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1.11 Conclusion and RecommendationsAcknowledgment; Conflict of interest; References; Further Reading; 2 Sustainable Agricultural Practices Using Beneficial Fungi Under Changing Climate Scenario; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Fungi as a Biofertilizer; 2.3 Fungi as a Biocontrol Agent; 2.4 Application of Fungi in Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils (Mycoremediation); 2.5 Conclusion; References; 3 Climate Change and Soil Dynamics: Effects on Soil Microbes and Fertility of Soil; 3.1 Microbial Response to Changes in Climate; 3.1.1 Effect of Increase in Temperature; 3.1.2 Impact of Increased Carbon Dioxide

"This book probes key issues pertaining to Africa's relations with global actors. It provides a comprehensive trajectory of Africa's relations with key bilateral and major multilateral actors, assessing how the Cold War affected the African state systems' political policies, its economies, and its security. Taken together, the essays in this volume provide a collective understanding of Africa's drive to improve the capacity of its state of global affairs, and assess whether it is in fact able to do so."--Back cover

AbstractWhat are the after‐effects of the Bosnia and Herzegovinian (BH) transition from a post‐socialist, post‐genocide, and post‐ethno‐nationalist state into a European liberal democracy? This article makes a case for war reparation and argues that while poverty reduction has not been among the stated aims of transitional justice mechanisms, it is of critical importance to study war victims' deprivation in the context of historical patterns of structural injustice and examine liberal reconstruction policies that failed to provide compensation and legal redress for gross violations of human rights and serious violations of humanitarian law. The article uses the historical sociology approach as a method of analysis to investigate how moving away from a socialist to a capitalist economic model, from war to peace, and from one party political system to liberal democracy has resulted in structural injustice and growing levels of poverty that adversely impact most vulnerable Bosnians. The article presents an argument that the lack of post‐war reparation programs, coupled with an inadequate emphasis on political regime change, poverty reduction programs and social and economic rights such as access to welfare, cash assistance, food, transportation, education, pension, and disability benefits to ensure the quality of living is detrimental to everyday lives of war victims and people who live at the bottom of the society.

Gendered subject of postsocialism : state socialist legacies, global challenges and (re)building of tradition / Ildikó Asztalos Morell and Yulia Gradskova -- New gendered geographies -- Hierarchical sisterhood : an example of Swedish-Bosnian encounters for gender equality and peace 1993-2013 / Sanela Bajramovic Jusufbegovic -- Elder care in Russia and sidelka from Central Asia / Noriko Igarashi -- Around the corner? : female empowerment and security in Georgia / Li Bennich-Björkman -- Neoliberal governance and the gendered enterprising self -- Russian hostess in Japan : a way towards self-fulfillment? / Yulia Mikhailova -- Post-socialist gender failures : men in the economies of recognition / Arturas Tereskinas -- "A mom who has time for everything" : mothers between work and family in contemporary Ukraine / Olena Strelnyk -- Roma women ngos agency in marginalized rural municipalities in Hungary / Ildikó Asztalos Morell -- Resilient legacies of state socialism -- "Women have always had harder lives" : the gender roles and representations of the self in the oral recollections of older Czech women / Radmila Varícková Slabáková -- Home is the "place of women's strength" : gendering housing in soviet and post-soviet Russia / Yulia Gradskova -- Post-soviet legacies in girls' education in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan / Kuanysh Tastanbekova -- The new state between marketization, democratization and retraditionalisation -- "Gender restoration" and "masculinisation" of political life in Poland : the controversies over the abortion legislation after 1989 / Renata Ingbrant -- Obstacles for women in technical higher education in Hungary / Valéria Szekeres -- Gendered identities among medical professionals in post-socialist Russian cinema / Roman Abramov, Elena Iarskaia-Smirnova and Denis Saltykov -- Index -- List of abbreviations

