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Law enforcement institutions throughout the world are embracing New York City's "zero tolerance" approach to policing. Zero tolerance has become a global phenomenon, despite the fact that it has led to increased police brutality, wrongful arrests, racial profiling, & corruption. The global embrace of zero tolerance must be viewed as a component of social reproduction. Though this tactic seeks to uphold authority, it is instead a dangerous strategy that results only in "postliberal revanchism," revenge, & legalized brutality. 19 References. K. Larsen

The 1929 Recession and International Politics : Why the IMF Should not be Disposed of, by Pierre-Cyrille Hautcœur
This paper underscores the importance of international political considerations in the origins and course of the 1929 recession. It then examines the multiple consequences of the recession and the analyses that were made of its impact on international relations after the Second World War, and the way they were incorporated into the conceptualization of international organizations. In conclusion, it shows the importance of institutionalized international cooperation in preventing crises.

This study identifies the sources of humanitarian emergencies characterized by warfare, displacement, hunger, and disease. The authors emphasize that economic variables often become salient through relative deprivation. Their econometric analysis indicates that stagnation and decline in real GDP, a high ratio of military expenditures to national income, a tradition of violent conflict, high income inequality, and slow growth in average food production are sources of emergencies. Also, inflation and low levels of IMF funding are associated with emergencies, although the direction of causation may be opposite.

THE RE-ELECTION OF PRESIDENT FERNANDO HENRIQUE CARDOSO IN OCTOBER 1998 COINCIDED WITH THE ONSET OF A SEVERE FINANCIAL CRISIS IN BRAZIL. THAT CRISIS HAS WORSENED SINCE HE FORMALLY REASSUMED OFFICE ON 1 JANUARY 1999, DESPITE THE GOVERNMENT'S PROGRAM OF FISCAL STABILITY AND A MASSIVE IMF-LED RESCUE PACKAGE. THIS ARTICLE ARGUES THAT THE CAUSES OF THE CRISIS ARE ESSENTIALLY POLITICAL AND THAT ITS SOLUTION WILL DEPEND ON POLITICAL WILL AND CLEAR POLITICAL CHOICES. THESE INCLUDE TOO LONG DEFERRED CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS AND CHANGES IN BRAZIL'S POLITICAL SYSTEM.

THE 1997-98 PACIFIC ASIAN CRISIS HAVE LEFT MOST ESTABLISHED INTERPRETATIONS OF THE REGION'S LONG-TERM GROWTH IN SERIOUS DISARRAY. THIS PAPER BEGINS THE TASK OF REINTERPRETING PACIFIC ASIAN ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH, IN PARTICULAR, AN EXAMINATION OF THE THAI EXPERIENCE. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE THAI SITUATION HAS WIDER APPLICATION IN SEEKING TO UNDERSTAND PACIFIC ASIAN GROWTH IN GENERAL AND THE 1997-98 CRISIS IN PARTICULAR. THIS LEADS TO A QUESTIONING OF THE IMF NEOLIBERAL-BASED INTERPRETATIONS OF PACIFIC ASIAN GROWTH AND THE PRESCRIPTIONS FOR DEALING WITH THE CRISIS.

Argues that close business-government linkages, non-transparent financial markets, and myriad market rigidities have progressively undermined the Asian economies. The IMF has demanded fundamental reforms of those countries' political and economic institutions. Argues that both diagnosis and remedy are seriously flawed and are likely to prolong the crisis. The suddenness and depth of the crisis cannot be explained by the economic structures of these countries, but rather by the policies of financial liberalization that they pursued. (Original abstract - amended)

WITH THE END OF THE COLD WAR, STATES ARE REVISING RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER STATES AND WITHIN THE GLOBAL INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AS A WHOLE. THE ISSUES PRESENTED IN THIS ARTICLE RAISE CRUCIAL QUESTIONS ABOUT THE UN SYSTEM'S CAPACITY TO TACKLE THE PROBLEMS OF OUR DAY. THE PAPER EXAMINES A COMMUNICATIONS BREAKDOWN AND POINTS OUT THAT WHEN THE UN ENGAGED IN PEACE NEGOTIATIONS EARLY IN 1990 IT DID NOT THINK TO CONSULT THE IMF OR THE WORLD BANK. IT ARGUES THAT BETTER INTEGRATION SHOULD BE ADDRESSED NOW.

