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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mukkumpi-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 621 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 51 per cent is covered by soils, 41 per cent is covered by rock-out crops and 8 per cent is by others (Habitation and Settlements). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 7 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  An area of about 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 5 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 42 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 32 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 2 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 49 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 40 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 34 per cent soils are very strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 4.5-6.5), 15 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 2 per cent soil are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in the entire cultivated are of the microwatershed.  An area of about 35 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 16 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 1 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur content is low (4.5 ppm) in the available iron content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in the available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in the available copper content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 36(6) 248(40) Sapota 12(2) 55(9) Maize 12(2) 272(44) Pomegranate 12(2) 160(26) Bajra 12(2) 278(45) Guava 12(2) 55(9) Groundnut - 45(7) Jackfruit 12(2) 55(9) Sunflower 36(6) 137(22) Jamun - 173(28) Cotton 24(4) 260(42) Musambi 36(6) 137(22) Red gram 12(2) 160(26) Lime 36(6) 137(22) Bengalgram 24(4) 234(38) Cashew 12(2) 55(9) Chilli 12(2) 86(14) Custard apple 38(6) 252(41) Tomato 12(2) 86(14) Amla 13(2) 277(45) Brinjal 68(11) 216(35) Tamarind - 172(28) Onion 66(11) 32(5) Marigold 12(2) 271(44) Bhendi 66(11) 218(35) Chrysanthemum 12(2) 271(44) Drumstick 12(2) 160(26) Jasmine 12(2) 166(27) Mulberry 12(2) 160(26) Crossandra 12(2) 100(16) Mango - 66(11)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that 34 farmers were sampled in Mukkumpi-1 micro watershed among them 11 (32.35%) were marginal farmers, 13 (38.24 %) were small farmers, 13 (38.24 %) were semi medium farmers, 5 (2.94%) were medium farmers and 4 (11.76 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 194 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 115 (59.28%) men and 78(40.21%) were women. The average family size of landless was 3, marginal farmers and semi medium farmers were 5, small farmer was 8 and large farmer was 4. On an average the family size was 6.  The data indicated that 38 (19.59%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 100 (51.55%) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (24.74%) were in 36-60 years of age and 8 (4.12 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Mukkumpi-1 had 31.96 per cent illiterates, 1.03 per cent were functional literate, 23.71 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.64 per cent of them had both middle school, 21.13 per cent them had high school education, 6.19 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.55 per cent them had Diploma education, 0.52 per cent them had ITI, 1.55 per cent of them had degree education, 1.03 per cent of them had masters education and 6.70 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 82.35 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 11.76 per cent of the household heads were general labour and 2.94 per cent of the household heads were doing other jobs.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 65.46 per cent of the household members, 2.58 per cent were agricultural labourers, 5.67 per cent were general labours, 0.52 percent were in household industry, 1.03 per cent of them were in private sector, 19.07 per cent of them were students and 4.64 per cent of them were children. In case of landless households 7.14 per cent were agricultural labour, 78.57 per cent were general labourers and 14.29 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 61.54 per cent were agriculturist, 5.77 percent was in agricultural labour, 3.85 per cent of were in private and 23.08 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 80.61 per cent of them were agriculturist and 10.20 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 53.85 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 3.85 per cent were agricultural labour and 42.31 per cent of them were students. In case of large farmers 50 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 50 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 100 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. 2  The results indicated that 85.29 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 5.88 per cent of the households possess Pucca house and 8.82 per cent of them possess Thatched house.  The results showed that, 67.65 per cent of the households possess TV, 29.41 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 23.53 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 20.59 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.12 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1800, bicycle was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.36428 and mobile phone was Rs.2013.  Results indicated that about 5.88 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 55.88 per cent of the households possess weeder and 2.94 per cent of the households possess harvester.  The results showed that the average the average value of plough was Rs. 1500, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 1000, the average value of weeder was Rs. 53 and the average value of harvester was Rs. 33.  The results indicated that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.94 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow. 27.27 per cent of the marginal and 7.69 per cent of the small farmers possess local cow. In case of semi medium farmers 60 per cent households possess local cow and 20 per cent households possess crossbred cow.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.33, average own labour (women) available was 1.77, average hired labour (men) available was 6.63 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.23.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.73, average own labour (women) was also 1.27, average hired labour (men) was 7.00 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.55. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 3.08, average own labour (women) was 2.38, average hired labour (men) was 7.77 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.77. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.60, average own labour (women) was 1.40, average hired labour (men) was 4.20 and average hired labour (women) available was 4.20. In large farmers average own labour men available was 3 and average own labour (women) was 1.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Mukkumpi-1 micro watershed possess 23.49 ha (61.12%) of dry land and 14.94 ha (38.88%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.93 ha (87.99%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (12.01%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 15.14 ha (86.18 %) of dry land and 2.43 ha (13.82 %) of 3 irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (32.35 %) of dry land and 5.08 ha (67.65%) of irrigated land. large farmers possess 6.62 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 408,475.45 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 448,239.43. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 623,822.53 for dry land and Rs. 1,482,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 330,213.90 for dry land Rs. 782,166.67 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 370,500 for dry land and Rs. 511,713.15 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 150,885.76 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 10 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 29.41 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 30.48 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.81 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 2.43 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 5.08 ha of irrigated land and large farmers were having 4.45 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 12.77 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (7.29 ha), groundnut (3.81 ha), maize (19.43 ha), paddy (4.53 ha) and redgram (1.21 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers had grown bajra, maize and paddy. Small farmers had grown bajra, groundnut, maize, paddy and redgram. Semi medium farmers had grown bajra, groundnut, maize and paddy. Large farmers had grown groundnut, maize and paddy.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Mukkumpi-1 micro watershed was found to be 74.52 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers it was 78.34, in semi medium farmers it was 82.26 and in medium farmers it was 42.90 per cent.  The results indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households have bank account and 8.82 per cent of the household possess savings respectively. Among marginal farmers 36.36 percent of them possess bank account and 9.09 per cent of savings. 69.23 per cent of small farmers possess bank account and 7.69 percent of them possess savings. 40 per cent of the semi medium farmers possess bank account and 100 per cent of the large category of farmers possesses bank account and also savings correspondingly.  The results indicated that, 36.36 per cent of marginal, 69.23 per cent of small, 40 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 6.25 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank, friends/ relatives and money lender correspondingly, 87.50 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank. 4  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and large have availed Rs. 82,500, Rs. 132,222.22, Rs. 225,000 and Rs. 100000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 129,375.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional source was for agriculture production.  The results indicated that, 100 percent of the private credit was taken for agriculture production.  Results indicated 100 percent of the households have unpaid their institutional loan.  Results indicated that 100 percent of the households have unpaid their private loan.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households were opined that the loan taken from the institutional sources was helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicated that 50 per cent of the households were opined that the loan taken from the non-institutional sources was helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 50 per cent of the households were opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirement.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 33337.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24031.25. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -9306.50, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 46766.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51835.57. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 5069.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.11.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 130496.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 110018.35. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -20477.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.84.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 60597.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56149.70. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -4448.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.93.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Redgram was Rs. 40734.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 85215.00. The net income from Redgram cultivation was Rs. 44480.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.09.  The results indicated that, 20.59 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate respectively.  The table indicated that, in landless, the average income from wage was Rs.66250 and agriculture was Rs.25000. In marginal farmers, the average income from wage was Rs.16181.82, agriculture was Rs.70945.45 and dairy farm was Rs.454.55. In small farmers, the average income from service/salary was Rs.7692.31, wage was 5 Rs.20769.23 and agriculture was Rs.156342.31. In semi medium farmers, the average income from wage was Rs.18000, agriculture was Rs.200000 and dairy farm was Rs.5000. In large farmers the average income from wage was Rs.50000 and agriculture was Rs.130000.  The results indicated that, in land less farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 68333.33 and agriculture was Rs. 85000. In case of marginal farmers average expenditure from wage was Rs.27750, agriculture was Rs.46272.73 and dairy farm was Rs.2000. In small farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.75000, wage was Rs.29833.33 and agriculture was Rs.88534.46. In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.27500, agriculture was Rs.107600 and dairy farm was Rs.18000. in large farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.25000 and agriculture was Rs.85000.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 6 coconut trees and 3 mango tree in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 46 neem trees in their field and also grown 1 Neem tree in the backyard.  The results indicated that, Bajra, groundnut, maize and paddy crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Redgram was sold to the extent of 95.83 per cent.  The results indicated that, 79.41 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant and 32.35 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 2.94 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 100 per cent have used tractor.  The results indicated that, 41.18 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 36.36 percent of marginal farmers, 53.85 per cent of small farmers, 40 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 97.06 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 2.94 percent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 20.59 per cent, 67.65 per cent of them were using bore well and 11.76 per cents of the households were using lake/tank for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 29.41 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 75 per cent of landless, 18.18 per cent of marginal, 23.08 per cent of small, 20 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of large had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 11.76 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card. 6  The results indicated that, 64.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 54.55 percent of the marginal, 69.23 per cent of the small, 40 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that cereals and pulses were adequate for 97.06 per cent of the households. Oilseed, vegetables and fruits were adequate for 5.88 per cent of the households. Milk and egg were adequate for 94.12 per cent of the households and meat was adequate for 8.82 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseed, vegetables and fruits were inadequate for 91.18 per cent of the households respectively. Egg was inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households and meat was inadequate for 88.24 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.24 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (67.65%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (79.41%), inadequacy of irrigation water (82.35%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.29%), high rate of interest on credit (82.35%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.24%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (50%), inadequate extension services and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (44.12%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Maslapur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 510 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soils and 8 per cent by rock outcrops, habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 10 per cent has sandy soils at the surface, 78 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and 4 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 6 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 6 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 86 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 22 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 70 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 35 per cent are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) and 56 per cent are very neutral (pH pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in 31 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 34 per cent are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 50 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 336 (66) Sapota 18 (4) 70 (14) Maize - 336 (66) Pomegranate 18 (4) 79 (15) Bajra 26 (5) 383 (75) Musambi 18 (4) 79 (15) Groundnut 26 (5) 377 (74) Lime 18 (4) 79 (15) Sunflower - 53 (10) Amla 44 (9) 382 (75) Red gram - 53 (10) Cashew - 88 (17) Bengalgram 9 (2) 257 (50) Jackfruit 18 (4) 70 (14) Cotton - 336 (66) Jamun - 97 (19) Chilli - 327 (64) Custard apple 44 (9) 382 (75) Tomato - 327 (64) Tamarind - 27 (5) Brinjal 26 (5) 284 (56) Mulberry 18 (4) 95 (19) Onion 26 (5) 284 (56) Marigold - 336 (66) Bhendi - 284 (56) Chrysanthemum - 336 (66) Drumstick 18 (4) 51 (10) Jasmine - 327 (64) Mango - 18 (4) Crossandra - 327 (64) Guava - 88 (17) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The result indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Maslapur-2 micro watershed among them 5(14.29%) were landless, 4 (11.43%) were marginal farmers, 16 (45.71%) were small farmers and 10 (28.57%) were semi medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 98 (58.68%) men and 69 (41.32%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 5, marginal farmers' was 3.75, small farmers' was 4.56 and semi medium farmers' was 5.40.  