The relationship between citizens and police occupies a central place both in urban politics and in the political economy of cities. In this respect, for nearly 50 years, New York and Los Angeles have been bellwethers for many of the nation's larger cities. In each city, as in cities across the world, citizens look to police to protect them from crime, maintain social order, respond to a variety of extra-legal community concerns, and reinforce the moral order of the law by apprehending offenders and helping bring them to justice (Reiss, 1971; Black, 1980; Skogan and Frydl, 2004). Beyond enforcing social and political order, the police are the front line representatives of a variety of social service needs in communities (Walker, 1992). Accordingly, policing is an amenity of urban places that shapes how citizens regard their neighborhood and their city, and in turn, the extent to which citizens see their local institutions as responsive and reliable (Skogan, 2006). Effective and sustainable governance, especially when it comes to public safety, depends on the capacity of the institutions of criminal justice to provide "value" that leverages legitimacy and cooperation among its citizens (Moore et al., 2002; Skogan and Frydl, 2004; Tyler and Fagan, 2008; Tyler, 2010).

In recent years, academics, policy makers and media outlets have increasingly recognised the importance of Caribbean migrations and migrants to the histories and cultures of countries across the Northern Atlantic. Memory, Migration and (De)Colonisation furthers our understanding of the lives of many of these migrants, and the contexts through which they lived and continue to live. In particular, it focuses on the relationship between Caribbean migrants and processes of decolonisation. The chapters in this book range across disciplines and time periods to present a vibrant understanding of the ever-changing interactions between Caribbean peoples and colonialism as they migrated within and between colonial contexts. At the heart of this book are the voices of Caribbean migrants themselves, whose critical reflections on their experiences of migration and decolonisation are interwoven with the essays of academics and activists.

Comparing and contrasting Serbian and Croatian propaganda from 1986 to 1999, this text analyses each group's contemporary interpretations of history and current events, offering a discussion of holocaust imagery and the history of victim-centred writing in nationalist theory

"Indigenous peoples are recognised as groups with specific rights based on their historical ties to particular territories. The United Nations estimates there are 370 million Indigenous peoples, with Indigenous populations being recognised in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, the Arctic region, Central and South America, and across Asia and Africa. Indigenous Aspirations and Rights takes an Indigenous perspective in examining the intersection of business with Indigenous peoples' rights, in light of the UN Global Compact and the PRME. Indigenous rights include, but are not limited to, human, cultural, educational, employment, participatory development, economic, and social rights, rights to land and natural resources, and impacts on identity, institutions, and relations. This book illustrates three main aspects of business practices in relation to Indigenous peoples: Indigenous perspectives on failures, business and ongoing challenges to Indigenous aspirations and rights, and modelling success for Indigenous and business interests. Edited by three leading voices in Indigenous rights research and practice, Indigenous Aspirations and Rights features contributions from around the globe. The work draws together policy implications for management and implications for Indigenous peoples, and examines how the PRME, the UN Global Compact, and the concept of socially responsible business can be expanded to encompass more positive outcomes for Indigenous peoples."--Provided by publisher.

The marketised and securitised shaping of formal education sites in terms of risk prevention strategies have transformed what it means to be a learner and a citizen. In this book, Karl Kitching explores racialised dimensions to suggest how individuals and collectives are increasingly made responsible for their own welfare as 'good' or 'bad' students, at the expense of the protection of their rights as learner-citizens. Focusing on Ireland as a post-colonial Atlantic state, the book demonstrates how liberal governance, racisms, migration and mass education are interconnected and struggled over

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the unique effect of ethnicity on people's internet connectedness. Internet connectedness is a multi‐dimensional relationship that individuals form with the internet.Design/methodology/approachSurvey findings from a study of four ethnic groups living in seven residential areas within ten miles from the Los Angeles Civic Center indicate that ethnicity has a significant unique effect not only on the rate of people's internet access, but also on the three dimensions of the internet connectedness index: context and history; scope and intensity; and centrality, after controlling for individual socio‐economic factors.FindingsThe results indicated that African‐Americans lagged behind other ethnic groups in all three dimensions of their internet connectedness. This suggests that the ways in which the internet is incorporated into people's everyday lives are likely to differ by geo‐ethnic areas.Originality/valueImplications of these results are discussed from a "communication infrastructure framework," which provides an ecological framework to interpret the ethnic differences in the multiple dimensions of internet connectedness.