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In 2018 Italian general elections, the Lega has dramatically increased its consensus in the 'red belt', the central area of the country traditionally ruled by centre-left parties. Pundits have argued that this performance can be attributed to the new leadership of Matteo Salvini, who changed the ideological location of the Lega by transforming it in a national right-wing party. This article hypothesizes that geographical trajectories of diffusion of the party are associated with the prevalence of a neo-fascist minority present in the 'red belt' during the First Republic. By employing official electoral results at the municipality level, the article analyses the relationship between the percentages of votes for the MSI in 1976 and the Lega in the 2006–2018 period in Tuscany, Umbria, and Marche. The neo-fascist inheritance results to be associated with the vote for the Lega only in 2018, after the change in the political discourse and leadership of the party.

Fukuyama (1992) claimed that liberal democracy had won and that this was the end of history. When the third wave of democratization happened, it seemed that he was correct. Latin America was important for this because it was a post-colonial region that has a long history of authoritarian regimes. So now that Latin America was seeing democratic regimes growing, there was a sense that democracy had won, and that Latin America would use their newly found democratic rights to pursue liberalization and candidates to promote their democracy and economic growth. However, democracy is a double-edged sword; Latin America could use these rights to cause democratic regression and revert into an authoritarian state. The literature has found that there is a connection between several measurements, and I continued this by using variables that measure personal and national economic evaluations and a quality of life (QOL) measurement. To do this, I set all my variables on a binary scale and found each respective variable's significance and coefficient using Hotelling's T2 and logit regression before finding the McFadden pseudo-r-squared, significance, and coefficients for all variables together. My logit regression found that I had rejected the null and that a combination of personal and national economic evaluations and QOL, specifically QOL that is also tied to economic life, lead to an increased likelihood of the election of an authoritarian.

This paper reports on crossing borders virtually via an e-Tandem scheme and presents the findings of a study, in which students of English from an Austrian university were paired with students of German from the UK and the USA. Drawing on data from 19 in-depth interviews, the study aims to identify links between e-Tandem language learning and foreign language enjoyment (FLE) (Dewaele & MacIntyre, 2014, 2016). A category-based qualitative text analysis (Kuckartz, 2014) revealed that a majority of the interviewees felt e-Tandem language learning contributed to their FLE. Furthermore, a range of reasons underlying students' perceived enjoyment of learning a language in Tandem emerged: having authentic conversations in the target language with L1 (first language) users (Dewaele, 2018), perceiving each other as cultural mediators and a difference from language classroom contexts on the level of power relations, which made students feel more at ease. Helping each other, receiving one-on-one feedback and perceiving improvement in their linguistic mastery were furthermore mentioned as factors they felt boosted their enjoyment and so was developing friendships with L1 users. According to the interviewees, these aspects specifically increased their interest and enjoyment in using and learning the language and their eudaimonic happiness. The findings demonstrate that e-Tandem language learning can be a resource to enhance perceived enjoyment in foreign language learners at tertiary level and they illustrate that social and private components of FLE seem to be interlinked.

ABSTRACT:The European Historic Towns Atlas project, probably the largest one in European urban history, is conceptually rooted in national histories. Methodologically it is focused on the production and interpretation of large-scale maps primarily for the understanding of urban morphogenesis and the role of morphological agents but also of issues connected with the economic and cultural aspects of urban life. The atlas project now involves 19 countries and with over 520 towns produced across Europe, pioneer comparative urban studies have been published. Comparative work based on theoretical underpinning is the aim of the project and though it holds great potential, it also faces challenges: access to published towns, language barriers and consistency between national productions. It is argued that the digital production of the atlases may provide a chance for a more unified approach in the future.

