanity, starting with the oldest age. Only such museum in the present conditions may develop its infrastructure and centers be true preservation of cultural heritage is not only the citizens of Ukraine, but also their predecessors. An example of an archaeological open-air museum is Hodosivskyy archaeological complex. The complex includes attractions Mesolithic, Chalcolithic, Early and Late Bronze Age, Early Iron Age of early monuments, the ancient and medieval monuments in XVIII century. inclusive. In this article we have tried to outline the main points in the development of open-air museum. The priority direction in the development of open-air museum is complex. Skansen this type has exposure not only on the ethnography and archeology of the country. We must seek to maximize the full presentation in the exhibition attractions in all regions of Ukraine. Archaeology likely to be represented by the local sights, but here we must extend the exposure. Monuments are on display for the ensemble principle by enrolling sights in the landscape. Exposure of Monuments is supplemented by archaeological finds discovered during excavations diversify it. ; Статья посвящена определению современных тенденций развития музеев под открытым небом (скансенов). Доказано, что приоритетным направлением их развития есть комплексное, что предусматривет експозиции с этнографии и архиологии различных регионов страны. ; Стаття присвячена визначенню сучасних тенденцій розвитку музеїв під відкритим небом (скансенів). Доведено, що пріоритетним напрямом їх розвитку є комплексний, який передбачає експозиції з етнографії та архіології різних регіонів країни.

Probna arheološka istraživanja u Sotinu, koja su provedena u ljeto 2011., imala su za cilj provjeriti hipotezu o položajima sjevernog i južnog ruba željeznodobnog groblja. Istovremeno se pokušao locirati južni obrambeni jarak privremenog vojnog logora otkrivenog na položaju Jaroši 2010. godine. U istraživanjima 2011. godine, uz ostatke zemunice badenske kulture, pronađeno je 15 grobova daljske grupe iz starijeg željeznog doba te 6 rimskih grobova na istočnoj nekropoli Cornacuma položenih uz jednu od rimskih prometnica. Na južnom rubu ranosrednjovjekovnog naselja na Srednjem polju otkrivena je poluzemunica s ognjištem. Rezultati ovogodišnjih istraživanja potvrdili su kako se radi o izuzetno važnom nalazištu u hrvatskom Podunavlju s tragovima naseljenosti iz svih vremenskih razdoblja. ; Trial archaeological excavations undertaken in 2011 in Sotin, lasting in continuity from 2008 in cooperation between the Institute of Archaeology and the City Museum of Vukovar, their goal being the verification of the hypothesis as to the location of the northern and the southern edge of the Iron Age cemetery as well as the attempt to locate the southern moat of the temporary military camp discovered during the 2010 research. The research was conducted on two sites on the south (Jaroši) and on the east (Srednje polje) part of Sotin on the area of 1308 m2. In the probe 10 on Jaroš, cuts of ditches were found that are likely to belong to a section of the Roman road, alongside two Dalj group incineration graves that are assumed to be located on the southern edge of the Iron Age cemetery. Probes 11 and 12 are situated on the edge of the site Srednje polje in the direction of Vašarište. In the probe 11, a pit house was found with fireplace, as well as a pit dated to the Early Middle Ages. In the northern part of the probe 12, a portion of the Baden culture pit house was excavated, but the most important is a discovery of 13 graves of the group Dalj that were scattered over the central part of the small oval elevation. In the southern part of the probe 12, three trenches were found; these are probably the remains of the road, along which six graves of the Cornacum Eastern Necropolis were unearthed. Bearing in mind current archaeological knowledge about Sotin, results of the 2011 research at Jaroš and Srednje polje shed light on the southern boundary of the Copper Age settlement and the southern and northern borders of the Iron Age cemetery. Based on the results of the regional studies of graves of group Dalj it can be assumed that the inhabitants of Iron Age Sotin were buried in small groups that were organized in rows by the ancestral principle, with the possible existence of the horizontal stratigraphy. The discovery of the grave 69, belonging to a prominent woman of the community, is particularly exceptional. A multi-piece ceramic service was found in the burial place, with two urns containing bones, as well as parts of jewellery worn by the deceased while she was still alive (bronze spiral rings, pendants made of shell and stone, two bracelets made of bronze sheet) in one of them. Next to the urn, oval