The data indicated that, 27 (16.17%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (44.31%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (29.94%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16(9.58%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Maslapur-2 had 30.54 per cent illiterates, 49.70 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.80 per cent of them had middle school education, 8.38 per cent of them had high school education, 4.79 per cent of them had PUC, 0.60 per cent of them had diploma and ITI education, 2.99 per cent of them had degree education and 0.60 per cent of them did other education.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 20.96 per cent of the household members, 56.29 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.80 per cent was in private sector, 20.36 per cent were students and 0.60 per cent was children. In case of landless farmers, 8 per cent were agriculturist, 60 per cent were general labourers and 32 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 20 per cent of them were practicing agriculture, 40 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.67 per cent were in private service and 33.33 per cent were students. In case of small farmers, 21.92 per cent were agriculturists, 58.90 per cent were agricultural labourers and 19.18 per cent were students. In case of semi medium farmers 25.93 per cent were agriculturist, 55.56 per cent were agriculture labourers, 3.70 per cent were in private service, 12.96 per cent were students and 1.85 per cent was housewives.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 51.43 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 40 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 8.57 per cent of them possess Pucca house.  The results showed that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 80 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. 2  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.4906, mixer grinder was Rs.1332, bicycle was Rs. 1650, motor cycle was Rs.33583 and mobile phone was Rs.1707.  Data showed 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 31.43 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess both power tiller and tractor, 28.57 per cent of them possess sprayer, 94.29 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.86per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18500, plough was Rs.2029, the average value of power tiller was Rs.30000, the average value was tractor was Rs.300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.3368, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.3000, and the average value of weeder was Rs.17.  The results indicate that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess both bullocks and local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess both crossbreed cow and sheep respectively.  In case of marginal households, 25 per cent of them possess bullocks, local cow and sheep respectively. 43.75 per cent of the small farmers possess bullock and local cow correspondingly, 6.25 per cent of the small farmers possess crossbred cow. In case of semi medium farmers, 30 per cent of households possess bullock and local cow respectively.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.80, average own labour (women) available was 1.63, average hired labour (men) available was 6.80 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.09.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 7.75 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.50. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.88, average own labour (women) was 1.63, average hired labour (men) was 8.94 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.25. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.90, average hired labour (men) was 5.20 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.30.  The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Maslapur-2 micro watershed possess 23.43 ha (61.01%) of dry land and 14.97 ha (38.99%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.59 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 18.81 ha (88.74%) of dry land and 2.39 ha (11.26%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.03 ha (13.90%) of dry land and 12.58 ha (86.10%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 243,202.62 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 460,746.14. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 579,812.21 for dry land. In case of small famers, the 3 average land value was Rs. 207,250.43 for dry land and Rs. 753,559.31for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 147,609.56 for dry land and Rs. 405,178.51 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 15 functioning and 14 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 42.86 per cent of the farmers in micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 29.52 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and semi medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.40ha, 3.48 ha and 11.05 ha of irrigated land respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (14.71 ha), groundnut (8.40 ha), bajra (1.88 ha), Sunflower (1.62 ha), Bengal gram (1.21 ha), Red gram (1.21 ha), Sorghum (1.21 ha), castor (0.81 ha), Tomato (0.81 ha), water melon (0.81 ha) and Banana (0.49 ha) in kharif season and also grown maize (1.62 ha) and groundnut (1.21 ha) in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, sunflower and Bengal gram. Small farmers had grown maize, groundnut, bajra, Bengal gram, paddy, red gram, sorghum, castor and banana. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, groundnut, sunflower, tomato and watermelon.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Maslapur-2 micro watershed was found to be 92.65 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 92.25 per cent and in case of semi medium it was 92.18 per cent.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households have bank account and 85.71 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 60 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27663.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28612.58. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 949.39, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.03.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 53510.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54452.62. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 942.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.02.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 30927.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 43172.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.4.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for water melon was Rs. 37280.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69160. The net income from water melon cultivation was Rs. 31879.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.86. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for banana was Rs. 95816.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 679249.97. The net income from banana cultivation was Rs. 583433.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:7.09.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 58817.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 156227.50. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 97410.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.66.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 45612.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45960.53. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 348.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 27395.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50931.76. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 23535.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.86.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 21266.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20729.50. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -537.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 14285.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31369. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 17083.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.2.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 13687.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31122.00. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 17434.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.27.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Castor was Rs. 32673.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29640. The net income from Castor cultivation was Rs. -3033.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.91.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that, in landless farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 43000, in marginal farmers, the average annual gross income from service/salary was Rs.27500, wage was Rs.23750, agriculture was Rs.28025 and goat farming was Rs.10000. In small farmers, the average annual gross income from service/salary was Rs.5312.50, wage was Rs.24187.50, agriculture was Rs.64390.63 and dairy farming was Rs.3937.50. In semi medium farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs.13500, agriculture was Rs.69100 and dairy farming was Rs.800. 5  The results indicate that, in case of landless the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs. 17000. In marginal farmers, the average annual expenditure from service/salary was Rs.5000, wage was Rs.8333.33, agriculture was Rs.14750 and goat farming was Rs.15000. In small farmers, the average annual expenditure from service/salary was Rs.20000, wage was Rs.7133.33, agriculture was Rs.31875 and dairy farming was Rs.5800. In semi medium farmers, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.10000, agriculture was Rs.29000 and dairy farming was Rs.1333.33.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 24 coconut, 2 lemon trees and 13 mango trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 55 neem trees and 5 tamarind trees in their field and also planted 1 neem tree in their back yard.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 7342.86, for irrigation facility Rs. 1057.14 and for improved crop production Rs. 285.71.  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment capacity for 85.71 per cent of the households for land development, 22.86 per cent of the households for irrigation facility and 5.71 per cent of the households for improved crop production .  The results indicated that, banana, Bengal gram, castor, red gram, sorghum, tomato and water melon crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra, groundnut, maize, paddy and sunflower crops were sold to an extent of 92.05 per cent, 92.02 per cent, 98.89 per cent, 88.89 per cent and 28 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 87.50 per cent of the small farmers and 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used fire wood.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent of the households were using bore well for drinking water in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 6  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 100 per cent of the marginal, 6.25 per cent of the small and 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 60 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 40 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 54.29 per cent, fruits were adequate for 82.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 45.71 per cent, eggs were adequate for 60 per cent and meat was adequate for 60 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 40 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 54.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 20 per cent, milk were inadequate for 17.14 per cent and egg was inadequate for 31.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (28.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (51.43%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (8.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (25.71%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (20%), less rainfall (62.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (14.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hanumanahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 675 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 96 per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent by rock outcrops and 1 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 20 soil series and 40 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 63 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 32 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 27 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 1 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands, 77 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping(1-3% slope) lands, 13 per cent area of the microwatershed has gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands and 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has moderately sloping (5-10%) lands.  An area of about 5 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded, 80 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 11 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 0.75%) in 11 per cent area.  An area of about 93 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 4 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 5 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is low (4.5 ppm) and 2 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 67 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 81(12) 133(20) Sapota 60(9) 240(36) Maize 41(6) 174(26) Pomegranate 60(9) 240(36) Bajra 139(21) 279(41) Guava 28(4) 272(40) Groundnut 37(5) 439(65) Jackfruit 60(9) 240(36) Sunflower 49(7) 101(15) Jamun 40(6) 259(38) Cotton 40(6) 174(26) Musambi 60(9) 240(36) Red gram 49(7) 101(15) Lime 60(9) 240(36) Bengalgram - 268(40) Cashew 20(3) 275(41) Chilli 73(11) 141(21) Custard apple 150(22) 398(59) Tomato 73(11) 141(21) Amla 150(22) 398(59) Brinjal 96(14) 248(37) Tamarind 40(6) 39(6) Onion 43(6) 301(45) Marigold 41(6) 174(26) Bhendi 43(6) 301(45) Chrysanthemum 41(6) 174(26) Drumstick 49(7) 221(33) Jasmine 41(6) 174(26) Mulberry 55(8) 374(56) Crossandra 49(7) 165(24) Mango 40(6) 34(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 114 (54.81%) men and 94 (45.19%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 5, marginal farmers' was 5.60, small farmers' was 5.69, semi medium farmers' was 5, medium farmers' was 6.40 and large farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 64 (30.77%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (39.90%) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (23.08%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.25%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hanumanahalli-2 had 31.25 per cent illiterates, 43.27 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.40 per cent of them had middle school education, 7.21 per cent of them had high school education, 4.33 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.44 per cent of them did ITI and 5.77 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 86.49 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 16.22 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 21.15 per cent of the household members, 38.46 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.37 per cent were in private service, 0.48 per cent were retired, 29.81 per cent of them were students, 2.88 per cent of them were housewife and 3.85 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 91.89 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 2.70 per cent of them possess pucca house and 5.41 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 97.30 per cent of the households possess TV, 67.57 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 29.73 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.30 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 5,277, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,788, motor cycle was Rs. 49,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,500.  