Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ramasamudram-2Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 660 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 410 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 175 ha by rock outcrops and 24 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 8 per cent area is very shallow (150 cm).  About 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 20 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 15 per cent area is very low (0.75%) area.  38 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 32 per area is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of about 55 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 235 (36) 85 (13) Guava - 45 (7) Maize - 320 (48) Sapota - 45 (7) Bajra - 365 (55) Pomegranate - 280 (42) Groundnut - 90 (14) Musambi 214 (32) 66 (10) Sunflower 169 (26) 66 (10) Lime 214 (32) 66 (10) Redgram - 281(42) Amla 16 (10) 254 (39) Bengal gram 235 (36) 85(13) Cashew - - Cotton 235 (36) 85 (13) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 366 (55) Jamun - 280 (42) Tomato - 242 (37) Custard apple 235 (36) 85 (13) Brinjal 66 (10) 299 (45) Tamarind - 280 (42) Onion 45 (7) 151 (23) Mulberry - - Bhendi 179 (27) 186 (28) Marigold - 366 (55) Drumstick - 281 (42) Chrysanthemum - 366 (55) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Findings of the socio-economic survey  The survey was conducted in Ramasamudram-2 is located at North latitude 160 48' 11.216" and 160 46' 19.928" and East longitude 770 15' 22.793'' and 770 13' 20.245" covering an area of about 660.07 ha coming under Ramasamudra and Ashinala villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, - 17 (48.57%) were marginal, 8(22.86%) were small and 3 (8.57%) were semi medium and 2 (5.71%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 97 (59.15%) men and 67 (40.85%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (48.78%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 54.27 per cent illiterates and only 7.32 per cent attained graduation.  About, 45.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 40 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 27.44 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 74.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 42.86 per cent possess mixer grinder and 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households possess plough and only 2.86 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.67, women available in the micro watershed was 1.48, hired labour (men) available was 7 and hired labour (women) available was 11.68.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (33.55 ha), 78.89 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 21.11 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 8 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 22.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Maize, Jowar and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.27 per cent.  The sample households possessed 94.29 per cent bank account and 28.57 per cent of them have savings in the account. 2  About 40 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 26.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 80 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (94.44 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 77.78 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Maize, Jowar and Paddy was Rs.23072.88, 47784.26, 39614.70, 58225.91 and 35410.88 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.10, 1: 1.10, 1: 1.20, 1: 0.60 and 1:2.01 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 76985.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 43700 comes from agriculture.  The total number of horticultural trees grown (both field and backyard) by the sampled households were coconut and Mango (6) trees in the fields and forest species arwe grown 8 teak trees, 36 neem trees, 2 tamarind trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6171.43 for land development, Rs. 142.86 for creation of irrigation facility, Rs.3028.57 for adoption of improved crop production and Rs.200 adoption of improved livestock management.  Source of funds raised from own sources for land development was 60 per cent, for irrigation facility was 2.86 per cent, for improved crop production was 48.57 per cent and for improved livestock adoption was 5.71 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 20 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 77.14 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 68.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 77.14 per cent of the households and 37.14 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 60 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals (85.71%), pulses (82.86%), oilseeds (48.57%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (68.57%), inadequate extension services (68.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(82.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hatti-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 461 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils and four per cent by rock out crops and 150 cm).  About 25 per cent of the area is sandy at the surface, 53 per cent loamy and 17 per cent area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 37 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 1 per cent nearly level (0-1%), 84 per cent very gently sloping (1-3%) and 10 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 24 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 69 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands and 2 per cent is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 52 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 43 per cent neutral (pH 6.5- 7.3) and 0.75%) in 16 per cent of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 88 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 7 per cent area of the soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Entire area in the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 55(12) Pomegranate 6(1) 158(34) Maize - 55(12) Guava - 153(33) Bajra 6(1) 163(35) Jackfruit 6(1) 147(32) Redgram - 50(11) Jamun - 164(36) Bengal gram - 55(12) Musambi 6(1) 158(34) Groundnut - 318(69) Lime 6(1) 158(34) Sunflower - 50(11) Cashew - 191(41) Cotton - 55(12) Custard apple 6(1) 394(85) Chilli - 44(10) Amla 6(1) 394(85) Tomato - 44(10) Tamarind - 50(11) Drumstick 6(1) 237(51) Marigold - 55(12) Mulberry 6(1) 389(84) Chrysanthemum - 55(12) Mango - 50(11) Jasmine - 44(10) Sapota 6(1) 147(32) Crossandra - 44(10) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Hatti-3 is located at North latitude 160 27' 0.462" and 150 26' 9.452" and East longitude 760 12' 57.153" and 760 10' 46.635" covering an area of about 461.26 ha coming under Hatti, Talakanapura, Kalakeri and Gudashettynala villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Hatti-3 micro watersheds of Kalakeri sub-watershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 9 (25.71 %) were marginal, 8 (22.86%)were small, 7 (20.00 %) were Semi medium and 5 (14.29 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 101 (58.72%) men and 71 (41.28 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (48.26%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 43.60 per cent illiterates, 0.58 percent were functional literates, 50.59 per cent pre university education and 4.65 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 40.12 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 51.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 51.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 80.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart and 28.57 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 10.94 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.83.  Further, 45.71 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 48.89 per cent (41.57 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 51.11 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 13.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 37.14 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Groundnut, Bajra, Sunflower and Navane and cropping intensity was recorded as 89.78 per cent.  Out of the sample households 57.14 percent possessed bank account and 31.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 57.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 30.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 55.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 41.18 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Groundnut, Bajra, Sunflower and Navane was Rs.37090.01, 42821.44, 26730.46, 17849.18 and 28152.30 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.70, 1: 1.20, 1: 2.50 and 1:1.00 respectively.  Further, 45.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 82985.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 54911.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 302 horticulture trees and 135 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1714.29 for land development and Rs. 800.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 20.00 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 57.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 25.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 80.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (65.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 62.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.43 per cent of the households and 11.43 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 85.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 54.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (91.43%) and oilseeds (17.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (65.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (68.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (31.43%), high rate of interest on credit (22.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (37.14%), inadequate extension services (17.14%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (45.71%), Less rainfall (34.29%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (31.