and pyramidal weights as part of the loom, and two vessels in the shape of birds were placed. Apart from the grave 69, a number of ceramic and metal contributions were also found in graves 65 and 78, which, alongside with the grave 1 from the earlier research, indicate burials of prominent members of the community in this part of the cemetery. Ceramography of the Iron Age cemetery in Sotin shows prevailing similarity with finds from the cemetery Doroslovo in Bačka, while on the other hand, the metal contributions substantially differ from those in Doroslov and those retrieved on the nearby cemetery Vukovar-Lijeva Bara from the same period. Based on the ceramic forms and found metal objects (brooches, bracelets), graves located on Srednje polje and Jaroš are dated to the 8th century BC, that is to the IIIa phase according to the periodization created by C. Metzner-Nebelsick (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002: 172-175, Abb. 75). During the research in 2011 it was noted that probably two roads existed on the southeast and on the east of the Roman settlement. Alongside the one on the north, that is, closer to the Danube, six Roman incineration and skeletal graves were discovered. So far, during the trial researches in Sotin, total of 35 Roman graves have been found. Investigated segment of the early Medieval settlement indicates that it was much larger than it had been assumed at first, or that the cemetery was located where the metal artefacts from the same period were discovered earlier. Further research and field surveys will give us a clue to some yet unanswered questions about life in Sotin through the millennia.

Book Reviews in this titleAUSTRALIA'S AGE OF IRON: History and Archaeology By R. Ian Jack and Aedeen Cremin. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press and Sydney University Press, 1994, pp. xiv+175, Illustrated. Thirteen maps. $39.95.BRISBANE: The Aboriginal Presence 1824–1860 Edited by Rod Fisher. Kelvin Grove: Brisbane History Group Papers No 11, 1992, pp. 106. Illustrated. Two maps. $20.AUSTRALIA'S FIRST LADY By Lennard Bickel. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991, pp. xii +219. $34.95IRISH CONVICT LIVES Edited by Bob Reece. Sydney: Crossing Press, 1993, pp. x+266, illustrated. No price given.WAR ON THE HOMEFRONT: State Intervention in Queensland 1938–1948 By Kay Saunders. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1993. pp. ix + 190. $29.95.CROWN OR COUNTRY: The Traditions of Australian Republicanism Ediled by David Headon, James Warden and Bill Gammage. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1994, pp. xiv + 197. Illustrated. $24.95.VIETNAM: The Australian Dilemma By Terry Burstall. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1993, pp. xxv + 329. Illustrated. Sixteen maps. $19.95.FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE The Federal Coalition Edited by Brian Costar. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1994, pp. xii + 163. $24.95.EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS: Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management in Australia By Margaret Gardner and Gill Palmer. Melbourne: Macmillan, 1992, pp. xii+ 522. $39.95.I WAS A TEENAGE FASCIST By David Greason. Melbourne: McPhee Gribble/penguin, 1994. $16.95.THE OXFORD HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND Edited by Geoffrey W. Rice. Second revised edition. Auckland: Ogord University Press, 1993, pp. xviii i 755. Eleven tables. Four maps. Eight graphs $39.95STUDYING NEW ZEALAND HISTORY By G. A Wood. Second edition Revised by Simon Cauchi and G. A. Wood. Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1992. pp. viii ‐+ 145. No price given.EUROPE JUSTINIAN By John Moorhead. London and New York: Longman, 1994, pp. ix + 202. Np price givenMIRACLES AND THE PULP PRESS DURING THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION: The Battle of the Frogs and Fairford's Flies By Jerome Friedman. London: University College London Press, 1993, pp. xv+304. Illustrated. $39.95.THE COMMODITY CULTURE OF VICTORIAN ENGLAND: Advertising and Spectacle 1851–1914 By Thomas Richards. London: Verso, 1991, pp. 306. $37.9Spb.CLASS AND ETHNICITY: Irish Catholics in England 1880–1939 By Steven Fielding. Buckingham, England: Open University Press, 1993, pp. mi + 180. No price given.THE POLlTICS OF IMMIGRATION AND "RACE" RELATIONS IN POST‐WAR BRITAIN By Zig Luyton‐Henry. Ogord: Blackwell, 1992, pp. xvii + 266. $34.95 pb.GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY By Peter Barberis and Timothy May. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993, pp. viii+ 260. $45.00.SOCIAL CHANGE IN CONTEMPORARY BRITAIN Edited by Nicholas Abercrombie and Alan Warde. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992, pp xi + 189. $32.9Spb.EUROPE IN OUR TIME A History 1945–1992 By Walter L. uqueur. New York: Penguin Books, 1992, pp. xrii + 617. US$14.CONTEMPORARY FRANCE By Hilary P. M. Winchester. Longman Group UK Limited, 1993, pp. xiii + 273, illustrated with photographs, maps, tables, $16.IMPERIAL GERMANY 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture and Politics By Volker Berghahn Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1993, pp. xvii + 362. NO price givenTHE GERMAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS SINCE 1969 A Party in Power and Opposition Gerard Braunthal. Second revised edition. BoulderBart Francisco/Oxford: Westview Press, 1994. pp. xiii + 402. Tables and charts. $54.95.WHAT ABOUT THE WORKERS? Workers and the Transition to Capitalism in Russia By Simon Clarke, Peter Fairbrother, Michael Burawoy and Pavel Krotov. London: Verso, 1993, pp. 241. No price given.REST OF WORLD THE GUERRILLA WARS OF CENTRAL AMERICA: Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala By Saul Landau. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993, pp. xiii + 222. Four maps. $49.45.A CRITICAL STUDY OF BINI AND YORUBA VALUE SYSTEMS OF NIGERIA IN CHANGE: Culture, Religion and the Self By Emmanuel D. Babatunde. Lampeter, Dyfed, Wales: me Edwin Mellen Press, 1992, pp. 283. No price given.IMPERIAL AFFINITIES: Nineteenth Century Analogies and Exchanges Between India and Ireland By S. B. Cook. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1993, pp. 162, Rs 195 (approx $9.00).DENG XIAOPING AND THE MAKING OF MODERN CHINA By Richard Evans. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1993, pp. xi + 339:$39.95.TENNOZAN: The Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb By George Feifer. New York: Ticknor & Field 1992, pp. xvii + 622. Illustrated. $25.IDEAS DARWINISM, WAR AND HISTORY: The Debate Over the Biology of War From the "Origin of Species" to the First World War By Paul Crook. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. xii + 306. $49.95.PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY: North, South, East, West Edited by David Held. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993, pp. xi + 412. $45 cloth; $14 pb.RACE, NATION, CLASS: Ambiguous Identities By Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein London, New York: Verso, 1991, pp. vii+232. $32.95.CULTURAL HISTORY By Roger Chartier. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993, pp. 209. $39.95pb.CULTURES IN CONFLICT By Urs Bitterli, translated by Ritchie Robertson. Oqord: Polity Press, 1993, pp. 215. pb. $39.95.MARC BLOCH: A Life in History By Carole Fink Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 324. $17.95.

https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/view/48817576/loudmourtie-et-les-oudmourts-en-1994-actat-des-lieux-et- ; International audience ; What is the present stage of the national identity conscience of the Udmurt population and which are the perspectives of survival of this ethnic group? These are the questions the article intends to consider, using different kind of materials, including expeditions to Udmurtia. The first and main opposition is between the town (especially the capital Izhevsk), which is Russian, and the countryside, where the traditional way of life is still alive. The Udmurt identity is based in the countryside, but most of the active Udmurt leaders, most of the intellectuals, live in town, in a Russian environment, far from their roots; they must adapt to everyday life conditions. The Udmurt from the countryside, living in villages, often feel that those who should represent them are too distant: there is an increasing gap between those two groups of Udmurt. The life in the countryside is still hard: most of the material and spiritual tasks are in charge of the women, the masculine population suffers in large proportions of alcoholism. Women are also the most active bearers of the traditional culture: handcrafts, folklore. The history has been severe to the Udmurt, and has deeply rooted fear in the people's psychology. This fear can't disappear so soon, and makes the Udmurt population quite frail in its survival purpose. Nevertheless in the last ten years there has been a formidable evolution. In connection with the political events in Russia, the Udmurt have created their own organizations; among them Kenesh, a political organization, which has already organized two all-Udmurt Congresses. The dignity of the Udmurt language, of the Udmurt identity has been confined. There are new newspapers, magazines, and although the material conditions of the literary life are getting more and more difficult, some voices are emerging, as those of some remarkable poetesses: Alla