About 2.70 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 16.22 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.70 per cent of the households possess power tiller, 5.41 per cent of them possess tractor, 2.70 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.70 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 54.05 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 30,000, plough was Rs. 2,333, power tiller was Rs. 20,000, tractor was Rs. 450,000, sprayer was Rs. 4,000, chaff cutter was Rs. 1,800 and the average value of weeder was Rs.166. 2  The results indicate that, 29.73 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 37.84 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.41 per cent possess crossbred cow and 2.70 per cent possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.59, average own labour (women) available was 1.32, average hired labour (men) available was 5 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.86.  The results indicate that, 8.11 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 91.89 per cent of opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hanumanahalli-2 micro watershed possess 51.68 ha (72.94%) of dry land and 19.17 ha (27.06%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.92 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 10.71 ha (66.97%) of dry land and 5.28 ha (33.03%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 2.02 ha (38.46%) of dry land and 3.24 ha (61.54%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.37 ha (46.79%) of dry land and 10.66 ha (53.21%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 22.66 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 154,737.67 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 323,216.55. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 549,210.06 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 252,040.82 for dry land and Rs. 643,524.91 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 148,200 for dry land and Rs. 308,750 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 85,356.37 for dry land and Rs. 168,856.82 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers the average value of dry land was Rs. 17,642.86.  The results indicate that, there were 9 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 24.32 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 16.06 meters.  The results indicate that, small farmers had an irrigated area of 4.39 hectares, semi medium farmers had 1.62 hectares and medium farmers had 5.72 hectares.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (27.81 ha), bajra (10.79 ha), groundnut (3.69 ha), sunflower (2.15), Bengal gram (2.02) and tomato (0.81 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hanumanahalli-2 micro watershed was found to be 83.71 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 89.52 per cent, for small farmers it was 98.09 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 81.82 per cent, medium farmers had a cropping intensity of 69.81 per cent and large farmers had a cropping intensity of 100 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 43.24 per cent of the households possess bank account and savings in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of marginal, 38.46 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 60 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 43.75 per cent have availed loan from commercial bank, 6.25 per cent have availed loan from friends/relatives, 12.50 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank and 6.25 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and medium have availed a credit of Rs. 40,000, Rs. 29,400 and Rs. 115,000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from private credit for the purpose of agricultural production and 50 per cent borrowed for the purpose of education.  Results indicated that 88.89 per cent of the households did not repay their loan and 11.11 per cent of the households partially paid their loan.  Results indicated that 50 per cent of the households did not repay their loan and another 50 per cent of the households fully repaid their loan.  The results indicate that, around 77.78 per cent of the households opined that the credit obtained helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 11.11 per cent opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfil the requirement.  The results indicate that, around 50 per cent of the households opined that the loan helped them to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs.31990.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36584.29. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 4593.32, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.14.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs.37768. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs.28486.29. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. - 9281.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.75.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs.43555.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21612.50. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. -21943.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.5.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 36637.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35479.73. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -1157.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  the total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs.13532.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60070.40. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 46537.97, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.44. 4  the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs.30488.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39127.05. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 8638.90, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.28.  The results indicate that, 21.62 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 18.92 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. Another 8.11 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 2.70 per cent opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 68,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 34,400, for small farmers it was Rs. 58,461.54, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 95,933.33, for medium farmers it was Rs. 106,400 and for large farmers it was Rs. 95,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,302.72. For landless households it was Rs. 3,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs 2,577.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,207.10, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 14,777.78, for medium farmers it was Rs. 9,880 and for large farmers it was Rs. 17,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 coconut trees in their field and 1 mango tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 53 neem trees and 5 banyan trees in their field. Also, 4 neem trees and 2 acacia trees in the backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,954.27 for land development, Rs. 459.46for irrigation facility, Rs. 567.57 for improved crop production and Rs. 54.05 for orchard development/maintenance.  The results indicate that, government subsidy is the source of additional investment for land development for 10.81 per cent and for improved crop production for 16.22 per cent. Own funds are the source of additional investment for 8.11 per cent for land development and for 2.7 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 29.73 per cent for land development, for 10.81 per cent for irrigation facility, for 2.7 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.7 per cent for orchard development/maintenance.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 97.3 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 96 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 98.15 per cent, sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and tomato was sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.70 per cent of the households sold their produce to agent/traders, another 16.22 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants and 89.19 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 105.41 per cent of the farmers have used tractor as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce and 2.7 per cent have also used cart. 5  The results indicated that, 27.03 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 78.38 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 51.35 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 43.24 per cent of the households, lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 2.70 per cent and RO water was the source of drinking water for 2.70 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 97.30 percent used fire wood, and 2.70 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 29.73 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of landless, 10 per cent of marginal, 23.08 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium, 40 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 62.16 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 89.19 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 64.86 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 29.73 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 56.76 per cent, fruits were adequate for 8.11 per cent, milk was adequate for 37.84 per cent, eggs were adequate for 24.32 per cent and meat was adequate for 18.92 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 13.51 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 35.14 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 64.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 43.24 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 86.49 per cent, milk were inadequate for 48.65 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 72.97 per cent and meat was inadequate for 54.05 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 78.38 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (62.16%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (45.95%), inadequacy of irrigation water (32.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (43.24%), high rate of interest on credit (16.22%), low price for the agricultural commodities (10.81%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (16.22%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (37.84%) and inadequate extension services (24.32%), less rain fall (43.24%) and source of agri-technology information (18.92%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nagalapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 677 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 598 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 78 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 61 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 26 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 4 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 47 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 16 per cent area very low (0.75%) and 85 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 33 per cent area is low ( 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area 44 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 47(7) 143(21) Guava - 28(4) Maize 23(3) 192(28) Sapota - 28(4) Bajra 28(4) 162(24) Pomegranate - 55(8) Groundnut 8(1) 32(5) Musambi 27(4) 28 (4) Sunflower 27(4) 28(4) Lime 27(4) 28 (4) Redgram - 117(17) Amla 28(4) 100(15) Bengal gram 27(4) - Cashew - 25(4) Cotton 27(4) 25(4) Jackfruit - 28(4) Chilli 23(3) 105(15) Jamun - 27(4) Tomato 23(3) 78(12) Custard apple 55(8) 73(11) Brinjal 23(3) 78(12) Tamarind - 27(4) Onion 23(3) 78(12) Mulberry - 28(4) Bhendi 23(3) 105(16) Marigold 23(3) 105(16) Drumstick - 55(8) Chrysanthemum 23(3) 105(16) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 105 (61.40%) men and 66 (38.6%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 4.3, small farmers' was 5.2 and semi medium farmers' was 4.5.  The data indicated that, 39 (22.81%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (42.11%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (30.99%) were in 36-60 years of age and 7 (49%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Nagalapur-1 had 50.88 per cent illiterates, 11.70 per cent of them had Primary School, 72 per cent of them had Middle School, 16.37 per cent of them had High School, 4.68 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.75 per cent of them had diploma education and 2.34 per cent of them had Degree education.  The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 91.67 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 2.78 per cent of the household's heads were trade and business.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 6.43 per cent of the household members, 65.50 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.58 per cent were in Household trade and business and dairy farm, 18.71 per cent were students, 2.92 per cent were housewives and 5.26 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.58 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in grama panchayat and 99.42 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institution.  The results indicate that 52.78 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 16.67 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 22.22 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 8.33 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 72.22 per cent of the households possess TV, 58.33 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.78 per cent of the households possess refrigerator and car/four wheeler, 41.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.67 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,830, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,976, refrigerator was Rs. 1,500, Motor Cycle was Rs. 37,366, car/four wheeler was Rs. 30,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,774.  About 27.78 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 38.89 per cent of them possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them possess seed/ fertilizer drill, irrigation pump and thresher, 11.11 per cent of them possess Sprayer and sprinkler and 69.44 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 14,580, plough was Rs. 20,078, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 4,000, irrigation pump was Rs. 7,000, 2 Sprayer was Rs. 3,800, sprinkler was Rs. 4,300, weeder was Rs. 252 and the average value of thresher was Rs. 180.  The results indicate that, 41.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 25 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.78 per cent of the households possess cross breed cow and sheep, 11.11 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 5.56 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.19, average own labour (women) available was 1.5, average hired labour (men) available was 10.61 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.42.  The results indicate that, 88.89 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 11.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results show that, 2.34 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated. The results show that, average distance of migration was 500 kms and average duration of migration was 11 months.  The results show that, 50 per cent of the population has migrated for the purpose of job/wage/work and business.  