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Reliance on solid fuels for cooking is an indicator of energy poverty. Access to modern energy services - including electricity and clean fuels - is important for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It can also reduce womens domestic burden of collecting fuelwood and allow them to pursue educational, economic, and other employment opportunities that can empower them and lead to increased gender equality. Similarly, the use of clean cooking and heating fuels in efficient appliances can reduce child mortality rates. Without access to modern energy services, the likelihood of escaping poverty is very low. Interventions to improve energy access to the poor have focused mainly on electricity access and have often neglected nonelectricity household energy access. Household energy for cooking in particular has received little policy attention in the overall energy sector dialogue, and consequently its lending volume remains low, in spite of the magnitude of the development challenges it represents. The objective of this note is to assist task teams with broad project design principles related to household energy for cooking. It follows five main reports produced by the World Bank Group over the last three years: (1) Household Cookstoves, Environment, Health, and Climate Change: A New Look at an Old Problem; (2) Household Energy Access for Cooking and Heating: Lessons Learned and the Way Forward; (3) One Goal, Two Paths Achieving Universal Access to Modern Energy in East Asia and Pacific; (4) Wood-Based Biomass Energy Development for Sub-Saharan Africa; and (5) What Have We Learned about Household Biomass Cooking in Central America? These reports make the case for a re-engagement of the World Bank Group in the household energy access sector. This note is organized into two sections: (a) context and background, and (b) project design principles.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belanalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 85 per cent is covered by soil, 3 per cent by rockout crops and 12 per cent by habitation, water bodies and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 83 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 2 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 82 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 3 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 41 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 26 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 13 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 2 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75 %) in 82 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-56 kg/ha) in 81 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) 4 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 30 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 13 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 66 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 84 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 45(8) 5(<1) Sapota 35(6) 257(47) Maize 35(6) 16(3) Pomegranate 35(6) 268(49) Bajra 35(6) 338(62) Guava - 292(53) Redgram 35(6) 11(2) Jackfruit 35(6) 257(47) Bengal gram 11(2) 105(19) Jamun 35(6) 268(49) Groundnut - 347(63) Musambi 45(8) 257(47) Sunflower 45 (8) - Lime 45(8) 257(47) Cotton 45(8) 5(<1) Cashew - 337(61) Chilli 35(6) 5(<1) Custard apple 45(8) 387 (71) Tomato 35 (6) 5(<1) Amla 35(6) 398(73) Brinjal - 111(20) Tamarind 35(6) 13 (2) Onion - 100(18) Marigold 35(6) 16(3) Bhendi - 111(20) Chrysanthemum 35(6) 16 (3) Drumstick 35(6) 26(5) Jasmine 35(6) 5(<1) Mulberry 35(6) 328(60) Crossandra 35(6) 5(<1) Mango 35(6) - - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belanalu is located at North latitude 150 20' 57.623" and 150 19' 20.322" and East longitude 760 12' 30.222 and 760 10' 31.004" covering an area of about 547.63ha coming under Kidadhala, Koppala and Huvinala villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belanalu micro watersheds of Ginigera sub-watershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 13 (37.14%) were marginal, 11(31.43%) were small, 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 97 (53.89%) men and 83 (46.11 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.66, marginal farmers were 4.92, small farmers were 5.72, semi medium was 5.66 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (47.78%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 30.56 per cent illiterates, 66.12 percent pre university education and 4.44 per cent attained graduation.  About, 51.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 40.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 30.00 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 22.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 34.29 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.14 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 11.43 per cent possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess Sprayer and 11.43 per cent possess Weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 37.14 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess sheep.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.26, women available in the micro watershed was 1.22, hired labour (men) available was 8.26 and hired labour (women) available was 8.  Further, 68.57 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 11.44 ha (38.24%) of dry land and 14.55 ha (48.64 %) of irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Horsegram, Sugarcane and cropping intensity was recorded as 88.96 per cent.  Out of the sample households 20.00 percent possessed bank account.  About 20.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Horsegram, Sugarcane and 0 was Rs.40150.98 , 44680.94, 6213.94 and 33533.02, with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 0.90, 1: 1.20 and 1: 1.80 , respectively.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 48471.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 25157.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 31 horticulture trees and 56 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4742.86 for land development and Rs. 2171.43 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 62.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 68.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 68.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (62.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 68.57 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.43 per cent of the households and 22.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 65.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (94.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (74.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (65.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals 3 (65.71%), high rate of interest on credit (68.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (51.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (54.29%) and Less rainfall (5.71%).FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belanalu is located at North latitude 150 20' 57.623" and 150 19' 20.322" and East longitude 760 12' 30.222 and 760 10' 31.004" covering an area of about 547.63ha coming under Kidadhala, Koppala and Huvinala villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belanalu micro watersheds of Ginigera sub-watershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 13 (37.14%) were marginal, 11(31.43%) were small, 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 97 (53.89%) men and 83 (46.11 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.66, marginal farmers were 4.92, small farmers were 5.72, semi medium was 5.66 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (47.78%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 30.56 per cent illiterates, 66.12 percent pre university education and 4.44 per cent attained graduation.  About, 51.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 40.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 30.00 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 22.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 34.29 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.14 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 11.43 per cent possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess Sprayer and 11.43 per cent possess Weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 37.14 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess sheep.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.26, women available in the micro watershed was 1.22, hired labour (men) available was 8.26 and hired labour (women) available was 8.  Further, 68.57 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 11.44 ha (38.24%) of dry land and 14.55 ha (48.64 %) of irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Horsegram, Sugarcane and cropping intensity was recorded as 88.96 per cent.  Out of the sample households 20.00 percent possessed bank account.  About 20.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Horsegram, Sugarcane and 0 was Rs.40150.98 , 44680.94, 6213.94 and 33533.02, with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 0.90, 1: 1.20 and 1: 1.80 , respectively.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 48471.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 25157.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 31 horticulture trees and 56 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4742.86 for land development and Rs. 2171.43 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 62.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 68.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 68.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (62.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 68.57 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.43 per cent of the households and 22.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 65.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (94.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (74.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (65.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals 3 (65.71%), high rate of interest on credit (68.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (51.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (54.29%) and Less rainfall (5.