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In the context of Soviet studies, the term "ethnos" comprises two types of ethnic formation: a narrow aggregation of people sharing the same language, name, & cultural features; & a broad ethnosocial or political community. Similarly, nation is defined in the "etatist" sense, denoting the whole population in a given state, & in the ethnic sense, wherein members of a single nation may live in territories widely separated from each other. The significance of common territory as a characteristic of nations is discussed, using examples of mononational & multinational states. Three main characteristics of a nation are described -- ethnic, territorial-political, & social-economic -- & further defined in the terms of Soviet vs Western scientific studies. S. Dilts

SUMMARY. The question of involving children themselves in conciliation, when their parents are being divorced., has been considered and debated over the ten years since conciliation services began in this country as described in two articles in the last issue of Children & Society. This article describes how children are involved in one service — the Lothian Family Conciliation Service. The author followed up a sample of children who had been involved in conciliation., to ask their views on the service. While the findings point to positive outcomes for many of the children., some safeguards and conditions are needed to improve the service when conciliators see children as well as their parents

"Nationalism" is ambiguous and was employed in liberation movements and to justify empire. Often identified with a language or common origin, it had a definite territory. The author distinguishes the nation-state from the cultural nation—both synthesized in the elective nation. Nations seek legitimacy through hegemony (Britain) or domination (France), and nationalism becomes a secular religion. Against it smaller democratic peripheral nationalisms appear, defending the cultural nation (Ireland, Brittany, Catalonia) against the nation-state. Their aim is emancipation and they may not demand a nation-state for thsmelves because they have opposed the concept to defend the region—so federal solutions may be preferred as according with regional pluralism against the monism of imperialism.

Recent works on contemporary China stress the importance of the nonmarket economy in shaping a pattern of state-society relations quite unlike those found in capitalist economies. Nevertheless, these studies present strikingly different pictures of the Chinese case: a new, party-dominated, divided, yet compliant network society on the one hand; and an enduring, localistic, solidary, and resistant cellular society on the other. The author suggests that such divergent images may be partially reconciled if local variation (by region and social sector) is systematically incorporated into our models of Chinese politics. Calling for a nuanced and dynamic approach to state-society relations, the article argues for the importance of historically grounded research.

As the world rapidly becomes more complex, there is a greater need for tools of research and data analysis to assist the public administrator. While many university programs recognize this need and include several methodology courses in their curriculum, there is little evidence that students are taking this knowledge into the field. In this article, the need for usable methodology courses are stressed. The first section of this article is dedicated to identifying those factors that make methods classes more practical. The remaining portion concentrates on two approaches to teaching that the author asserts will help students to use in the field what they have learned in the classroom.

The author analyzes the crisis in standards in the academic world where symptoms of academic fraud and diminished quality are linked to increasing competitive pressure, demographic forces, and defects in the social system of professional control, examples of a criterial system with mechanical assessment technology that generates paradoxical outcomes. The paper addresses such issues as redundancy of publications and defects in the peer review system, drawing examples from the fields of medicine, science and sociology, It is argued that a decline in academic standards is facilitated by the confusion involved in differentiating criteria from standards. Further analysis of criterial systems is suggested, along with the need for an explicit examination of academic values and quality.

The author compared the motor activities and environmental interactions of sighted and visually impaired children during unstructured play in their natural play environments to: 1) assess motor proficiency level; 2) establish frequency and kind of gross motor, manipulative, self-stimulation, and social/play behaviors; and 3) assess their use of the environment. Overall analyses suggest that some developmental delays observed in visually impaired children can be attributed to a lack of opportunity for gross motor interactions with the environment. An environmental intervention strategy and design principles are proposed which involve appropriate design of complex and accessible play environments, and personnel training to use the environment as an active educational tool.

Iran-contra and similar scandals alienate Congress and bypass the constitutional executive process. Treverton proposes four guidelines by which to test the effectiveness of covert actions undertaken by American presidents: (1) could the action stand exposure in midstream? (2) does intervention contradict overt U.S. policy? (3) what signal will be received, by whom, and with what result? (4) what if the first intervention does not succeed? The author urges presidents to abstain from implementing covert operations, which often result in nothing more than domestic and international controversy. Such decisions are the domain not of the Executive Office, but of the legitimate agency designated for such purposes, the CIA.

Women who work in family businesses operate in very different
settings from non‐family business women. Their work may involve travel
to a workplace away from home, but it is not away from family. Using
data collected during telephone and face‐to‐face interviews, the author
examines the interpersonal networks of family business and non‐family
business women. The article presents a brief background of the issues
involved in the study of interpersonal networks, women′s roles in
networks and their implicaations for women′s family business
participation. Through a discussion of the research findings, the
influence of life in a family business on women′s personal and
professional development is questioned.

It would appear that many western observers of China, with some notable exceptions, have systematically underestimated the importance attached to S & T (science and technology) development by both the Maoist and post-Mao leadership. It is argued that it is difficult to understand the complexities of Chinese affairs since 1949 within the political, economic spheres without direct reference to China's research and development (R & D) and education system. After discussing the underlying basis of S & T reform in China, the author looks at how S & T are used to serve the economy, the management and utilization of S & T personnel, the major technological initiatives of the country etc. (DÜI-Sen)

The scope of this document is to give an overview on the Danish practice for discharging sewage to the sea. It do not contain a formal summary of legislation and design criteria, but the intention of the paper is to explain the development and its background during the last 25 years in which period our practice gradually has arisen. With basis in the University of Aalborg, Denmark, the author has been involved in research and design of sea outfalls since the beginning of the seventies. It is controversial to give examples of dis-functioning sea outfalls by name and it has therefore been avoided here and only the general experiences on this point are mentioned.

THE AUTHOR PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF BICAMERALISM AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN THE ISLAND STATE OF THE AUSTRALIAN FEDERATION KNOWN AS TASMANIA. BACKGROUND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED ON THE BICAMERAL PARLIAMENTS, WHICH INCLUDES THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL AND THE HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY, AS WELL AS AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION WHICH HAVE OCCURRED SINCE INDEPENDENCE IN THE MID-1850S. REFORM WHICH OCCURRED IN THE MID-1920S IS HIGHLIGHTED, ALONG WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT IN NOVEMBER 1981 OF A THREE-PERSON ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE CONSTITUTION. A BILL WHICH WOULD AFFECT THE BALANCE OF POWER BETWEEN THE TWO NATIONAL BODIES CONCERNING FINANCIAL AFFAIRS IS DEBATED AND PLANS FOR A 1990 REFERENDUM ON THIS BILL ARE PRESENTED.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE MYTH OF THE CLASSICAL POLIS AS AN EXTENDED DEBATING SOCIETY, COMPRISING A BODY OF CITIZENS IN A POLITICAL ARENA OR 'PUBLIC SPACE' EVER ENGAGED AT DEVELOPING SOME ESSENTIAL PART OF THEMSELVES BY THEIR POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS AND CHOICES. THE MYTH HAS HAD A STULTIFYING EFFECT ON THE STUDY OF GREEK NOTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION. THE STULTIFICATION IS MAINLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO INADEQUACIES OF THIS CONCEPTION OF THE BIOS POLITIKOS AS A RESEARCH MODEL. THE AUTHOR POINTS OUT SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT OF THESE INADEQUACIES ON TWO FRONTS: ITS RENDITION OF THE POLIS AS 'PUBLIC SPACE', AND ITS PARTICIPATORY IDEAL, ADVANCED AS A CENTRAL FEATURE OF GREEK POLITICAL EXPERIENCE.