The results indicate that, households of the Nagalapur-1 micro-watershed possess 14.31 ha (28.80%) of dry land, 34.98 ha (70.38%) of irrigated land and 0.4 ha (0.81%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 5.9 ha (87.68%) of dry land, 0.42 ha (6.31%) of irrigated land and o.4 ha (6.1%) of permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 7.39 ha (59.9%) of dry land and 40.91 ha (40.91%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 12 ha (6.86%) of dry land and 13.79 ha (93.14%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 15.64 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 583,107.15, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 429,813.72 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 1,235,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 550,205.61 for dry land, Rs. 1,881,904.85 for irrigated land and Rs. 1,235,000 for permanent fallow land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 554,296.67 for dry land and Rs. 671,683.80 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 984,063.75 for dry land and Rs. 489,216.55 for irrigated land. Medium farmers, the average land value were Rs. 258,822.77 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 19 de-functioning and 23 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 63.89per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.68 meters. 3  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.43 ha, 3.40 ha, 13.41 ha and 12 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown groundnut (21.08 ha), cotton (10.48ha), paddy and red gram (3.79 ha), green garm (22 ha), sorghum (0.81ha) and sweet potato (42.1 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Nagalapur-1 micro-watershed was found to be 97.14 per cent.  The results indicate that, 88.89 per cent of the households have bank account and 41.67 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 27.78 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 46.67 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 6.67 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative, grameena bank and money lender and 20 per cent of the households have borrowed from friends/relatives.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 61,666.67.  The results indicate that, 90 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production and 10 per cent of the households from institutional sources for purpose of social functions like marriage.  The results indicate that, 75 per cent of the households borrowed from private sources for the purpose of agricultural production and 25 per cent of the households from private sources for the purpose of household consumption.  The results indicated that 10 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources and 90 per cent of the households not paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, 60 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 30 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from higher rate of interest and 10 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time. The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfil the requirement.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 52355.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49965.31. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -2390.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.95. 4  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 21594.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43225. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 21630.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 50657.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41762.31. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -8895.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.82.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 487325. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76436.68. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 27704.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.57.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 33099.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 3950.73. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.12.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 29179.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80363.79. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 511847. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.75.  The results indicate that, 41.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 30.56 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 121,055.56 marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 98,545.45 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 130,930 and medium farmers it was Rs. 161,166.67.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 115,444.47. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 11,544.44, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,776.86, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,332.22 and medium farmers it was Rs. 11,138.89.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 5 coconut, 22 lemon and 19 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 9 Teak, 72 neem, 8 tamarind, 10 acacia, 4 Banyan and peepul trees in their field and also 1 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 11,361.11 for land development; households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,277.78 for irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,583.33 for improved crop production, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,055.56 for improved livestock management, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.166.67 for orchard development/ maintenance and households have an average investment capacity of Rs.55.56 for purchase of farm machinery.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for irrigation facility and improved livestock 5 management. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility and improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development, 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility and 5.56 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development, 19.44 per cent for irrigation facility, 16.67 per cent for improved crop production and 5.56 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, Cotton was sold to the extent of 72.38 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 78.96 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 82.86 per cent, Sorghum was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, and red gram to the extent of 88.24 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 77.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 8.33per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets and 11.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 13.89 per cent of the households have used head load, 5.56 per cent of the households have used Cart, 58.33 per cent of the households used tractor and 19.44 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 91.67 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent of the population adopted field bunding, 5.56 per cent of the population adopted summer ploughing and dead furrow.  The results indicated that, condition of field bunding was 71.43 per cent of good, 14.29 per cent were slightly damaged and severely damaged.  The results indicated that, 8.33 per cent of the population involved own and government agency, 2.78 per cent of the population involved farmer's organization in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households used firewood and 33.33 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 36.11 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the source of drinking water for 41.67 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 38.89 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. 6  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 8.33 per cent, vegetables and meat were adequate for 41.67 per cent, fruits were adequate for 11.11 per cent, Milk were adequate for 52.78 per cent and Egg were adequate for 47.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds and fruits were inadequate for 88.89 per cent of the households, vegetables and meat were inadequate for 58.33 per cent, milk were inadequate for 44.44 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 52.78 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80.56 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and Lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (72.22%), High rate of interest on credit (75%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (97.22%), Inadequate extension services (27.78%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (94.44%), Less rainfall (5.56%) and Source of Agri-technology information (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Oddarahatti microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 546 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils , 1 per cent by rock outcrops and 4 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 30 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 6 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 89 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 15 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 80 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 29 per cent are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 25 per cent are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) and 42 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in 66 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is high (>57 kg/ha) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 78 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 17 per cent soils.  Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in the 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 89 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 70 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 53 (10) 200 (37) Sapota 16 (3) 180 (33) Maize 37 (7) 217 (40) Pomegranate 16 (3) 229 (42) Bajra 122 (22) 300 (55) Musambi 32 (6) 213 (39) Groundnut 22 (4) 323 (59) Lime 32 (6) 213 (39) Sunflower 28 (5) 156 (28) Amla 97 (18) 423 (78) Red gram 12 (2) 154 (28) Cashew 5 (1) 179 (33) Bengalgram 48 (9) 294 (54) Jackfruit 16 (3) 180 (33) Cotton 28 (5) 225 (41) Jamun - 190 (35) Chilli 18 (3) 187 (34) Custard apple 119 (22) 401 (74) Tomato 50 (9) 155 (29) Tamarind - 101 (18) Brinjal 87 (16) 215 (39) Mulberry 70 (13) 273 (50) Onion 22 (4) 232 (42) Marigold 1 (<1) 253 (46) Bhendi 22 (4) 280 (51) Chrysanthemum 1 (<1) 253 (46) Drumstick 70 (13) 192 (35) Jasmine 1 (<1) 204 (38) Mango - 85 (16) Crossandra 1 (<1) 222 (41) Guava - 195 (36)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SILENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The results indicated that among 35 farmers, 17 (48.57%) were marginal farmers, 10 (28.57 %) were small farmers, 2 (5.71 %) were semi medium farmers, 1 (2.86%) medium farmers and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 128 population households were there in the studied micro-watershed. Among them 64 (50 %) men and 64 (50 %) were women. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4, small farmer was 4, semi medium farmer was 4 and for landless farmers it was 4.  The data indicated that 22 (17.19 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 49 (38.28 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 40 (31.25 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (13.28 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Oddarahatti had 27.34 per cent illiterates, 35.16 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.16 per cent of them had both middle school and high school education, 6.25 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.78 per cent them had Diploma education, 7.81 per cent of them had degree education and 0.78 per cent of them had masters education.  The results indicated with reference to occupation of the household showed that, 54.29 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, general labour, in Government service and in private service respectively. 8.57 per cent of the households were doing trade and business and 11.43 per cent of them were housewives.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 50.78 per cent of the household members, 1.56 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.13 per cent were general labours, 1.56 percent were in government service, 1.56 per cent of them were in private sector, 4.69 per cent of them were trade and business, 19.53 per cent of them were students and 9.38 per cent were housewives.  In case of landless households 10.53 per cent were agricultural labourers, 15.79 per cent were general labour, 5.26 per cent in government service, 15.79 per cent were in trade& business, 21.05 per cent ware housewife and 26.32 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 60.94 per cent were agriculturist, 1.56 percent was in government service, 3.13 per cent were in trade and business and 18.75 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 55.88 per cent of them were agriculturist and 20.59 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 50 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 12.50 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 3.13 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 0.78 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank. Landless, semi medium farmers and medium farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions. 2 Marginal farmers and small farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions.  The results indicated that 97.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 2.86 per cent of them possess Thatched house. 100 percent of the landless, marginal and small farmers possess Katcha house.  The results showed that 88.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 54.29 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 2112, mixer grinder was Rs.1121, refrigerator Rs.13500, bicycle Rs.1000, motor cycle was Rs.29250 and mobile phone was Rs.800.  The results indicated that about 22.86 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.29 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 62.86 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.660; the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 22000, the average value of sprayer Rs.2480, the average value of weeder Rs. 39 and the average value of chaff cutter Rs.3000.  The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow. In case of marginal farmers, 29.41 per cent of the households possess bullock and 5.88 per cent of the households possess local cow. In case of small farmers, 20 per cent of households possess bullock. In case of semi medium farmers, 50 per cent of the households possess bullock and local low respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro-watershed was 1.23, average own labour (women) available was 1.03, average hired labour (men) available was 7.53 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.37.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.24, average own labour (women) was 1.12, average hired labour (men) was 4.94 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.82. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.10, average own labour (women) was 0.90, average hired labour (men) was 10.70 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.20. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 12.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 10. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 10. 3  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Oddarahatti micro-watershed possess 21.17 ha (71.84 %) of dry land and 8.26 ha (28.06 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.45 ha (91.25 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (8.75%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 10.70 ha (86.01%) of dry land and 1.74 ha (13.99 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (66.67%) of dry land and 1.01 ha (33.33%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.69 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 318724.91 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 363235.29. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 408313.36 for dry land and Rs. 494000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 261573.37 for dry land Rs. 746744.19 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247000 for dry land and Rs. 494000 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 170344.82 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 6 functioning and 7 defunctioning bore wells in the micro-watershed. The results indicated that, there were 2 functioning open wells in the micro-watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the irrigation source for 17.14 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source for 5.71 per cent of the farmers. The results indicated that, in case of semi medium farmers there was 1.01 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (3.94ha), cotton (1.77ha), crossandra (0.81ha), horse gram (1.32ha), maize (9.72 ha), navane (1.21 ha), papaya (0.91 ha),red gram (3.78 ha), sorghum(0.45 ha) and sugarcane (1.01 ha). Marginal farmers have grown Maize, Bajra, sorghum, crossandra and Redgram. Small farmers have grown Maize, cotton, horse gram, navane and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown Maize, bajra, and red gram. Medium farmers have grown papaya.