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nagaraladoddi-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 295 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of 295 ha (100%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 56 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 to 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 34 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 5 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy (loamy sand) soils and 95 per cent clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 1 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 59 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 40 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 70 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium is medium in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 65 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in 292 ha (99%) area and deficient (<0.2 ppm) in 2 ha (1%) area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 194(66) 87(29) Sapota - - Maize - 252(85) Guava - - Redgram - 194(66) Pomegranate - 194(66) Bajra 29(10) 252(85) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 87(29) Jamun - 165(56) Sunflower 72(24) 122(42) Musambi 72(24) 122(42) Cotton 165(56) 116(39) Lime 72(24) 122(42) Bengal gram 194(66) 87(29) Cashew - - Chilli - 281(95) Custard apple 72(24) 209(71) Tomato - 159(53) Amla - 281(95) Drumstick - 194(66) Tamarind - 165(56) Mulberry - - Marigold - 281(95) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 281(95)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. NGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nagaraladoddi-2 is located at North latitude 160 33' 23.838" and 160 31' 6.086" and East longitude 770 25' 9.296'' and 770 24' 10.745" covering an area of about 294.61 ha coming under Duppalli village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nagaraladoddi-2 micro watersheds of Ajalapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Nagaraladoddi-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (25.71%) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small, 11 (31.43 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 80 (53.69%) men and 69 (46.31 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.3, marginal farmers were 3.9, small farmers were 4.2, semi medium farmers were 4.7 and medium farmers were 4.7.  Majority of the respondents (46.31%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.31 per cent illiterates, 43.63 per cent pre university education and 4.03 per cent attained graduation.  About, 51.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 42.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 22.82 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 80.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 74.29 per cent possess TV, 48.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.35, women available in the micro watershed was 1.19, hired labour (men) available was 9.84 and hired labour (women) available was 14.9.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 85.73 per cent (57.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 11.44 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.43 percent possessed bank account and 74.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 74.29 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 11.11 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 188.89 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 83.33 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 16.67 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut was Rs.40477.88, 46971.35, 32690.13, 49477.76 and 66158.16 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 0.95, 1: 1.70, 1: 1.10 and 1:0.65 respectively.  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 98685.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 70914.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 9 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 14.29 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 9171.43 for land development and Rs. 457.14 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 62.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 45.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 51.43 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (91.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 85.71 per cent of the households and 25.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (91.43%) and oilseeds (34.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), high rate of interest on credit (88.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.00%), inadequate extension services (60.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dupalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 543 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 522 ha (96%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 21 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 46 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 to 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 40 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 5 per cent sandy soils at the surface, 8 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 83 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Major area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed are moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 7 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 13 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 37 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 39 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the major area of the microwatershed is 16 dsm-1).  About 31 per cent of soils are low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 56 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 95 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed expect a small area of 2 ha where it is deficient.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 306(56) 187(34) Sapota - - Maize - 438(80) Guava - - Redgram - 307(56) Pomegranate - 307(56) Bajra 56(10) 436(80) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 186(34) Jamun - 251(46) Sunflower 97(18) 210(38) Musambi 97(18) 210(38) Cotton 251(46) 243(44) Lime 97(18) 210(38) Bengal gram 306(56) 187(34) Cashew - - Chilli - 494(90) Custard apple 97(18) 396(72) Tomato - 284(52) Amla - 493(90) Drumstick - 307(56) Tamarind - 251(46) Mulberry - - Marigold - 494(90) Mango - 23(4) Chrysanthemum - 494(90)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Dupalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 33' 54.875" and 160 31' 5.924" and East longitude 770 24' 53.326'' and 770 23' 20.867" covering an area of about 542.57 ha coming unde Duppalli and Chandapura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Dupalli-3 micro watersheds of Ajalapur sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Dupalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 12 (35.29%) were marginal, 12 (35.29%) were small, 2 (5.88 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 90 (61.22%) men and 57 (38.78 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.8, marginal farmers were 4.3, small farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 3.5.  Majority of the respondents (31.29%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.85 per cent illiterates, 74.83 per cent pre university education and 4.76 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.65 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 52.38 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.59 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.65 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 55.88 per cent possess TV, 5.88 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.12 per cent possess mobile phones and 20.59 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 5.88 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.88 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.26, women available in the micro watershed was 1.00, hired labour (men) available was 5.44 and hired labour (women) available was 10.44.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 74.11 per cent (38.56 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 25.89 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 5.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 14.71 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Paddy and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 97.06 percent possessed bank account and 58.82 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 77.78 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 11.11 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Paddy and Cotton was Rs.28283.08, 22267.07, 22308.83, 52918.06 and 36889.65 with benefit cost ratio of 1:3.10, 1: 2.50, 1: 2.10, 1: 1.70 and 1:1.60 respectively.  Further, 35.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 122700.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 62847.06 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 6 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1794.12 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.82 per cent depends on own funds and 2.94 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 70.59 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 11.76 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 26.47 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (61.76%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 67.65 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 85.29 per cent of the households and 14.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.18 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 52.94 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 5.88 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (73.53%), pulses (58.82%) and oilseeds (47.06%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (55.88%) wild animal menace on farm field (61.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (73.53%), inadequacy of irrigation water (61.76%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (79.41%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.35%), inadequate extension services (5.88%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (61.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bandehalli-4 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 463 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 381 ha (82%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 82 ha (18%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 to 150 cm), 28 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 47 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 8 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 16 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 58 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 79 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 3 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 79 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed.  