We test the effects of physical appearance on electoral outcomes for the 2013 German national elections. We find that a candidate's perceived attractiveness and, to a lesser extent, competence vis‐á‐vis his or her closest contestant increases the chances of winning a direct mandate, while likability plays a minor role. Additionally, we find the appearance effects to be conditioned by gender, age, and incumbency status. Our study advances existing research in four ways. First, we capture relative differences in appearances, which resembles real‐world situations more closely than absolute measures. Second, we proceed beyond a one‐dimensional assessment of appearance by simultaneously analyzing attractiveness, competence, and likability, including interactions. Third, the central role of parties in the German mixed electoral system makes an especially tough test for appearance‐based effects. Fourth, we use rater response latency to weight our measurement with an assessment of ambivalence.Related Articles

Arbour, Brian, and
Ernest B. McGowen, III. 2017. "." Politics & Policy 45 (): 224‐252. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12197/full


McKenzie, Mark Jonathan,
Cynthia R. Rugeley, and
Michael A. Unger. 2015."" Politics & Policy 43 (): 562‐585. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12123/full


Galdieri, Christopher J.,
Kevin Parsneau, and
J. Scott Granberg‐Rademacker. 2012. "." Politics & Policy 40 (): 680‐703. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00367.x/abstract
Related Media
Video Clip: Fox Business. 2012. "Appearance Matters in Presidential Elections." http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/1383561524001/?#sp = show-clips

Study.com. 2012. "Factors that Influence Voters During Presidential Elections." http://study.com/academy/lesson/factors-that-influence-voters-during-presidential-elections.html

Websites:
Mlodinow, Leonard. 2012. "." The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jun/17/candidate-winning-look-voters-romney-obama


Shah, Yagana. 2016. "." The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/heres-how-looks-could-affect-the-2016-elections_us_56ddb12fe4b03a4056793bb6

AbstractDoes conditionality always work? If, as it appears, the answer is negative, why do certain externally incentivized countries comply while others do not? To answer these questions we rely on cognitive psychology and dynamic Bayesian principal‐agent games to develop a theory of downwards‐sloping long‐run supply curves. More specifically, we explain how, when applied to an intrinsically motivated agent, external incentives imposed by an informed principal carry an informative signal which in the long run crowds out the agent's intrinsic motivation. To probe the plausibility of the ensuing hypotheses we compare the reformist pace of two centre‐left governments of financially distressed Southern European countries during the eurozone crisis, namely Greece's Papandreou administration and Spain's Rodríguez Zapatero administration. Based on the analysis of more than 400 newspaper reports and 12 expert interviews we find positive support for our theory: while Papandreou quickly admitted the need for far‐reaching and politically costly reforms, Zapatero initially delayed all kinds of measures. But as European incentives kicked in, the strongly incentivized Papandreou went into irreversible reform fatigue, while the softly incentivized Zapatero dedicated his last months in office to bring about unprecedented reforms. We conclude with some indications about future research in this direction.

In 1997, the Urban Project Department of the Chilean Ministry of Housing in cooperation with Antofagasta local government and the Land Ministry began the making of a development plan for an unused area in the northern tip of the city known as La Chimba. The aim of the plan was to ensure a methodical and coherent planning of 417 hectares of land belonging to the State. This plan proposed a new way of projecting the growth of the city, with a special emphasis in the connectivity of the project, considering car parking and bi-directional routes as well as proposing a mix zoning use, including equipment areas, urban parks, accompanied by a policy of image change of an area up to then seen a derelict as is reveled in scale models and plans of the project. One of the most important challenges of the project was to implement innovative urban management tools. Ten years after some successful decisions and mistakes can be identified. The project was implemented but due to urban development policies changes other similar projects have not been implemented since. ; En el año 1997, la Dirección de Proyectos Urbanos del MINVU, conjuntamente con el Municipio de Antofagasta y el Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales, iniciaron el diseño del Plan Seccional La Chimba, cuyo objetivo fue trabajar la planificación de forma ordenada y coherente en 417 ha de terrenos Fiscales en el sector norte costero de la ciudad. Este Plan Seccional propuso una nueva forma de proyectar el crecimiento de la ciudad, poniendo énfasis en la conectividad del proyecto, considerando estacionamientos y vías bidireccionales, con una propuesta de zonificación de usos mixtos, incluyendo sectores para equipamientos y parques urbanos, acompañado con una imagen de ciudad mediante maquetas e infografías del proyecto. Una de los desafíos más importantes fue la puesta en marcha y aplicación de Herramientas de Gestión Urbana, que para esos años, fueron bastante innovadoras. Casi 20 años después, se observan sus aciertos y sus errores y se concluye que el proyecto comenzó ...