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Oddarahatti micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent in marginal farmers, small farmers, semi medium farmers and medium farmers respectively.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have bank account and savings respectively. Among marginal farmers 60 percent of them possess both bank account and savings. 88.24 per cent of small farmers possess both bank account and savings correspondingly. Semi medium farmers possess 50 per cent of both bank account and savings respectively and medium category of farmers possess 100 per cent of bank account and also savings. 4  The results indicated that, 60 per cent of landless, 88.24 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, 50 per cent semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 56.67 per cent have availed loan in Grameena bank, 16.67 per cent have availed loan from money lender and 3.33 per cent have availed loan from commercial bank, input dealers/ suppliers and SHGs/CBOs respectively.  The results indicated that,, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs.62666.67, Rs. 80500, Rs50,000, and Rs. 100000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro-watershed is 63166.67.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production. The results indicated that, agriculture production, Construction-house, Construction-cattle shed and other reasons were the main purpose for which marginal, small farmers, semi medium farmers borrowed loan. About 71.43 percent of loan was taken for agriculture production and 14.29 per cent of the farmers taken loan for construction-house, Construction-cattle shed and other purpose respectively.  Results indicated that 38.89 per cent of the households have repaid their institutional credit partially and 55.56 percent of the households have unpaid their loan and 5.56 per cent of the households were fully paid their loan.  Results indicated that 28.57 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially, 57.14 percent of the households have unpaid their loan and 14.29 per cent of them fully paid their loan.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 16072.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21880.63. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 5808.58, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 18362.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35368.63. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 17005.84. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.93.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 10533.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31122. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 20588.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.95. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 18020.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26596.61. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 8576.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.48.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 17906.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31578.54. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 13671.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.76. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Horse gram was Rs. 12039.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31271.56. The net income 5 from Horse gram cultivation was Rs. 19232.37. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.60.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 220236.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 978120.00. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 757883.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.44. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 20286.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48946.79. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 28659.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.41. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for crossandra was Rs. 41401.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 97330.35. The net income from crossandra cultivation was Rs. 55928.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.35.  The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. Among overall households 23.56 per cent of the marginal farmers, 30 per cent of small farmers and 50 per cent of semi medium farmers were opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicated that the average income from service/salary was Rs. 16514.29, business Rs. 17571.43, wage Rs. 23971.43, agriculture Rs. 81182.86, farm income Rs. 3,800 and dairy farm Rs. 414.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 76.47 per cent marginal farmers, 100 per cent small farmers, semi medium farmers and medium farmers respectively. The results indicated that for 68.57 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy for land development. Similarly for the dependency was for irrigation facility was 77.14 percent and 20 percent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, chilly, cotton, Horse gram, Kanakambara flower, maize, navane, papaya, red gram, sorghum and sugar cane crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Only bajra was sold to the extent of 98.15 per cent.  The results indicated that, 11.43 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants and 77.14 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets. The results indicated that 75.51 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 28.57 per cent have used tractor.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing. The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding which includes 11.76 per cent of marginal, 60 per cent of small farmers, and 50 per cent of semi medium farmers.  Results showed that summer ploughing was adopted by 82.86 per cent of the households i.e. 94.12 per cent of the marginal farmers and 100 per cent of the small and semi medium farmers respectively. Form pond was adopted by the farmers was 2.86 per cent. 6  The results indicated that 14.29 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by the government, 2.86 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by the farmer's organization and another 5.71 per cent is constructed by others.  The results indicated that, 74.29 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel, and 25.71 percent of the households used LPG. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent which includes 100 per cent of landless, 94.12 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small farmers, semi medium and medium farmers respectively.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light which was found to be 97.14 per cent and 2.86 per cent of the households were used kerosene lamp as a source of light.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of landless, 41.18 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 11.43 per cent of the sampled households not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 8 per cent of the landless, 47.06 percent of the marginal, 30 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of cereals, pulses, milk and egg were adequate for the households. Vegetables and fruits were adequate only for 5.71 per cent and meat was adequate for only 2.86 per cent for the households respectively.  The results indicated that, both vegetables and fruits were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, of the households. Oilseed was inadequate for 5.71 per cent. Meat was inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 60 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.86 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.71%), inadequate extension services and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (82.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (2.86). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ashanal-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 775 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 651 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 71 ha covered by rock outcrops and about 52 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 62 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 22 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 28 per cent loamy soils and 56 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 70 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 21 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 12 per cent area very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75).  About 50 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 33 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and one per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 23 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium and 81 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 71 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 14 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 354(46) 190 (24) Guava - 83(11) Maize - 530(68) Sapota - 83(11) Bajra 14(2) 547(70) Pomegranate - 476(62) Groundnut - 83(11) Musambi 277(36) 199(26) Sunflower 237(31) 224(29) Lime 277(36) 199(26) Redgram - 477(62) Amla 25(3) 519(67) Bengal gram 393(60) 108(14) Cashew - 25(3) Cotton 276(36) 225(29) Jackfruit - 68(9) Chilli - 521(67) Jamun - 394(51) Tomato - 388(50) Custard apple 434(56) 111(14) Brinjal 177(23) 382(49) Tamarind - 394(51) Onion 236(30) 83(11) Mulberry - 68(9) Bhendi 280(36) 280(36) Marigold - 561(72) Drumstick - 477(62) Chrysanthemum - 561(72) Mango - 35(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Ashanal-1 micro watershed among them 12 (34.29%) were marginal farmers, 10 (28.57 %) were small farmers, 4(11.43 %) were semi medium farmers, 3(8.57%) were medium farmers, 1(2.86%) was large farmer and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 177 population households in the studied micro watershed. Among them 88 (49.72%) men and 89 (50.28 %) were women. The average family size of landless, small farmers and medium farmers were 5, semi medium and large farmer was 4.  The data indicated that 24 (13.56%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 93 (52.54 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (27.12 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (6.78 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Ashanal-1 had 54.24 per cent illiterates, 0.56 per cent of them were functional literates, 14.69 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.13 per cent of them had middle school, 14.12 per cent them had high school education, 5.08 per cent of them had PUC education, 5.08 per cent of them had degree education and 1.13 per cent them had masters.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 5.71 per cent of them were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the occupation for 54.80 per cent of the household members, 4.52 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.39 per cent of them were general labours, 2.26 per cent were students and 19.21 per cent of them were housewives and 3.35 per cent were children's. In case of landless farmers, 5.26 per cent were doing agriculture, 42.11 per cent were agricultural labour, 31.58 per cent were general labour, 15.79 per cent were housewives and 5.26 per cent were children's. In case of marginal farmers 52.17 per cent were agriculturist, 1.45 percent was in private service, 18.84 per cent were students and 20.29 per cent of them were housewives. In case of small farmers 72.22 per cent of them were agriculturist, 5.56 per cent of them were private service and 7.41 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 64.71 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 5.58 per cent of them were students and 23.53 per cent of them were housewives. In case of medium farmers 64.29 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 7.14 per cent of them were students and 28.57 per cent of them were housewives. In case of large farmers 25 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, and 50 per cent of them were housewives.  The results showed that 99.44 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions and 0.56 per cent of the household participated in cooperative bank. 2  The results indicated that 57.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 42.86 per cent of the households possess Pucca house.  The results showed that, 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 37.14 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile.  The results showed that the average value, television was Rs.8837, mixer grinder was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.54625 and mobile phone was Rs.2002.  The data showed that, about 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 54.29 per cent of them possess plough, 11.43 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 2.86 per cent possess power tiller, 11.43 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent of the households possess tractor and 20 per cent of them possess sprinkler.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18769; the average value of plough was Rs. 1700, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs.50200, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 50000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 700000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 8000 and the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 470.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow, buffalo, goat and poultry birds.  The results showed that, in case of marginal farmers, 25 per cent of the households possess bullock and 8.33 buffalo, goat and poultry birds respectively. In case of small farmers, 40 per cent of households possess equally bullock In case of semi medium farmers, 50 per cent of the households possess bullock. In medium farmers, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullock.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.66, average own labour (women) available was 1.60, average hired labour (men) available was 9.60 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.33.In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was also 1.58, average hired labour (men) was 7.42 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.58. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.78, average own labour (women) was 1.70, average hired labour (men) was 7.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.60. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 13.75 and average hired labour (women) available was also 13.75. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 2, average hired labour (men) was 18.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 18.33. In large farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 15 and average hired labour (women) available was 15. 3  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Ashanal-1 micro watershed possess 30.04 ha (71.62%) of dry land and 11.90 ha (28.37%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.28 ha (88.23 %) of dry land and 0.97 ha (11.77%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 9.67 ha (81.15 %) of dry land and 2.25 ha (18.85%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.26 ha (63.11%) of dry land and 3.08 ha (36.89%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.41 ha (49.08%) of dry land and 5.61 ha (50.92%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 2.42 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  Results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 368076.52 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 571,098.27. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 810,061.14 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.95 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 444,393.31 for dry land and Rs. 890,090.12 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 228,000 for dry land and was Rs.58500.01 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 110928.15 for dry land and was Rs.320779.22 for irrigated land. In large farmers the average land value was Rs. 247000 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 5.71 per cent of the farmers and 2.86 per cent of the farmers were using tank for irrigation.