An area of about 17 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 19 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 12 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 34 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 35 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 80 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 71 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is deficient (0.2 ppm) in 82 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34(7) 156(34) Sapota - - Maize - 190(41) Pomegranate - 162(35) Bajra - 190(41) Musambi 3(1) 158(35) Groundnut - 28(6) Lime 3(1) 158(35) Sunflower 16(3) 145(32) Amla - 190(41) Redgram - 162(35) Cashew - - Bengal gram 34(7) 156(34) Jackfruit - - Cotton 34(7) 156(34) Jamun - 34(7) Chilli - 190(41) Custard apple 145(31) 45(10) Tomato - 31(7) Tamarind - 34(7) Drumstick - 162(35) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 190(41) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 190(41)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Chapter 1 FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bandehalli-4 is located at North latitude 160 32' 33.352" and 160 33' 7.175" and East longitude 770 23' 44.758'' and 770 21' 56.32" covering an area of about 462.70 ha coming under Badepalli, Ajalapura and Duppalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 5 (14.29%) were marginal, 15(42.86%) were small and 7 (20%) were semi medium, 4 (11.43%) were medium, 1(2.86%) were large farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 97 (56.40%) men and 74 (43.02%) were women. Majority of the respondents (40.70%) were in the age group of 35-60 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 47.09 per cent illiterates, 0.58 per cent were functional literates and only 2.91 per cent attained graduation.  About, 40 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 37.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 25.58 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 60 per cent possess mixer grinder and 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough and only 8.57 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.43, women available in the micro watershed was 1.83, hired labour (men) available was 15.8 and hired labour (women) available was 13.94.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.91 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 570 kms for about 6 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (53.57 ha), 66.47 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 33.53 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 5 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 14.29 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy. Cropping intensity was recorded as 100.03 per cent. 2  The sample households possessed 91.43 per cent bank account and 40 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 40 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 114.29 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 42.86 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut and Paddy was Rs.22021.52, 29835.91, 33094.02 and 466526.88 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 1.50, 1: 1.10 and 1: 0.60 respectively.  Further, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 87831.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 63088.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown horticulture crops coconut (6) and Mango (20) trees in the fields and forest species have grown 10 teak, 52 neem, 18 tamarind and 6 acacia trees in their field.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10571.43 for land development, Rs.3600 for adoption of improved livestock breeds and Rs.114.29 for adoption of improved crop production activities.  Source of finance raised from bank as a loan for land development and improved crop production.  Own funds were the source for land development and improved crop production for 22.86 per cent and improved livestock management for 5.71 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 74.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.29 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (71.43 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 11.43 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Cereals (97.14 %), pulses (97.14 %), oilseeds (45.71 %) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (100%) wild animal menace on farm field (94.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (94.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (60%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.29%), high rate of interest on credit (94.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.43%), inadequate extension services (60%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (94.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kadechoora microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 536 ha in Kadechoora microwatershed in Yadgir taluk of Yadgir district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 71 per cent is covered by soils, 29 per cent by water bodies, settlements and mining and industrial areas. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 71 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 29 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, mining, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 3 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm), about 59 per cent deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 9 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) soils.  About 62 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 8 per cent loamy soils and one per cent sandy soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly soils.  About 59 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, less than one per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 12 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 29 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 7 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 64 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about one per cent area.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 22 per cent.  About 29 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 69 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kadechoora microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 378 (70) Sapota - - Maize - 44 (8) Guava - - Red gram - 333 (62) Pomegranate - 333 (62) Bajra - 377 (70) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - 22 (4) Jamun - 331 (62) Sunflower - 334 (62) Musambi - 333 (62) Cotton - 377 (70) Lime - 333 (62) Bengalgram 16 (3) 362 (67) Cashew - - Chilli - 377 (70) Custard apple - 378 (70) Tomato - 44 (8) Amla - 377 (70) Drumstick - 333 (62) Tamarind - 333 (62) Mulberry - - Marigold - 377 (70) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 377 (70) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible, ecological and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the microwatershed FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kadechur is located at North latitude 160 32' 18.441" and 160 31' 7.07" and East longitude 770 20' 40.809'' and 770 18' 25.451" covering an area of about 536.24 ha coming unde Kadechoora and Sowrashtralli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kadechur micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 39 farmers were sampled in Kadechur micro-watershed among households surveyed 7 (17.95%) were marginal, 20 (51.28%) were small, 4 (10.26 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.13 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 109 (57.07%) men and 82 (42.93 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.5, marginal farmers were 4.9, small farmers were 5.4, semi medium farmers were 4 and medium farmers were 6.5.  Majority of the respondents (47.12%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 49.74 per cent illiterates, 41.88 per cent pre university education and 6.81 per cent attained graduation.  About, 69.23 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.95 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 45.03 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 74.36 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.95 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 84.62 per cent possess TV, 15.38 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.44 per cent possess mobile phones and 15.38 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.51 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.13 per cent possess tractor, 20.51 per cent possess bullock cart and 7.69 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.13 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 13.03, women available in the micro watershed was 1.51, hired labour (men) available was 1.80 and hired labour (women) available was 8.80.  Further, 5.13 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 90.14 per cent (52.64 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 9.86 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 7.69 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 5.13 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 56.41 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 20.83 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 41.67 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (86.67%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 25.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 75.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton and Jowar was Rs.31283.52, 33327.81, 36058.22 and 25644.97 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.42, 1: 3.50, 1: 1.40 and1: 0.56 respectively.  