This paper reviews some of the most significant imbalances that the Iranian economy faces as it enters the 1990s, and offers a set of remedial policies. It is argued that the economy suffers from a multitude of "gaps" (supply-demand, distributional foreign exchange, fiscal, savings-investment, human-capital, economic-management, and technological gaps), and that a "multi-gap" approach to economic growth in the medium term is superior to stabilization and structural adjustment programs advocated by the IMF and the World Bank. (DÜI-Hns)

THIS ARTICLE DEVELOPS A POLITICAL ECONOMIC MODEL WHICH ALLOWS US TO UNDERSTAND THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS BEHIND THE FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A TRADE POLICY. WHEN APPLIED TO THE CASE OF THE PHILIPPINES, THIS MODEL REVEALS THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT, THE PRESSURE GROUPS SUPPORTING THE EXPORT PROMOTION STRATEGY (SUCH AS THE LAND HOLDERS, TECHNOCRATES, PRODUCERS OF MANUFACTURED GOODS, IMF, WORLD BANK AND GOVERNMENT OF INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES) AND THOSE SUPPORTING IMPORT SUBSTITUTION STRATEGY (SUCH AS THE LOCAL INVESTOR, PEASANTS AND LABOR UNION).

Zambia's wealth is built on copper. The roots of Zambia's pauperisation lie in the copper industry and the latter's integration into the world economy. The copper industry's decline was gradual, yet steady; with the Zambian political economy built upon mineral extraction, the government had to bind recovery to foreign financial support which established the influential role of the International Monetary Fund in the country. Both factors, the world economy and the IMF, are described in this article as the leading actors in Zambia's present economic drama. (DÜI-Hns)

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Boliviens Entwicklung bezüglich der Reduktion von Armut unter einerseits dem ?Washington Consensus? des Internationalen Währungsfonds und andererseits den ?alternativen? Reformstrategien Evo Morales zu betrachten. Um diese Untersuchung durchführen zu können, werden die theoretischen Hintergründe beider Herangehensweisen vorgestellt. Die theoretische Basis des IWF bildet der ?Washington Consensus?, welcher auf den Theorien des Solow-Wachstumsmodell, der Kuznets Hypothese und der Konvergenztheorie beruht. Durch die Kritik am ?Washington Consensus? entwickelten sich die ?alternativen? Reformansätze. Grundsätzlich unterscheiden jene sich von den marktorientierten Strategien des IWF der 1980er und 1990er Jahre in der Behandlung von Problemen wie steigender Ungleichheit, Instabilität und der Reduzierung der Rolle des Staates. Die sogenannte ?New Political Economy? Stiglitzs, die ?Neue Wachstumsstrategie? Rodriks und die ?Poverty-Traps-Theory? Azariadis/Stachurski entwickelten sich und werden in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt. Im empirischen Abschnitt wird versucht, die aus der Theorie gezogenen Schlussfolgerungen der jeweiligen Strategien mit dem Ziel der Armutsreduzierung zu vergleichen. Dabei wird die Entwicklung Boliviens in die Phase vor den IWF-Interventionen (1952-1984), die Reformen der I. Generation (1985-1990), die Reformen der II. Generation (1990-2003) und die Ära Evo Morales (seit 2006) eingeteilt. Die Schlussfolgerung dieser Untersuchung (Daten der Weltbank) zeigt eindeutig, dass durch die Interventionen des IWF (1984-2003) keine Reduktion der Armut erzeugt werden konnte, auch die Ungleichverteilung nahm stark zu. Wohingegen die Maßnahmen der Regierung Morales äußerst vielversprechende Mittel darstellen, um das Land aus der Armutsfalle zu führen. Obwohl sich schon Tendenzen in Richtung der Reduktion von Armut und Erzeugung eines gerechter verteilten Vermögens abzeichnen, werden sich die tatsächlichen Auswirkungen erst in Zukunft zeigen. ; The purpose of this paper is to analyse Bolivias development regarding the reduction of poverty. This is done on the one hand under the Washington Consensus, the policy strategy of the IMF (1984-2003), and on the other hand under the governance of Evo Morales (since 2006).First of all the theoretical background of the two strategies are presented. That is the market orientated setting of the IMFs Washington Consensus, namely the Solow growth model, the Kuznets hypothesis and the convergence theory. Out of this neoliberal strategies objected by the IMF a great deal of critique developed, this could be summarized as the ?alternative? approach to reforms. In this paper the ?New Political Economy? by Joseph Stiglitz, the ?New Growth Strategie? by Dani Rodrik and the ?Poverty Traps Theory? by C. Azariadis /J. Stachurski are mentioned, which could be seen as ?alternative? poverty reduction strategies. These two approaches differ essentially in dealing with problems of increasing inequality, volatility and the role of the state as an economic actor.The empirical part of this paper tries to point out the impact of the two highly differential methods on the objective of poverty reduction in Bolivia. This is done by dividing Bolivias development in the ?Pre-Reform-Period? (1952-1984), the 1st Generation of Reform (1985-1990), the 2nd Generation of Reform (1990-2003) and the age of the governance of Evo Morales (since 2006). The conclusion of this investigation, which is based on data of the World Bank, is clear: The measures taken by the IMF failed to decrease poverty, contrariwise the poverty situation got worse and the division of assets got more unequal than ever. While the measures which so far have been taken by the Morales government seem quite auspicious. Although there is a positive tendency, a slightly decrease in poverty, the future will show the impact on the social wealth of Bolivia. ; Lisbeth Keplinger ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2011 ; (VLID)216817