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 6.10 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.49 ha of irrigated land and semi medium farmers were having 1.21 ha of irrigated land. On an average there was 1.70 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown cotton (4.61 ha), groundnut (15.71 ha), paddy (3.68 ha), red gram (6.36 ha) and sorghum (4.87 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown cotton, groundnut, paddy, red gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut and paddy. Medium farmers and large farmers have grown groundnut respectively.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Ashanal-1 micro watershed was found to be 99.75 per cent. In case of marginal, small, semi medium and large farmers cropping intensity was 100 per cent and in case of medium farmers it was 99.04 per cent.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have bank account and 85.71 per cent of having savings. Among marginal farmers 60 percent of them possess both bank account and savings. 100 per cent of small, semi medium farmers 4 and medium possess per cent of both bank account and savings respectively and large category of farmers possess 100 per cent of bank account.  The results indicated that, 91.67 per cent of marginal, 90 per cent of small, 50 per cent of semi medium, 33.33 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 8 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank, 16 per cent have availed loan from Cooperative Bank and 36 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs.40909.09 Rs. 51777.78, Rs.62500 and Rs. 100000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 49640.  The results indicated that, 93.75 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production and 6.25 per cent have availed loan for animal husbandry.  Results indicated that 100 percent of the households have unpaid their loan.  The results indicated that 75 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 6.25 per cent opined that higher rate of interest.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 42107.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81715.98. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 39608.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 41264.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78656.40. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 37392.32. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 53615.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 114398.98. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 60783.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.13.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 33389.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65229.59. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 31839.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.95.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 33702.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41007.47. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 7304.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.22.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. 5  The table indicated that the in case of landless farmers the average annual income from wage was Rs.64800, in marginal farmers, average income from service/salary was Rs.41666.67, wage was Rs.36250 and agriculture Rs. 46833.33. In case of small farmers the average income from agriculture was Rs.49511.11. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs.32500 and agriculture was Rs.83000. Medium farmer's average income from wage was Rs.26666.67 and agriculture was Rs.221666.67. Similarly in large farmers the average income from wage was Rs.50000 and agriculture was Rs.160000.  The results indicated that, in case of landless, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.27333.33, in case of marginal, farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.17428.57 and agriculture Rs. 20583.33. In case of small farmers the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs. 15000 and agriculture was Rs.33200. In case of semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.20000 and agriculture was Rs.52500.In medium farmers the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.25000 and agriculture was Rs.71666.67.In large farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.2000 and agriculture was Rs. 60000.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 13 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 61 Neem trees, 2 tamarind tress, and 3 banyan trees in their field and also grown 4 Neem trees in the backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3428.57 for land development and Rs. 714.29 in irrigation facility. Marginal farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5833.33 for land development, and Rs. 2083.33 in irrigation facility. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs.3000 for land development. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5000 for land development.  The results indicated that for 34.29 per cent and 2.86 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy for land development and irrigation facility respectively.  The results indicated that, cotton, groundnut, paddy, red gram and sorghum crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, 85.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households used tractor as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing. 6  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households have adopted bore well recharge pit which includes 8.33 per cent of marginal and 10 per cent of small farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households who adopted bore well recharge pit opined that they are good.  The results indicated that 5.71 per cent of soil conservation structures are constructed by the government.  The results indicated that, 100 percent of the household used fire wood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 60per cent of the landless, 75 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium, 33.33 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 36.36 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 55.56 per cent of the semi medium, 25 percent of the medium farmers and 50 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 82.86 per cent, 54.29 per cent, 57.14 per cent, 74.29 per cent, 40 per cent, 100 per cent, 88.57 per cent and 71.43 per cent of the household.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, egg and meat were inadequate for 17.14 per cent, 45.71 per cent, 42.86 per cent, 25.71 per cent, 57.14 per cent,11.43 per cent and 28.57 per cent of the household.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (45.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (51.43%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (68.57%), high rate of interest on credit (65.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.71%) and less rain fall (17.14%) . ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bandehalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 697 ha in Bandehalli-3 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent by habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 8 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 11 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 32 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 33 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and about 30 per cent very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 38 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 13 per cent low (20 ppm) in about 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  About 1 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.2 ppm).  Almost area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc, except for a small area of 4 ha (1%) that are sufficient.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Bandehalli-3 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 5 (<1) 456 (65) Sapota - 153 (22) Maize - 341 (49) Guava - 153 (22) Red gram - 358 (51) Pomegranate - 358 (51) Bajra 91 (13) 364 (52) Jackfruit - 153 (22) Ground nut - 175 (25) Jamun - 21(3) Sunflower 5 (<1) 353 (51) Musambi 5 (<1) 353 (51) Cotton 5 (<1) 340 (49) Lime 5 (<1) 353 (51) Bengalgram 5 (<1) 341 (49) Cashew - 22 (3) Chilli - 455 (65) Custard apple 243 (35) 216 (31) Tomato - 251 (36) Amla 42 (6) 418 (60) Drumstick - 358 (51) Tamarind - 21 (3) Mulberry - 153 (22) Marigold - 460 (66) Mango - 16 (2) Chrysanthemum - 460 (66) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Bandehalli-3 microwatershed among them 7 (20%) were marginal farmers, 13 (37.14 %) were small farmers, 7 (20 %) were semi medium farmers, 3 (8.57 %) medium farmers and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 91 (57.96 %) men and 66 (42.04 %) were women in the micro watershed. The average family size of landless farmers was 3.6, marginal farmers were 4.0, small farmers were 4.6, semi medium farmer was 5.3 and in medium farmers it was 4.7.  The data indicated that 31 (19.75 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 38 (43.31 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (33.12 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 6 (3.82 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Bandehalli-3 had 43.95 per cent illiterates, 12.10 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.46 per cent of them had middle school education, 19.11 per cent of them had high school education, 3.82 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.64 per cent them had Diploma education, 5.73 per cent of them had degree education, 0.64 per cent had masters and 1.91 per cent of them had other education.  The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent of households practicing agriculture followed by the 11.43 per cent of the household heads were general labourers, 2.86 per cent of the households head were general labour and 2.86 per cent of them were agriculture labour, government service, retired and student each.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 52.23 per cent of the household members, 5.10 per cent were agricultural labourers, 8.28 per cent were general labours, 0.64 percent were in government service, 1.27 per cent of them were students and 10.79 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 55.56 per cent were general labour, 27.78 per cent were students and 16.67 per cent were housewives. In case of marginal households 35.71 per cent were practicing agriculture, 21.02 per cent of them were students and 8.92 per cent were housewives. In case of small farm households 57.14 per cent were practicing agriculture, 3.57 per cent were agriculture labours, 3.57 per cent were in government service, 14.29 per cent were students, and 10.71 per cent were housewives and children. In case of semi medium farmers 61.67 per cent were practicing agriculture, 23.33 per cent were students and 13.33 per cent of them were housewives. In case of semi-medium farmers 62.16 per cent were practicing agriculture, 13.51 per cent were agriculture labour, 21.62 per cent were student and 2.70 per cent were housewives. In case of medium farmers 42.86 per cent were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent were agriculture labour, 7.14 per cent 2 were government service, 14.29 per cent were private service and 21.43 per cent were student.  The results showed no participation of households in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 60 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, and 40 per cent of the households possess Pucca house.  The results showed that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 20 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess car/four wheeler, 2.86 per cent possess refrigerator, 2.86 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess landline phone and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 8693, mixer grinder was Rs.2285, refrigerator was Rs. 10000, bicycle was Rs. 2000, motor cycle was Rs.54500, car/four wheeler Rs. 665000, landline was Rs.2000 and mobile phone was Rs.2166.  The results indicated that about 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 5.71 per cent of them possess weeder and 8.57 per cent of the households possess power tiller, tractor and sprayer respectively.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18750, the average value of Plough was Rs. 3600, the average value of sprayer was Rs.13333, the average value of weeder was Rs. 125, the average value of tractor was Rs.666666 and the average value of irrigation pump and power tiller were Rs. 50000 respectively.  The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of the households possess sheep and 2.86 per cent of them possess goat.  Results indicated that in case of marginal farmers 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 28.57 per cent of the households possess local cow and 14.29 per cent of the households possess sheep. In small farmers, 23.08 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 7.69 per cent of the households possess local cow and goat respectively. In case of semi medium farmers 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullock and 42.86 per cent of the households possess local cow and 66.67 per cent and 33.33 per cent of the medium farmers possess bullock and sheep respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the microwatershed was 1.70, average own labour (women) available was 1.13, average hired labour (men) available was 13.67 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.53. 3  Results showed that, in case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.29, average own labour (women) was 1.14, average hired labour (men) was 6.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 6. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.08, average own labour (women) was 0.92, average hired labour (men) was 10.08 and average hired labour (women) available was 8. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.57, average own labour (women) was 1.43, average hired labour (men) was 19.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 18.57. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1.33, average own labour (women) was 1.33, average hired labour (men) was 33.33 and average hired labour (women) available was also 33.33.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, small, semi medium and medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Bandehalli-3 micro-watershed possess 55.54 ha (97.74%) of dry land and 1.29 ha (2.26%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.84 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.18 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 19.05 ha (93.67%) of dry land and 1.29 ha (6.33%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 13.84 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 300,561.06 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 466,037.73. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 764,130.44 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 409,702.34 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 194,157.63 for dry land and Rs. 466,037.73 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 144,444.45 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 1 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, canal was the irrigation source for 2.86 per cent of the farmers in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 3.74 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of semi medium farmers there were 11 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown cotton (27.14 ha), paddy (1.29 ha), redgram (17.32 ha), sorghum (5.67 ha) and groundnut (5.11ha). Marginal and small farmers have grown cotton, groundnut and redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, paddy, redgram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown cotton and red gram. 4  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Bandehalli-3 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent in marginal farmers, small farmers, semi medium farmers and medium farmers respectively.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households have bank account and 40 per cent of them having savings. Among landless farmers 40 per cent of them possess bank account and 20 per cent of them possess savings. Among marginal farmers 57.14 percent of them possess both bank account and savings. Around 30.77 per cent of small farmers possess bank account and 23.08 per cent of them have savings correspondingly. Semi medium farmers possess 71.43 per cent of them possess bank account and 57.14 per cent possess savings respectively and medium category of farmers possess 66.67 per cent of bank account and also savings.