Further, 17.95 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 131225.64 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 88994.87 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 15 horticulture trees and 21 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 2.56 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3482.05 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 38.46 per cent depends on own funds and 5.13 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 35.90 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 38.46 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 66.67 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (79.49%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.05 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 89.74 per cent of the households and 12.82 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.44 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 38.46 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.44 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.56 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (64.10%), pulses (69.23%) and oilseeds (38.46%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (79.49%) wild animal menace on farm field (79.49%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (43.59%), inadequacy of irrigation water (69.23%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.05%), high rate of interest on credit (82.05%), low price for the agricultural commodities (76.92%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (53.85%), inadequate extension services (28.21%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.79%) and Less rainfall (5.13%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sidganhalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 411 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soil and 5 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 5 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 77 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 13 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 16 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 79 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 17 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 78 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 18 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 41 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 34 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 1 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 82 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 42 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 52 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 57 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 37 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 62 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 33 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 45 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (>0.6 ppm) in 54 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 40 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 188(46) 159(39) Sapota 194(47) 150(37) Maize 4(1) 343(84) Pomegranate 194(47) 150(37) Bajra 188(46) 199(49) Musambi 194(47) 150(37) Groundnut - 197(48) Lime 194(47) 150(37) Sunflower 188(46) 154(37) Amla 194(47) 193(47) Redgram 188(46) 154(37) Cashew 194(47) 150(37) Bengal gram - - Jackfruit 194(47) 150(37) Cotton - 345(84) Jamun 191(46) 104(25) Chilli 188(46) 159(39) Custard apple 194(47) 193(47) Tomato 188(46) 159(39) Tamarind 191(46) 104(25) Brinjal 188(46) 159(39) Mulberry 127(31) 217(54) Onion 4(1) 343(84) Marigold 188(46) 159(39) Bhendi 188(46) 159(39) Chrysanthemum 188(46) 159(39) Drumstick 188(46) 156(38) Jasmine 188(46) 159(39) Mango 191(46) 104(25) Crossandra 188(46) 159(39) Guava 194(47) 150(37)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soil s like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Sidganhalli-3 is located at North latitude 150 32' 14.146" and 150 30' 35.926" and East longitude 760 13' 23.554'' and 760 12' 10.415" covering an area of about 478.72 ha coming under Kudrimutti and Watparwi Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Sidganhalli-3 micro watersheds of Irakallaguda subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 10 (28.57 %) were marginal, 11 (31.43%)were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium and 1 (2.86 %) were large farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 101 (56.11%) men and 79 (43.89 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (39.44%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 38.33 per cent illiterates, 62.22 per cent pre university education and 2.22 per cent attained graduation.  About, 40.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 40.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 25.56 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 48.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 60.00 per cent possess TV, 14.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 77.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 65.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 25.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 25.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 17.14 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.47, women available in the micro watershed was 3.67, hired labour (men) available was 20.03 and hired labour (women) available was 20.27.  Further, 100 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was adequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 65.98 per cent (49.09 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 34.02 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 10.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 31.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Groundnut, Sunflower, Red gram and Cowpea and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.82 per cent.  Out of the sample households 97.14 percent possessed bank account.  About 60.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 19.05 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 80.95 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (95.24%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 61.90 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 4.76 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Groundnut, Sunflower, Red gram and Cowpea was Rs.45181.43, 54718.37, 51690.75, 61610.02 and 40909.65 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.80, 1: 1.60, 1: 0.56, 1: 1.03 and 1:2.40 respectively.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.29 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 89885.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 71714.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 15 horticulture trees and 25 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 14.29 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 628.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 25.71 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 117.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 117.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 57.14 per cent of the households and 5.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 65.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (5.71%) and pulses (2.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (48.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (54.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (88.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.71%), inadequate extension services (85.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chandaraki-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 608 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 505 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 1 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 101 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 505 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 150 cm).  About 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 13 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m), 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 35 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 38 per cent of area is low (57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 45 per cent of area and high (>337 kg/ha) in 38 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in an area of 18 per cent and medium (0.5-0.1 ppm) in an area of 65 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 61 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 135 (22) 94 (15) Guava - 77 (13) Maize 77 (13) 151 (25) Sapota - 77 (13) Bajra 77 (13) 151 (25) Pomegranate - 221 (36) Groundnut 74 (12) 10 (2) Musambi 131 (22) 90 (15) Sunflower 131 (22) 90 (15) Lime 131 (22) 90 (15) Redgram - 221 (36) Amla 77 (13) 138 (23) Bengal gram 131 (22) 13 (2) Cashew - - Cotton 131 (22) 16 (3) Jackfruit - 77 (13) Chilli 77 (13) 151 (25) Jamun - 131 (22) Tomato 77 (13) 7 (1) Custard apple 205 (34) 23 (4) Brinjal 77 (13) 7 (1) Tamarind - 131 (22) Onion 77 (13) 7 (1) Mulberry - 77 (13) Bhendi 77 (13) 151 (25) Marigold 77 (13) 151 (25) Drumstick - 208 (34) Chrysanthemum 77 (13) 151 (25) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chandaraki-1 is located at North latitude 160 52' 29.368" and 160 50' 46.558" and East longitude 770 27' 47.027'' and 770 26' 17.986" covering an area of about 603.07 ha coming under Chandraki and Madhepalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chandaraki-1 micro watersheds of Chandaraki subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Chandaraki-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 14 (38.89%) were marginal, 7 (19.44%) were small, 10 (27.78 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.33 %) were medium large farmers. 2 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (55.97%) men and 70 (44.03 %) were women. The average population of landless was 2.5, marginal farmers were 4.6, small farmers were 4.3, semi medium farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (38.36%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 44.65 per cent of illiterates, 17.61 per cent of them had primary school education, 13.84 per cent high school education, 8.18 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.63 per cent of them had Diploma, 9.43 per cent attained graduation and 3.14 them had other education.  About, 80.56 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.78 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 80.56 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 72.22 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.33 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 72.22 per cent possess TV, 80.56 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.44 per cent possess mobile phones and 30.56 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 8.33 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 36.11 per cent possess plough and 77.78 per cent possess Weeder, 8.33 per cent possess tractor, 5.56 per cent possess Harvester and 36.11 per cent possess Thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.78 per cent possess local cow and 5.56 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 14.06 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.22. 