ÖZETULUSLARARASI MALİ KURULUŞLARIN DENETİMİNDE TÜRKİYE VE AZERBAYCAN EKONOMİ POLİTİKALARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİİSMAYİLOV, EldarYuksek Lisans Tezi, Bankacılık Anabilim DalıTez Danışmanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hayati ERİŞİstanbul, 2009Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti, zengin doğal kaynakları ile Güney Kafkasya'nın en stratejik ve kalkınma perspektiflerine sahip ülkesidir. Bölgeye yönelik yabancı yatırımların ilk durak noktası olan Azerbaycan'ın özellikle enerji sektörüne yabancı sermaye yatırımları başarılı şekilde yapılmaktadır. Aliyev yönetimi ile beraber ülkede siyasi ve ekonomik istikrar sağlanmış, yüzde 1500'lerde olan enflasyon uygulanan sıkı para politikaları neticesinde 1995 yılından itibaren düşüşe geçmiş ve dizginlenen enflasyon deflasyona dönüşmüş ve eksi hale gelmiştir. Bütçenin gerek hazırlanmasında gerekse uygulanmasında bazı ilkelere uyma zorunluluğu vardır. Böylece bütçelerin hedeflerine ulaşarak başarılı olmaları, gerçek bir demokratik parlamenter denetime imkân tanımaları mümkündür. Bu çerçevede bütçe ilkeleri bütçenin hazırlanmasında ve uygulanmasında uyulması gereken ilkeler olarak tanımlanabilir. Söz konusu ilkeler 19. yüzyıldan itibaren geliştirilmiş ve özellikle parlamenter demokratik rejimle yönetilen ülkelerde yasama organının kamu harcamalarının tümünü kendi izin ve denetimi altında tutma arzusundan kaynaklanmıştır. Zaman içinde mevcut ilkelere yenileri eklenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile Azerbaycan ve Türkiye değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Bu değerlendirme yapılırken ülkelerin bütçe, para politikaları, maliye politikaları, bankacılık sistemleri ve IMF olan ilişkileri hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir ve aynı zamanda Azerbaycan ve Türkiye sistemler arasındaki etkileşim bütçe, para politikası, maliye politikası uygulanan IMF politikaları göz önüne alınarak değerlendirilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Azerbaycan ve Türkiye Ekonomi, Azerbaycan ve Türkiye Bütçe, Maliye Politikası, Para Politikası, Azerbaycan ve Türkiye Değerlendirme ABSTRACTINTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS SUPERVISION OF THE EVALUATION OF TURKEY AND AZERBAIJAN ECONOMIC POLICYISMAYILOV, EldarMaster's Degree Thesis, Department of BankSupervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Hayati ERİŞIstanbul, 2009Azerbaijan Republic, with rich natural resources of the South Caucasus countries with the most strategic and development perspective is. The first stopping point for foreign investment to the region that Azerbaijan's energy sector, especially foreign investment is done successfully.Aliyev administration political and economic stability in the country is provided with a percentage applied to 1500s that tight monetary policies, inflation results in a decrease in the past and since 1995 had turned to rein the inflation and deflation has become negative. The preparation of the budget must comply with both the implementation is to have some principles. Thus the success of budgets achieve their goals, to allow a true democratic parliamentary control is possible.In this context principles of budget preparation and implementation of the budget must be followed as policies can be defined. Principles in question 19 century, and especially from developed parliamentary democracy with legislative bodies in countries of managed public expenditure under control, keeping all his desire to leave and was caused by. Over time, new ones were added to the existing policy.Azerbaijan and Turkey have been working with this evaluation. This evaluation is being done the budgets of countries, monetary policies, fiscal policies, banking systems and the relationship between the IMF about the information given and also the system of Azerbaijan and Turkey, the interaction between the budget, monetary policy, fiscal policy implemented IMF policies taken into consideration were evaluated.Keywords: Azerbaijan and Turkey Economy, Azerbaijan and Turkey Budget, Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, Azerbaijan and Turkey Evaluation