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of landless, 14.29 per cent of marginal, 15.38 per cent of small, 14.29 per cent semi medium and 33.33 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent have availed loan in Grameena bank.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have availed Rs.50000, Rs. 75000, Rs. 200000 and 200000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 525000.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of them were unpaid their loan.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households were opined that institutional credit was helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 41514.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 94251.54. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 52737.39, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.27.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 49039.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 93207.55. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 44167.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.9.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 24576.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45561.21. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 20985.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.85.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 25433.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49900.24. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 24466.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.96. 5  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 28763.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65783.82. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 37019.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.29.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 37.14 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The table indicated that, in case of landless farmers the average income from wage Rs. 70000. In marginal farmers the average income from wage was Rs.37142.86 and agriculture was Rs.72142.86. In small farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs. 4615.38, wage was Rs.30769.23 and agriculture was Rs.78461.54. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs.31428.57 and agriculture was Rs.137857.14. In case of medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 16666.67, agriculture was Rs. 340000 and goat farming was Rs.100000.  The results indicate that in case of landless farmers the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.42000. In marginal farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.4833.33 and agriculture was Rs. 24000. In case of small farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.30000, wage was Rs.10090.91 and agriculture was Rs.28307.69. In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.6400 and agriculture was Rs.62114.29. In case of medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 15000 and agriculture was Rs.116666.67.  The results indicate that, households have planted 20 mango and 2 Sapota trees in their field. Households have also planted 1 mango trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 76 neem trees, 8 tamarind trees and 1 teak tree in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity for land development was Rs.5714.29 for marginal farmers, Rs.3076.92 for small farmers, Rs.5714.29 for semi medium farmers and Rs. 6666.67 for medium farmers. On an average the additional investment capacity for land development was Rs.4000.  The results indicated that for 34.29 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from bank for land development and 5.71 per cent were dependent on their own funds.  The results indicated that, cotton, groundnut, paddy, sorghum and redgram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that 82.86 per cent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.86 per cent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets. 6  The results indicated that 8.57 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 77.14 per cent have used tractor.  The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of marginal and 7.69 per cent of small farmers faced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 88.57 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel, and 11.43 percent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent and bore well was the drinking source for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the population.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 42.86 per cent of marginal, 46.15 per cent of small, 42.86 per cent of semi medium and 33.33 per cent of medium famers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card and 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 60 per cent of the landless, 85.71 percent of the marginal, 76.92 per cent of the small, 85.71 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 94.29 per cent, 82.86 per cent, 80 per cent, 88.57 per cent, 22.86 per cent, 91.43 per cent, 94.29 per cent and 85.71 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, cereals, vegetables, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, and meat were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, 17.14 per cent, 20 per cent, 11.43 per cent, 77.17 per cent and 11.43 per cent of the households and milk and egg were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals , high rate of interest on credit (74.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29%), inadequate extension services (54.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80%) and less rainfall (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Huvinahalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 853 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 95 per cent is covered by soils, 4 per cent by rock outcrops and 1 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 18 soil series and 44 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 1 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 26 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 68 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 47 per cent area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 16 per cent area.  An area of about 94 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 1 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 13 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is low (4.5 ppm) and 70 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 79 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 109(13) 294(35) Sapota 148(17) 206(24) Maize 68(8) 335(39) Pomegranate 148(17) 241(28) Bajra 192(23) 340(40) Guava 77(9) 265(31) Groundnut 66(8) 535(63) Jackfruit 148(17) 195(23) Sunflower 108(13) 169(20) Jamun 53(6) 290(34) Cotton 72(8) 331(39) Musambi 148(17) 241(28) Red gram 108(13) 169(20) Lime 148(17) 241(28) Bengalgram 10(1) 410(48) Cashew 77(9) 240(28) Chilli 108(13) 144(17) Custard apple 202(24) 606(71) Tomato 108(13) 155(18) Amla 192(23) 616(72) Brinjal 144(17) 536(63) Tamarind 53(6) 217(25) Onion 96(11) 434(51) Marigold 99(12) 304(36) Bhendi 96(11) 585(69) Chrysanthemum 99(12) 304(36) Drumstick 157(18) 397(47) Jasmine 99(12) 258(30) Mulberry 182(21) 472(55) Crossandra 99(12) 153(18) Mango 53(6) 168(20)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that 48 farmers were sampled in Huvinhalu micro watershed among them 14 (29.17%) were marginal farmers, 16 (33.33 %) were small farmers, 12(25 %) were semi medium farmers, 4 (8.33 %) were medium farmers and 2 (4.17 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 231 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 140(60.61%) men and 91 (39.39%) were women. The average family size of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 6 small and semi medium farmers were 5, medium farmer was 3.  The data indicated that 52 (22.51%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 98 (42.42%) were in 16-35 years of age, 63 (27.27%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (7.79%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Huvinhalu had 28.14 per cent illiterates, 40.69 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.66 per cent of them had both middle school, 10.39 per cent them had high school education, 5.63 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.87 per cent of them had degree education and 5.63 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 93.75 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 6.25 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 44.59 per cent of the household members, 26.41 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.87 per cent were general labours, 0.43 percent were retired, 21.65 per cent of them were students, 1.73 per cent of them were housewives and 3.90 per cent were children housewives. In case of landless households 85.71 per cent were general labourers and 14.29 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 32.10 per cent were agriculturist and agricultural labour, 29.63 per cent of them were students and 2.47 of them were housewives and children respectively. In case of small farmers 42.47 per cent of them were agriculturist, 35.62 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 17.81 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 59.65 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 10.53 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 15.79 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 46.15 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 23.08 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 23.08 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 0.43 per cent of them participated in Raitha Sangha and 99.57 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 68.75 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 10.42 per cent of the households possess Pucca house, 12.50 per cent of the 2 households possess Semi Pacca house and 4.17 per cent of them possess Thatched house.  The results showed that, 2.08 per cent of the households possess radio, 87.50 per cent of the households possess TV, 79.17 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 8.33 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 52.08 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 95.83 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of radio was Rs. 2000, television was Rs. 6214, mixer grinder was Rs. 2039, bicycle was Rs. 2300, motor cycle was Rs. 36961 and mobile phone was Rs. 2481.  About 22.92 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 47.92 per cent of them possess plough, 4.17 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 2.08 per cent of the households possess tractor, 54.17 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 66.67 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18545; the average value of plough was Rs. 2586, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 50000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 4326 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 120.  The results indicated that, 25 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 25 per cent of the households possess local cow, 14.58 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 8.33 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 2.08 per cent possess goat.  In case of landless farmers, 50 per cent of the households possess bullock and 50 per cent of the households possess goat. In marginal farmers, 14.29 per cent of households possess both bullock and buffalo and 35.71 per cent possess local cow, in case of small, 25 per cent of the households possess bullock, 18.75 per cent possess local cow and 6.25 per cent possess buffalo. In case of semi medium farmers, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullock, crossbred cow and local cow correspondingly, 8.33 per cent of the households possess buffalo. In medium farmers 25 per cent of the households possess bullock and 75 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.38, average hired labour (men) available was 7.06 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.73.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2.21, average own labour (women) was also 1.50, average hired labour (men) was 6.57 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.93. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.94, average own labour (women) was 1.31, average hired labour (men) was 7.56 and average hired 3 labour (women) available was 7.88. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.17, average own labour (women) was 1.33, average hired labour (men) was 7.08 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.08. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1.25, average own labour (women) was 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 8.75 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.75.  The results indicated that, 47.92 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 52.08 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Huvinhalu micro watershed possess 36.67 ha (57.54%) of dry land and 27.07 ha (42.46%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.88 ha (96.06%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (3.94%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 12.23 ha (68.63%) of dry land and 5.59 ha (31.37 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 14.56 ha (59.49%) of dry land and 9.92 ha (40.51%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 11.15 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 299,823.44 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 391,477.27. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 485,702.58 for dry land and Rs. 1,235,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 265,547.47 for dry land Rs. 697,033.28 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 192,217.90 for dry land and Rs. 362,938.78 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 233,018.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 19 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 39.58 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 36.98 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.40 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 5.60 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 10.32 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 11.04 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 27.36 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (7.30 ha), banana (0.81 ha), Bangalore brinjal (1.34 ha), chilly (0.85 ha), cotton (0.85 ha), groundnut (3.08 ha), maize (36.28 ha), onion (0.40ha), redgram (4.45 ha), sorghum (1.32ha), sunflower (0.45 ha) and tomato (0.81ha). Marginal farmers had grown bajra, cotton, maize, redgram and sunflower. Small farmers had grown bajra, 4 chilly, groundnut, maize, redgram, onion and sorghum. Semi medium farmers had grown bajra, banana, Bangalore brinjal, groundnut, maize, redgram and tomato. Medium farmers had grown bajra, maize and redgram.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Huvinhalu micro watershed was found to be 70.67 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 91.77 per cent, in small farmers it was 80.15, in semi medium farmers it was 71.65 and in medium farmers it was 48.58 per cent.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings respectively. 50 per cent of the landless farmers, 85.71 per cent of the marginal farmers, 87.50 per cent of the small farmers, 41.67 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers possess both bank account and savings respectively.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the landless, 71.43 per cent of marginal, 75 per cent of small, 33.33 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 37993.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37035.30. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -958.10, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Banana was Rs. 50118.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 148200. The net income from Banana cultivation was Rs. 98081.69, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.96.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 51780.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 59369.72, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.15.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 34462.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47272.73. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 12810.63, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 47748.