Kuznetzova, Tatyana Chernova, Galina Romanova, Lyudmilla Kutyanova, Lyubov Tihonova… The Udmurt identity is expressed also in other ways: by the developments of the sciences more connected with ethnicity as history, archaeology, literary research, folklore, ethnology. Some foreign scholars' researches about Udmurt literature, which were harshly criticized fifteen years ago, have now been published in Izhevsk. Udmurtia has been a closed region, prohibited to foreigners, until the last years. This isolation is now finished, but the outside world remains deeply alien. The better known countries are Hungary, Finland and Estonia. The president of Hungary has visited in 1993 all Russia's Finno-Ugric regions, his interest has encouraged the national conscience. Finland is psychologically very far and very different, but the contacts are developing especially between scholars. Estonia could be the closest, for the common Soviet past helps communication and the understanding by Estonians of the real life conditions in Udmurtia. But all Estonian connections are suspect for political reasons, as the young Republic is not real] y appreciated by Russian press and media. There has been clear progress in national conscience. But is it enough? Russia is changing, but Udmurtia, as an important industrial region, as a centre of arms production, is too important to the central government to be neglected. The survival of the Udmurt as a specific culture depends on their own will to preserve their particular features. ; L'auteur étudie l'état actuel de la conscience nationale chez les Oudmourtes à partir de sources diverses, dont des enquêtes sur le terrain. Une première contradiction oppose la ville, russe, à la campagne, qui a gardé son caractère originel. C'est là qu'est sise l'identité oudmourte, ce qui met les citadins en porte-à-faux. Or parmi ceux-ci on trouve les intellectuels, qui doivent s'adapter à un monde étranger. D'où un fossé interne à la population oudmourte, une méfiance virtuelle entre ces deux groupes, aggravée par la peur que l'histoire a enracinée au coeur des gens. Ces dernières années ont connu un formidable réveil, avec la naissance d'organisations oudmourtes. La langue, l'identité oudmourte retrouvent une dignité nouvelle. Or l'Oudmourtie est un enjeu de taille pour Moscou : l'action des organisations oudmourtes dispose donc d'un espace limité. Mais l'éveil se manifeste ailleurs aussi : des revues ont été créées, des voix se font entendre en littérature et notamment en poésie. Dans la recherche on perçoit des changements : les recherches d'histoire ancienne, d'ethnologie et de folklore, ont pris un nouvel essor, on publie des études de spécialistes étrangers. Avec l'ouverture de cette république naguère interdite aux étrangers, les pays les plus présents sont la Hongrie, qui a manifesté au plus haut niveau son intérêt pour les Finno-Ougriens de Russie, la Finlande, à qui revient l'initiative d'échanges de chercheurs et l'Estonie, considérée comme ennemie dans la Russie d'aujourd'hui… Dans un monde en plein bouleversement, la question des perspectives se pose en termes aigus : les indiscutables évolutions dans le sens d'un maintien et d'un développement de l'identité oudmourte suffisent-elles à assurer sa survie ?

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Campbell, Wim Hoogbergen, The Boni Maroon wars in Suriname. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1990. xvii + 254 pp.-Rafael Duharte Jiménez, Carlos Esteban Dieve, Los guerrilleros negros: esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1989. 307 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Hans Ramsoedh, Suriname 1933-1944: koloniale politiek en beleid onder Gouverneur Kielstra. Delft, the Netherlands: Eburon, 1990. 255 pp.-Gert Oostindie, Kees Lagerberg, Onvoltooid verleden: de dekolonisatie van Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. Tilburg, the Netherlands: Instituut voor Ontwikkelingsvraagstukken, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, 1989. ii + 265 pp.-Aisha Khan, Anthony de Verteuil, Eight East Indian immigrants. Port of Spain: Paria, 1989. xiv + 318 pp.-John Stiles, Willie L. Baber, The economizing strategy: an application and critique. New York: Peter Lang, 1988. xiii + 232 pp.-Faye V. Harrison, M.G. Smith, Poverty in Jamaica. Kingston: Institute of social and economic research, 1989. xxii + 167 pp.-Sidney W. Mintz, Dorian Powell ,Street foods of Kingston. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of social and economic research, 1990. xii + 125 pp., Erna Brodber, Eleanor Wint (eds)-Yona Jérome, Michel S. Laguerre, Urban poverty in the Caribbean: French Martinique as a social laboratory. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. xiv + 181 pp.

