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KEY ISSUESContext. Since the mid-2000s, macroeconomic stability supported by high world commodity prices and active social policies have contributed to nearly tripling income per capita and reducing poverty in Bolivia. Prudent fiscal policies allowed saving a sizable portion of the hydrocarbon revenue windfall, improving the resilience of the economy to adverse external shocks. Reflecting this, Bolivia was one of few countries in Latin America that sustained positive growth during the global crisis of 2008?09 and weathered well the recent regional slowdown.Recent developments and outlook. Real

Perennially frozen ground and sea ice are key constituents of permafrost coastal systems, and their presence is the primary difference between temperate and high-latitude coastal processes. These systems are some of the most rapidly changing landscapes on Earth and, in the Arctic, are representative of the challenges being faced at the intersection between natural and anthropogenic systems. Permafrost thaw, in combination with increasing sea level and decreasing sea-ice cover, exposes arctic coastal and nearshore areas to rapid environmental and social changes. Based on decadal timescales, observations in the Arctic indicate an increase in permafrost coastal bluff erosion and storm surge flooding of low-lying ice-rich permafrost terrain. However, circum-arctic observations remain limited and the factors responsible for the apparent increase in arctic coastal dynamics are poorly constrained. A better understanding of permafrost coastal systems and how they are responding to changes in the Arctic is important since a high proportion of Arctic residents live on or near coastlines, and many derive their livelihood from terrestrial and nearshore marine resources. An expanding industrial, scientific, and commercial presence in the Arctic Ocean will also require advanced knowledge about permafrost coastlines as terrestrial access points. Since the issues involved span political, cultural, geographical, and disciplinary borders, an international network focused on permafrost coastal systems in transition is needed. An integrative network focused on permafrost coastal systems is required to realize and address the scale and complexity of the processes, dynamics, and responses of this system to physical, ecological, and social change. A primary focus of such an effort would be guided by the fact that the issues and impacts associated with permafrost coastal systems in transition are far greater than any single institution or discipline is capable of addressing alone. Future permafrost coastal system dynamics will ...

Do international naming and shaming campaigns reduce public support for repressive leaders? International advocacy can provide domestic audiences with new information about human rights abuses and shift perspectives about repression. When effective, these tactics reduce repression by marring a leader's reputation with the public. Recent research has begun to analyze this causal pathway but has yet to consider the impact of international advocacy on support for repressive leaders across different groups. I argue that the impact of advocacy on individual support for repressive leaders varies with individuals' relationship to repression victims, identification with repressive leaders, and trust in campaign sources. Using a representative survey experiment in the United States, I find that naming and shaming increases opposition to repressive leaders among those who view victims as non-threatening and those who do not share a party with the leader. Of concern, advocacy results in a backlash effect among other demographics.

ABSTRACT
Using an international sample of firms from 36 countries over the period 2002 to 2018, we investigate whether short sellers take firms' climate risk into consideration when making investment decisions. Our empirical results show that short sellers increase their short-selling interest in firms with high carbon emission intensity but shun good carbon performers. Furthermore, the effect of climate risk on short-selling interest is more pronounced for firms operating in countries or regions that have adopted an emission trading scheme (ETS) as well as in countries characterized by higher regulatory quality and greater media pressure. We also document that short sellers in countries with stringent carbon regulations, higher environmental awareness, and superior environmental performance are more sensitive to climate risk. Our channel analyses highlight that stock overvaluation and an opaque information environment are two potential motives for short-selling interest in carbon-risky firms.

Arbeitsplatzabbau, Korruption, Terrorismus, Seuchen, Klimaerwärmung - globale Herausforderungen halten sich nicht an Staatsgrenzen. Der Veränderungsdruck ist grenzenlos und unnachgiebig geworden, die Unsicherheit wächst. Was kommt nach dem Zeitalter des Nationalstaats? Wer legt die Maßstäbe für gutes Regieren an? Wo wird entschieden über Weltpolitik? Konstruktive Lösungsansätze diskutieren: - Klaus Schwab, Gründer und Vorsitzender des Weltwirtschaftsforums - Liu Mingkang, Vorsitzender der chinesischen Bankaufsicht CBRC - Josef Ackermann, Sprecher des Vorstandes der Deutschen Bank AG - Mathias Döpfner, Vorstandsvorsitzender der Axel Springer AG - Shashi Tharoor, Kommunikationschef der Vereinten Nationen - Louis Schweitzer, Präsident und Vorstandsvorsitzender von Renault - Charles Handy, Autor und Gesellschaftsphilosoph - Ahmad El Sheikh, Nachrichtenchef von Al Dschasira - Eason Jordan, Redaktionsleiter und Nachrichtenchef von CNN - Peter Eigen, Vorsitzender von Transparency International - Irene Khan, Generalsekretärin von Amnesty International - Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Chefankläger am Internationalen Strafgerichtshof - José Ramos-Horta, Friedensnobelpreisträger

This chapter explores how the polarization around religion and gender that plays out in contemporary international politics affects international development. It is that game changers in the context of polarization cannot be found by focusing on the loudest voices. The chapter explores the work of actors that are situated in the middle: religious feminists and religious development NGOs, in terms of how these actors navigate the polarization around religion and gender. It will conclude that rather than allowing the polarization in international politics to influence what happens at the grassroots, international development actors are uniquely equipped to depolarize by building networks and alliances in the middle that offer more inclusive language and approaches to promote gender equality and challenge gender-based violence. The chapter reflects on challenges and potential pitfalls of religious feminist and religious NGO approaches in their efforts to realize gender equality as part of their religious missions.

The international research office for the study of social implications of technological change was established in Paris in 1953. One of its main functions is to act as a clearing house for this field of research. The office has undertaken the preparation of a general bibliography and various specialized bibliographies. The research office wishes to be a kind of cooperative for the many organizations and U. departments engaged in research in this field. It is attempting to assemble less widely available documentation, and be available as a practical research consultant to any private or official service bodies. It is highly desirable that specialists and organizations engaged in research on the social implications of technological change should submit regular information concerning their work directly to the research office. Specialists who are not yet on the research office's list of correspondents are requested to contact the Office. J. E. Hughes.

The responsibilities of the regulator should be clearly and objectively stated. The regulator should be operationally independent and accountable in the exercise of its functions and powers. The regulator should have adequate powers, proper resources and the capacity to perform its functions and exercise its powers. The regulator should adopt clear and consistent regulatory processes. The staff of the regulator should observe the highest professional standards including appropriate standards of confidentiality. The regulatory regime should make appropriate use of Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs) that exercise some direct oversight responsibility for their respective areas of competence, and to the extent appropriate to the size and complexity of the markets. SROs should be subject to the oversight of the regulator and should observe standards of fairness and confidentiality when exercising powers and delegated responsibilities. The regulator should have comprehensive inspection, investigation and surveillance powers. The regulator should have comprehensive enforcement powers. The regulatory system should ensure an effective and credible use of inspection, investigation, surveillance and enforcement powers and implementation of an effective compliance program. The regulator should have authority to share both public and non-public information with domestic and foreign counterparts. Regulators should establish information sharing mechanisms that set out when and how they will share both public and non-public information with their domestic and foreign counterparts. The regulatory system should allow for assistance to be provided to foreign regulators who need to make inquiries in the discharge of their functions and exercise of their powers.