2  Further, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 0.63 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 850.00 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.31 per cent (59.84 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 4.24 per cent area is irrigated land.  Open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.56 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram, Jowar and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.44 percent possessed bank account.  About 94.44 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 13.64 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 86.36 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (95.45%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Bengal gram, Jowar and Paddy was Rs.48868.88, 44389.25, 18089.82, 26988.16 and 23946.94 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.00, 1: 3.80, 1: 0.50 and 1:0.70 respectively.  Further, 25.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.33 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 76055.56 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 41027.78 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 8 horticulture trees and 100 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12361.11 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 88.89 per cent depends on own funds and 2.78 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 116.67 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 116.67 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (88.89%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.44 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.89 per cent of the households and 11.11 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 30.56 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (86.11%), pulses (83.33%) and oilseeds (5.56%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.67%) wild animal menace on farm field (55.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.56%), inadequacy of irrigation water (72.22%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (63.89%), high rate of interest on credit (66.67%), low price for the agricultural commodities (69.44%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (52.78%), inadequate extension services (41.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (36.11%), Less rainfall (2.78%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 789 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 77 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 23 per cent by rock outcrops, others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 4 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 12 per cent are loamy soils and 61 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 48 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of 77 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands soils.  An area of about 4 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 72 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 39 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 35 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 4 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 21 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 56 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 43 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and about 35 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 74 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 20 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1 (<1) 211 (27) Guava - 67 (8) Maize 59 (8) 152 (19) Sapota - 67 (8) Bajra 59 (8) 152 (19) Pomegranate - 111 (14) Groundnut 59 (8) 65 (8) Musambi - 111 (14) Sunflower - 112 (14) Lime - 111 (14) Redgram - 141 (18) Amla 59 (7) 79 (10) Bengal gram - 44 (6) Cashew - - Cotton - 67 (9) Jackfruit - 67 (8) Chilli 59 (7) 123 (15) Jamun - - Tomato 59 (7) 79 (10) Custard apple 59 (7) 123 (15) Brinjal 59 (7) 79 (10) Tamarind - - Onion 59 (7) 79 (10) Mulberry - 67 (8) Bhendi 59 (7) 123 (15) Marigold 59 (7) 123 (15) Drumstick - 67 (8) Chrysanthemum 59 (7) 123 (15) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 9 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir-3 is located at North latitude 160 59' 12.832" and 160 57' 2.636" and East longitude 770 12' 16.869'' and 770 9' 22.368" covering an area of about 790.04 ha coming under Ramathirtha, Alur. B and Bheemanahalli Villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir-3 micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 10 (28.57%) were marginal, 13 (37.14%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (58.39%) men and 66 (40.99 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.2, marginal farmers were 3.4, small farmers were 5, semi medium farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (43.48%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.83 per cent illiterates, 0.62 percent were functional literates, 48.45 per cent pre university education and 4.35 per cent attained graduation.  About, 65.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 28.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 65.71 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 25.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.43 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.26, hired labour (men) available was 8.03 and hired labour (women) available was 7.43  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 1.86 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2040.00 kms for about 7.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (48.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.13 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.86 percent possessed bank account and 40.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 45.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 6.25 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 43.75 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 12.50 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Jowar was Rs.19867.45 and 17752.28 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30 and 1: 2.00 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 57361.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 36361.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 66 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1800.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 45.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 28.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 45.71 per cent of the households and 54.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (48.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.57 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.57%), inadequate extension services (88.57 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Samanapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 594 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 198 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 281 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 115 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 450 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 2 per cent of area is very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 17 per cent loamy soils and 14 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 26 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in the microwatershed.  About 24 per cent of area is under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 9 per cent area is nearly level (0-1%) lands.  An area of about 24 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 9 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 30 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 26 per cent of area and high (>337 kg/ha) in 7 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 17 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 14 (2) 121 (20) Guava - 23 (4) Maize 21 (4) 112 (19) Sapota - 23 (4) Bajra 21 (4) 112 (19) Pomegranate - 23 (4) Groundnut 9 (2) 14 (2) Musambi - 23 (4) Sunflower - 23 (4) Lime - 23 (4) Redgram - 135 (23) Amla 23 (4) - Bengal gram - - Cashew - 9 (2) Cotton - 14 (2) Jackfruit - 23 (4) Chilli 21 (4) - Jamun - 23 (4) Tomato 21 (4) - Custard apple 9 (2) 14 (2) Brinjal 21 (4) - Tamarind - - Onion 23 (4) - Mulberry - 23 (4) Bhendi 21 (4) - Marigold 23 (4) - Drumstick - 23 (4) Chrysanthemum 23 (4) - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Somanapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 53' 45.837" and 160 52' 10.568" and East longitude 770 9' 53.37'' and 770 7' 48.858" covering an area of about 593.72 ha coming under Samanapura, Hatthakuni and Yakkihalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 respondents, - 17 (47.22%) were marginal, 8(22.22%) were small and 2 (5.56%) were semi medium and 6 (16.67%) were medium.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (59.04%) men and 77 (40.96%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (37.77%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 43.62 per cent illiterates, 1.60 per cent attained graduation.  About, 61.11 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 38.89 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 31.38 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 58.33 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.56 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 58.33 per cent possess TV, 52.78 per cent possess mixer grinder and 91.67 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 41.67 per cent of the households possess plough and only 2.78 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 19.44 per cent possess local cow and 2.78 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.47, women available in the micro watershed was 1.36, hired labour (men) available was 6.19 and hired labour (women) available was 10.78.  