We identify the Asian financial crisis to be the result of the instabilities of short-term capital flows, inadequate prudential supervision in the financial markets of the developing countries, mistaken commitments to the fixed exchange rate regime, lack of international coordination in the regulation of international financial markets, absence of an international mechanism for the orderly working out of international debt, and inappropriate "rescue" packages imposed by the IMF. We recommend 30 policy reforms to make the international economy more resilient to financial turmoil, and to reduce the costs of such turmoil. We conclude that there is little particularly "Asian" about the Asian financial crisis. Even though official Washington, led by the IMF, proclaimed the crisis to be one of Asian capitalism, the more generic character of the crisis became all too clear during 1998, as the crisis spread to Russia, South Africa, and Brazil. Rather than an Asian crisis, the world is experiencing a type of global crisis that reflects the rapid arrival of global capitalism, in a world economy not yet used to the integration of the advanced and developing countries. Because we see no justification for the monopoly position of the IMF as the sole international institution on monetary affairs, we advocate the formation of regional monetary bodies to provide mutual support in the event of a financial crisis hitting one or another member country. We also advocate that an international bankruptcy system be established in order to accelerate an orderly workout of international debts when a developing country falls into an extreme indebtedness crisis. Existing key international organisations like the IMF have performed poorly, and they must be reformed to render them more transparent in their operations, and more democratic in their governance. Developing countries must have a greater role in designing future rescue packages extended to financially distressed countries so that rescue packages will no longer be biased toward the interests of the creditor countries. The new global financial architecture should have generalised floating of currencies as its mainstay. The bad debts of the financial and corporate sectors in Pacific Asia to be quickly resolved by the infusion of public money, and the takeover of some large domestic banks by foreign banks. Furthermore, the revival of the corporate sectors in Asia requires international creditors to write-down the value of their loans, and to convert part of their loans into equity participation. There is a serious mismatch in Pacific Asia, particularly in most of southeast Asia, between investment in physical hardware - factories and machinery - and investment in the social software - scientific research centers, administrative and judiciary systems, and growth of civil society. In a world of growing international competitiveness, when foreign direct investors are courted not just by Asia but Central Europe and Latin America, the concerns over governance are bound to grow, and to weigh increasingly heavily on the unreformed countries of Asia. The long-term competitiveness of Asia rests as much on "getting its institutions right" as on "getting the prices right."

Recommended readings (Machine generated): Alesina, A. and S. Ardagna (1998) 'Tales of Fiscal Adjustment', Economic Policy, October: 489-545 -- Alesina, A. and R. Perotti (1995) 'Fiscal Expansion and Adjustments in OECD Countries', Economic Policy, 10 (21): 205-48 -- Alesina, A. and R. Perotti (1997) 'Fiscal Adjustments in OECD Countries: Composition and Macroeconomic Effects', IMF Staff Papers, 44 (June): 210-48 -- Arndt, H.W. (1944) The Economic Lessons of the Nineteen-Thirties. London: Frank Cass -- Barro, R. (1974) 'Are Government Bonds Net Wealth?', Journal of Political Economy, 82 (6): 1095-117 -- Barro, R. (2009) 'Government Spending is No Free Lunch: Now the Democrats are Peddling Voodoo Economics', Wall Street Journal, 22 January. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123258618204604599.html -- Blanchard, O. (2012) 'Driving the Global Economy with the Brakes On', IMF Direct, 24 January. www.Blog-IMFDirect.IMF.org/2012/01/24/driving-the-global-economy-with-the-brakes-on/ -- Blanchard, O., G. Dell Ariccia and P. Mauro (2010) 'Rethinking Macroeconomic Policy', IMF Staff Position Note SPN 10/03, 12 February. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2010/spn1003.pdf -- Briotti, M.G. (2005) 'Economic Reactions to Public Finance Consolidation: A Survey of the Literature', European Central Bank Occasional Paper Series, No. 38, October. http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpops/ecbocp38.pdf -- Buchanan (1958) Public Principles of Public Debt: A Defence and Restatement. Homewood, Illinois: R.D. Irwin -- Buchanan (2008) 'Public Debt', in S. Durlauf and L. Blume (eds), New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Vol. 6., pp. 727-31 -- Callinicos, A. (2012) 'Contradictions of Austerity', Cambridge Journal of Economics, 36 (1): 65-77 -- Clark, P. (1979), 'Issues in the Analysis of Capital Formation and Productivity Growth', Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 10 (2): 423-46 -- Cochrane, J. (2009) 'Fiscal Stimulus, Fiscal Inflation or Fiscal Fallacies', 27 February. http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/john.cochrane/research/Papers/fiscal2.htm -- Douglas, P.H. (1933) Collapse or Cycle. Chicago: American Library Association -- Douglas, P.H. and A. Director (1931) The Problem of Unemployment. NY: Macmillan -- Fama, E. (2009) 'Bailouts and Stimulus Plans', Fama/French Forum, 13 January. http://www.dimensional.com/famafrench/2009/01/bailouts-and-stimulus-plans.html -- Ferguson, J.M. (1964) Public Debt and Future Generations. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press -- Foster, W.T. and W. Catchings (1925) Profits. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.