Canada's most distinguished anthropologist, Dr. Diamond Jenness, formerly Chief of the Division of Anthropology, National Museums of Canada, and Honorary Associate of the Arctic Institute of North America, died peacefully at his home in the Gatineau Hills near Ottawa on 29 November, 1969. He was one of that rapidly-vanishing, virtually extinct kind - the all round anthropologist, who, working seriously, turned out first-class publications in all four major branches of the discipline: ethnology, linguistics, archaeology, and physical anthropology. One must also add a fifth: applied anthropology, a fitting designation for the series of monographs on Eskimo administration in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland which he wrote after his retirement and which were published by the Arctic Institute of North America. . [In response to an invitation to join Stefansson Arctic Expedition and study Eskimos for three years, Jenness found himself a member of the Southern Party with an assignment to study the Copper Eskimos around Coronation Gulf. These plans were interrupted due to the presence of sea ice.] On 30 September, Stefansson, with his secretary Burt McConnell, Jenness, two Eskimos, and the expedition's photographer G.H. Wilkins (later Sir Hubert Wilkins), left the Karluk near the mouth of the Colville River to hunt caribou and lay in a supply of fresh meat when it had become apparent that the ship, immobilized in the ice, could proceed no further. With two sleds, twelve dogs and food for twelve days the party set out for the mainland, but they never saw the Karluk again, for a week or so later the unfortunate vessel began her final drift westward. This was the inauspicious beginning of Jenness' arctic career. Few young anthropologists have faced such difficulties in beginning field-work in a new and unfamiliar area; yet none, surely, has emerged from the test with a more brilliant record of work accomplished. . Jenness' first winter's field-work on the Arctic coast of Alaska led to [an] impressive list of publications . conducted under conditions that many an ethnographer would have found intolerable. . Scarcely a hint of these personal experiences of his first winter in the Arctic will be found in Jenness' anthropological writings. They were reserved for his retrospective volume Dawn in Arctic Alaska (1957) which he wrote while on a Gugenheim scholarship in 1954, some years after his retirement. . Jenness' first year in the Arctic ended in July 1914 when the Expedition's schooners left Camden Bay and sailed eastward to Dolphin and Union Strait where he was to meet with another though very different, Eskimo people named by Stefansson the Copper Eskimos, most of whom, before Stefansson worked among them in 1910-1911, had never seen a white man. . To obtain a faithful picture of the life of the Copper Eskimos Jenness chose an approach that in those days was not often employed by ethnologists. He entered into their life directly, as one of them. He attached himself to an Eskimo family and became the adopted son of Ikpukhuak, one of the foremost hunters and respected leaders of the Puivlik tribe of southwest Victoria Island, and his wife Higilak (Ice House), who was not only proficient in the ordinary and burdensome duties of an Eskimo wife but was also a shaman in her own right, a talent that saved Jenness from a local murder charge. Jenness lived with these people in their snow houses in winter and skin tents in summer, observing and recording the vastly different modes of life according to season. . Jenness' researches extended far beyond Coronation Gulf and the arctic coast westward. . Jenness always disclaimed being an archaeologist, yet he made two discoveries that are fundamental to an understanding of Eskimo prehistory - discovery of the Dorset culture in the eastern Arctic, and of the Old Bering Sea, earliest stage of the maritime pattern of Eskimo culture that later spread from northern Alaska to Canada and Greenland to form the principal basis for modern Eskimo culture. . And so much more. In 1926, Jenness succeeded Edward Sapir as Chief Anthropologist of the National Museum of Canada. . He developed the Antiquities Legislation that has been so important for the protection of archaeological resources in the Northwest Territories. . Between 1962 and 1968 the Arctic Institute of North America published his admirable five volumes on Eskimo administration in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. These monographs reflect his durable and compassionate concern for Canadian Indians and Eskimos and in them one can find much of the advice that he, for so many decades, provided the Canadian Government. . [Jenness' accomplishments extend beyond the realm of anthropology and his reputation was both national and international. For his services in the field of anthropology, particularly in connection with the Indian and Eskimo population of Canada, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada.]