Further, 83.33 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 5.85 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1135.71 kms for about 4.14 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (55.89 ha), 83.95 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 16.05 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 8 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 22.22 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Horse gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.92 per cent.  The sample households possessed 88.89 per cent bank account and 30.56 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 75 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 55.56 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 33.33 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Horse gram was Rs.31814.64, 51835.16, 64185.51, 74934.73, and 22243.98 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1, 1: 0.90, 1: 0.70, 1: 0.30, and 1:0.90 respectively.  Further, 55.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 60138.89 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 43444.44 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown coconut (3) and Mango (1) in the fields and forest species have grown 3 teak, 48 neem, 4 tamarind, 1 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6944.44 for land development, Rs. 444.44 for creation of irrigation facility, Rs.7055.56 for adoption of improved livestock breeds, Rs.1638.89 for adoption of improved crop production activities and Rs. 138.89 for investment for orchard development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned the sources of finance raised from government sources for improved crop production was 2.78 per cent. Loan from bank for 13.89 per cent for land development, 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility and 25 per cent per cent for improved crop production. Own funds for 63.89 per cent for land development, 2.78 per cent for irrigation facility and 44.44 per cent for improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 33.33 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 75 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 47.22 per cent of the households have used tractor and 61.11 per cent have used cart for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (88.89%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 83.33 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 86.11 per cent of the households and 13.89 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 72.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 52.78 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals (102.78%), pulses (88.89%), oilseeds (61.11%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (102.78%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (72.22%), inadequacy of irrigation water (30.56%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (66.67%), high rate of interest on credit (66.67%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (75%), inadequate extension services (58.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (72.22%), Less rainfall (8.33%) and Source of Agritechnology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (5.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ghanapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 416 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 397 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, an area of about 19 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 397 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm).  About 17 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 79 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 79 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) land and 17 per cent is nearly level sloping (0-1%) soils.  An area of about 78 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 17 percent soils are slightly eroded (e1).  An area of about 6 per cent soil is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 89 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominately 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, about 43 percent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 50 percent soils are low (337kg/ha) in available potassium and 83 percent of the soils are medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 10 per cent soils are medium (10-20 ppm) in available sulphur and 85 percent is low (4.5ppm) in about 24 per cent and deficient (<4.5ppm) in an area of 72 percent in the microwatershed  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 372(89) 26(6) Sapota - - Maize - 398(95) Pomegranate - 398(95) Bajra - 397(95) Musambi 354(85) 43 (10) Groundnut - - Lime 354(85) 43 (10) Sunflower 326(78) 72(17) Amla 9(2) 388(93) Redgram - 398(95) Cashew - - Bengal gram 398(95) - Jackfruit - - Cotton 347(83) 50(12) Jamun - 398(95) Chilli - 378(91) Custard apple 396(95) 1(<1) Tomato - 327(79) Tamarind - 398(95) Drumstick - 398(95) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 398(95) Guava - 1(<1) Chrysanthemum - 398(95) Brinjal 42(10) 355(85) Bhendi 50(12) 347(83) Onion 42(10) 77(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ghanapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 46' 46.668" and 160 44' 29.281" and East longitude 770 19' 10.73" and 770 18' 2.17" covering an area of about 416.09 ha coming under Ganapura, Kandhakura and Gopalapura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ghanapur-1 micro watersheds of Gopalapur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 20 were marginal, (58.82 %) were small 6 (17.65%), 5 (14.71 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (54.43%) men and 72 (45.57 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.34 per cent illiterates, 54.43 percent pre university education and 2.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 29.41 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 34.18 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 21.52 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 55.88 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20.59 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 76.47 per cent possess TV, 44.12 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 35.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 11.76 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.65 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 26.47 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.44 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.38.  Further, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.53 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2800.00 kms for about 6.00 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.20 per cent (42.20 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.80 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 1.00 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum Green gram and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.09 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.12 percent possessed bank account and 23.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 97.06 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 17.65 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 2.94 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (93.75%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 0.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum, Green gram and Cotton was Rs.26613.11 , 92463.62, 265712.31, 40810.55, 43180.21 and 37818.89 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.8 , 1:1.4 , 1:1.7 , 1:1.0 , 1:1.9 and 1:1.4 respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.76 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 85030.15 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 53704.41 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 10 horticulture trees and 93 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8970.59 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 108.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 0.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (79.41%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.12 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.18 per cent of the households and 20.59 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 44.12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 73.53 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card,  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.06%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (38.24%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (76.47%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.88%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (55.88%), high rate of interest on credit (76.47%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (73.53%), inadequate extension services (55.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (58.82%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mavanahalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 371 ha in Mavanahalli-3 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 61 per cent is covered by soils, 37 per cent by mining/industrial area and 2 per cent by others (water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire 61 per cent land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 13 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm), 48 per cent soils are deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  Entire cultivated area of 61 percent has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area of 61 per cent is non-gravelly.  About 48 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity and 13 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m).  Entire cultivated area of 61 per cent in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Small area of 9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 61 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 18 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 16 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 41 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated areas of the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of 61 per cent in the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Mavanahalli-3 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 226(61) Sapota - - Maize - - Guava - - Red gram - 226(61) Pomegranate - 226(61) Bajra - 226(61) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - - Jamun - 180(48) Sunflower - 226(61) Musambi - 226(61) Cotton - 226(61) Lime - 226(61) Bengalgram - 226(61) Cashew - - Chilli - 226(61) Custard apple - 226(61) Tomato - - Amla - 226(61) Drumstick - 226(61) Tamarind - 180(48) Mulberry - - Marigold - 226(61) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 226(61) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that help in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the micro watershed. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mavanahalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 31' 9.526" and 160 29' 31.144" and East longitude 770 19' 24.684'' and 770 18' 24.341" covering an area of about 374.73 ha coming under Mavinahalli and Kadechoora villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mavanahalli-3 micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Mavanahalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (23.53%) were marginal, 8 (23.53%) were small, 11 (32.35 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 92 (57.14%) men and 68 (42.24 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.6, marginal farmers were 3.1, small farmers were 4.1, semi medium farmers were 6.8 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (46.58%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 60.87 per cent of illiterates, 5.59 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.18 per cent middle school education, and 11.18 per cent high school education, 1.86 per cent of them had PUC education, 6.83 per cent attained graduation and 1.24 them had other education.  About, 58.82 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 29.41 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 31.06 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.06 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.24 per cent possess TV, 35.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 14.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 35.29 per cent possess plough and 2.94 per cent possess Power Tiller, 14.71 per cent possess Weeder, 5.88 per cent possess tractor, 2.94 per cent possess Sprinkler and 2.94 per cent possess Harvester.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.88 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.79, women available in the micro watershed was 1.71, hired labour (men) available was 8.47 and hired labour (women) available was 8.15. 2  Further, 11.76 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 63.84 per cent (45.82 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 36.16 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 13.00 live bore wells and 13.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 38.24 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Grountnut, Sorghum and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 101.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.29 percent possessed bank account and 52.94 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 67.65 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 47.83 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 8.70 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Grountnut, Sorghum and Paddy was Rs.26344.09, 28097.99, 55665.67, 30126.66, and 56739.94 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 1.50, 1: 0.70, 1: 1.40 and 1:1.60 respectively.  Further, 26.47 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.82 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 100411.76 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 67470.59 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 3 horticulture trees and 56 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 676.47 for land development and Rs. 3529.41 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 29.41 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 38.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 50.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.24 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 44.12 per cent of the households and 55.88 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 50.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.12 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 5.88 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (61.76%), pulses (61.76%) and oilseeds (55.88%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.88%), inadequacy of irrigation water (61.76%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.29%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (23.53%), inadequate extension services (64.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (79.41%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Basavanthapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 725 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 93 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 7 ha by railway, rock outcrop and others (Habitation and waterbodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 3 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 1 per cent are sandy, 58 per cent soils are loamy and 34 per cent are clayey soils at the surface.  About 89 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 10 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) soils.  An area of about 84 per cent area is moderately (e2) and 10 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 4 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 45 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 36 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 8 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 5 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 68 per cent and 25 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 222 (31) 83 (11) Guava - 107 (15) Maize 107 (15) 198 (27) Sapota - 107 (15) Bajra 107 (15) 198 (27) Pomegranate - 222 (31) Groundnut - 120 (17) Musambi 115 (16) 107 (15) Sunflower 115 (16) 107 (15) Lime 115 (16) 107 (15) Redgram - 292 (40) Amla 107 (15) 128 (18) Bengal gram 115 (16) - Cashew - 56 (8) Cotton 115 (16) 107 (15) Jackfruit - 107 (15) Chilli 107 (15) 128 (18) Jamun - 115 (16) Tomato 107 (15) 13 (2) Custard apple 170 (24) 64 (9) Brinjal 107 (15) 13 (2) Tamarind - 115 (16) Onion 107 (15) 13 (2) Mulberry - 107 (15) Bhendi 107 (15) 128 (18) Marigold 107 (15) 128 (18) Drumstick - 222 (31) Chrysanthemum 107 (15) 128 (18) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 7 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Basavanthapur is located at North latitude 160 50' 36.18" and 160 48' 58.005" and East longitude 770 4' 34.164'' and 770 2' 0.183" covering an area of about 723.95 ha coming under Balajinagara, Kyasavanahalli, Kanahalli and Hedagimadra villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Basavanthapur micro watersheds of Thanagunda sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Basavanthapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (23.53%) were marginal, 17 (50.00%) were small, 5 (14.71 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 96 (56.47%) men and 73 (42.94 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.3, marginal farmers were 5.1, small farmers were 5.3, semi medium farmers were 5 and medium farmers were 1.  Majority of the respondents (44.12%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 57.06 per cent illiterates, 38.23 per cent pre university education and 7.65 per cent attained graduation.  About, 100.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 69.41 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 58.82 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 76.47 per cent possess TV, 100.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 38.24 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 44.12 per cent possess plough and 2.94 per cent possess Sprayer, 79.41 per cent possess Weeder, 11.76 per cent possess Harvester and 32.35 per cent possess Thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 0.00 per cent possess local cow and 14.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.47, women available in the micro watershed was 1.24, hired labour (men) available was 11.35 and hired labour (women) available was 9.26.  Further, 11.76 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 1.76 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 733.33 kms for about 9.33 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 73.26 per cent (41.85 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 23.81 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 20.59 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.35 percent possessed bank account and 0.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 82.35 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 50.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 21.43 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (92.86%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 57.14 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut and Sorghum was Rs.32645.44, 35533.97, 64938.73 and 37645.94 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.10, 1: 0.60, 1: 0.70, and 1:0.00 respectively.  Further, 32.35 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.65 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 52823.53 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 30411.76 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 17 horticulture trees and 91 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12352.94 for land development and Rs. 794.12 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 97.06 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 11.76 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 20.59 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.24 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (94.12%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.24 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.06 per cent of the households and 5.88 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (2.94%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (102.94 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (97.06%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (41.18%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.24%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (97.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (97.06 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.18%), inadequate extension services (88.24 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (91.18%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project