Lauge Koch, renowned leader of 24 Danish government expeditions to Greenland spanning almost half a century, was born July 5, 1892 and died June 5, 1964 in Copenhagen. He gained his Mag. Scient. (cartography) in 1920 from the University of Copenhagen and his Ph.D. in geology in 1929. Dr. Koch's unique series of explorations began in 1913 in West Greenland. During 1916 and 1917 he accompanied Knud Rasmussen on the Second Thule Expedition to Northwest Greenland. From 1920 to 1923 Lauge Koch was leader of the remarkable Bicentenary Jubilee Expedition (to commemorate Hans Egede's arrival in Greenland) when he performed, together with three Eskimos, the strenuous 200-day sledge journey along the north coast of Greenland, which resulted in the Atlas of North Greenland (24 maps at the scale 1: 300,000). The systematic geological investigation of North and East Greenland conducted by Dr. Koch between 1926 and 1958 has been lauded as "one of the most concentrated efforts towards co-ordinated regional geology of a significant segment of the earth's surface which the geological science has experienced, and one made in the face of exceptionally unfavourable geographic and climatic conditions" (G. O. Raasch, 1961, p. 147, Foreword to the "Proceedings" of the First international Symposium on Arctic Geology). In that period of 32 years 1291 persons from many countries, mainly Scandinavia, Switzerland, and Britain, took part in his expeditions, the largest parties consisting of more than 100 men. A total of 1208 "man-summers" and 126 "man-winters" were spent under Dr. Koch's supervision in Northeast Greenland - that harsh but beautiful stretch of land between the Inland Ice and the pack ice, in the latitude 70°N. to 83°N. Although Dr. Koch himself was primarily interested in geology, he encouraged work in a variety of other fields: an almost complete coverage of medium-scale topographical maps was produced, many geographical and biological investigations were carried out, and studies were made in glaciology, hydrology, meteorology and archaeology. "Such continuity of leadership . is without parallel in the history of polar expeditions" (J. W. Cowie, 1959, Polar Record, Vol. 9, p. 547). In the early days when travelling was by dog-team, Lauge Koch was master of this art and gained the admiration of his Eskimo companions whose language he thoroughly understood and spoke. He kept abreast of the time however, and became a pioneer of arctic aviation when, as early as 1932 and 1933, he equipped his two expedition ships with sea planes. Then in 1938 he successfully completed an air reconnaissance of Northeast Greenland on two daring flights with a Dornier aircraft operating from Spitzbergen. His post-war expeditions were characterized by the extensive use of Norseman, Catalina, and DC-4 aircraft and later, in 1955 and 1956, of helicopters. In 1953 I was one of a two-man party which he landed in North Greenland, to make the first geological traverse of the mountains of northern Peary Land starting from Friggs Fiord and reaching Kap Morris Jesup, 83° 39'N., the northernmost point of land in the world. Here we found the cairn Lauge Koch had erected in 1923 and from it retrieved his report. In the Catalina, which came to collect us, he read his own historic document as we flew over the desolate plains of southern Peary Land where Mylius-Erichsen and his companions had perished, and where he himself, 30 years previously, was forced to eat his exhausted dogs. This big, quiet man who spoke so slowly and made every so often a bear-like noise, had, with his indomitable will, been a great leader through two eras of polar history. Like the polar bears he did not bother about his enemies, he would just weave amusing stories about them. The results from Koch's expeditions published by the participants in the Meddelelser om Grønland are an invaluable collection of some 240 papers totalling 22,000 pages. His own observations and investigations, mainly on the geology and the ice conditions of Northeast Greenland are the substance of some 14 major publications. For his leadership and his scientific merits Lauge Koch was awarded numerous honours. He received 12 medals from various countries, the last one being the highly regarded Danish Rink Medal, and many other distinctions including being made an Officer of the Legion of Honour. In 1960 the University of Basle (Switzerland) honoured Lauge Koch with a Dr. h.c. and in 1963 McGill University (Canada) awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Science. With the death of Lauge Koch the Arctic has lost one of its most colourful personalities. Those who had the good fortune to work with him and to listen to his stories will never forget the towering strength, the stimulation and the refreshing humour of this great man, who had already during his own lifetime become a legendary figure.