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91348.83. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 43599.94, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32941.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36543.32. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 3601.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.11. 5  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 69961.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59280.00. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. -10681.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.85.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 59054.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52928.57. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. -6125.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 19047.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30875.00. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 11827.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.62.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 39672.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58593.89. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 18921.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.48.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 24675.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27056. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 2380.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.1.  The results indicated that, 43.75 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. Similarly 28.17 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The table indicated that, in landless farmer, the average income from wage was Rs.20000, in marginal farmers, the average income from service/salary was Rs.4285.71, wage was Rs.24714.29, agriculture was Rs.29821.43 and dairy farm was Rs.357.14. In small farmers, the average income from business was Rs.1250, wage was Rs.18000, agriculture was Rs.39287.50 and dairy farm was Rs.2957.50. In semi medium farmer, the average income from wage was Rs.15833.33, agriculture was Rs.61283.33 and dairy farm was Rs.4308.33. In medium farmers, the average income from wage was Rs.7750, and agriculture was Rs. 81,250.  The results indicated that, in landless famers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 12500. In marginal farmers, the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.50000, wage was Rs.9428.57, agriculture was rs.14000 and dairy farm was Rs.1000. In small farmers, the average expenditure from business was Rs.10000, wage was Rs.8866.67, agriculture was Rs.18875 and dairy farm was Rs.6000. In semi medium farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs.10300, agriculture was Rs.30833.33 and dairy farm was Rs.4300. In case 6 medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.4666.67 and agriculture was Rs.42500.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 9 coconut, 2 lemon and 4 mango tree in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 2 teak trees, 150 neem trees, 7 tamarind tress and 37 banyan trees in their field and also grown 1 Neem tree in the backyard.  The results indicated that, banana, chilly, cotton; groundnut, maize, onion, sunflower and tomato crops were sold to an extent of 100 per cent. Bajra, redgram and sorghum crops were sold to an extent of 88.39 per cent, 96.23 per cent and 55.56 per cent.  The results indicated that, 4.17 percent of the households have sold their produce to agent/traders, 54.17 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant, 62.50 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 2.08 percent of the households sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 12.50 per cent of the households have cart load as a mode of transport, 100 per cent of them have used tractor and 2.08 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, 56.25 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 64.29 percent of marginal farmers, 62.50 per cent of small farmers, 41.67 per cent of semi medium farmers and 75 per cent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 91.67 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 10.42 percent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 97.92 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 22.92 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of landless, 7.14 per cent of marginal, 31.25 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium and 25 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 95.83 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 4.17 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 35.42 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 28.57 percent 7 of the marginal, 31.25 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium and 25 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were adequate for 97.92 per cent, 33.33 per cent, 25 per cent, 43.75 per cent, 2.08 per cent, 45.83 per cent, 33.33 per cent and 22.92 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 2.08 per cent, 66.67 per cent, 62.50 per cent, 45.83 per cent, 43.75 per cent, 31.25 per cent, 50 per cent and 12.50 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, oilseed and vegetables were market surplus for 6.25 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 47.92 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (70.83%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (33.33%), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.58%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (22.92%), high rate of interest on credit (29.17%), low price for the agricultural commodities (27.08%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (41.67%), inadequate extension services (2.08%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (54.17%), less rainfall (77.08%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (47.92 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Naregallu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 869 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 89 per cent is covered by soils and 11 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 82 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 70 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 19 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 70 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 31 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 58 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 77 per cent soil are moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.8-9.0) and an area of about 12 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 11 per cent area.  An area of about 81 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 8 per cent is low (>23 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 37 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 52 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 46 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) and 39 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 53 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 225(26) 540(62) Sapota 116(13) 18(2) Maize 80(9) 648(75) Pomegranate 116(13) 506(58) Bajra 116(13) 622(72) Guava 116(13) 18(2) Groundnut 61(7) 129(15) Jackfruit 116(13) 18(2) Sunflower 187(22) 434(50) Jamun 61(7) 473(54) Cotton 173(20) 592(68) Musambi 187(22) 434(50) Red gram 116(13) 463(53) Lime 187(22) 434(50) Bengalgram 162(19) 603(69) Cashew 133(15) - Chilli 116(13) 128(15) Custard apple 270(31) 496(57) Tomato 116(13) 112(13) Amla 133(15) 632(73) Brinjal 97(11) 610(70) Tamarind 61(7) 474(54) Onion 97(11) 36(4) Marigold 116(13) 649(75) Bhendi 97(11) 573(66) Chrysanthemum 116(13) 649(75) Drumstick 133(15) 488(56) Jasmine 116(13) 199(23) Mulberry 133(15) 286(33) Crossandra 116(13) 249(29) Mango 61(7) 75(9)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SURVEY  The results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Naregallu-1 micro watershed among them 11 (31.43%) were marginal farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were small and semi medium farmers, 4 (11.43 %) were medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) large farmers.  The data indicated that there were 181 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 111 (61.33 %) men and 70 (38.67 %) were women. The average family size of marginal, small farmers and semi medium farmers were 5, medium farmer was 6 and large farmer was 7.  The data indicated that 23 (12.71%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 88 (48.62 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (27.62 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (11.05 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of household's heads were practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicated that the Naregallu-1had 28.18 per cent illiterates, 29.83 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.10 per cent of them had middle school, 25.41 per cent them had high school education, 6.08 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent them had diploma education, 7.73 per cent of them had degree education and 1.10 per cent of the household members had other education.  The results indicated that agriculture was the occupation for 23.76 per cent of the household members, 59.67 per cent were agricultural labourers, 14.36 per them were students and 1.10 per cent of them were children and housewives respectively. In case of marginal farmers 26 per cent were agriculturist, 60 percent was in agricultural labour and 12 per cent of them were students. In case of small farmers 22 per cent of them were agriculturist, 60 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 16 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 23.81 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 54.76 per cent of them were agricultural labour and 19.05 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 25 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 62.50 per cent of them were in agricultural labour and 12.50 per cent of them were students. In case of large farmers 20 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 66.67 per cent of them were in agricultural labour and 6.67 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 100 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 97.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 2.86 per cent of the households possess Pucca house.  The results showed that, 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 5.71 per cent of the households possess DVD player, 74.29 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 11.43 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 85.71 per cent of the households possess motor 2 cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Car, 2.86 per cent of the households possess landline phone, 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the households possess computer/laptop.  The results showed that the average value, television was Rs.23281, DVD/VCD Player was Rs. 1600, mixer grinder was Rs.1903, refrigerator was Rs.11000, bicycle was Rs.1050, motor cycle was Rs.32882, Car was Rs. 300000, landline phone was Rs. 500, mobile phone was Rs.1507 and computer/laptop was Rs. 12500.  The results showed that, about 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 22.86 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households equally possess seed/fertilizer drill, power tiller, tractor, thresher, groundnut decorticator, chaff cutter and earth remover/duster, 11.43 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 14.29 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 51.43 per cent of the households possess weeder and 20 per cent of the households possess harvester.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.26666; the average value of plough was Rs. 2200, the average value of seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.3500, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 273250, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 150000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 2600, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 3000, the average value of weeder was Rs. 42, the average value of harvester was Rs. 74, the average value of thresher was Rs. 25, the average value of groundnut decorticator was Rs. 18000, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 2100 and the average value of Earth remover/Duster was Rs. 20000.  The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 14.29 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow and 5.71 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  In case of marginal farmers, 9.09 per cent of the households possess both bullock and local cow respectively and 18.18 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow. In case of small farmers, 22.22 per cent of households possess equally bullock and buffalo and 11.11 per cent possess local cow. In case of semi medium farmers, 11.11per cent of the households possess bullock and 22.22 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow. In medium farmers, 25 per cent of the households possess local cow. 50 per cent of the large farmers possess bullock and crossbred cow respectively.  The data regarding the average labour availability in Naregallu-1 micro watershed is presented in Table 14. The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.91, average own labour (women) available was 1.18, average hired labour (men) available was 17.86 and average hired labour (women) available was 19.37. 3  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2.09, average own labour (women) was also 1.18, average hired labour (men) was 9.18 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.18. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.22, average own labour (women) was 1.22, average hired labour (men) was 15.22 and average hired labour (women) available was 15.89. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.44, average own labour (women) was 1.11, average hired labour (men) was 22.22 and average hired labour (women) available was also 22.22. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1.75, average own labour (women) was 1.50, average hired labour (men) was 29.25 and average hired labour (women) available was 33. In large farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 0, average hired labour (men) was 35 and average hired labour (women) available was 40.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 94.29 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Naregallu-1 micro watershed possess 1.80 ha (3.75 %) of dry land and 46.27 ha (96.25 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 1.80 ha (36.95 %) of dry land and 3.08 ha (63.05%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 7.17 ha (100 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.87 ha (100 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 10.07 ha (100%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 13.07 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 443049.32 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 490456.62. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 443049.32 for dry land and Rs. 1655321.93 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 1004178.43 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 473656.08 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 297709.93 for irrigated land. In large farmers the average land value was Rs. 99411.77 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 23 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 65.71 per cent of the farmers and 5.71 per cent of the farmers were using canal for irrigation.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 68.88 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 3.08 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 7.17 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 12.88 ha of irrigated land, medium farmers were having 10.06 4 ha of irrigated land and large farmers having 13.08 ha irrigated land. On an average there were 46.26 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown coriander (0.40 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), cowpea (0.88 ha), groundnut (0.50ha), Sorghum (1.24 ha), maize (38.21 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), bajra (0.81 ha), red gram (1.62ha) and sunflower (2.98 ha) in kharif season. Also grown 2.27 ha of cowpea and 3.33 ha sunflower in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown coriander, groundnut, Maize, Bajra, cowpea and sunflower. Small farmers have grown cowpea and maize. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum, maize, paddy, cowpea and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown cotton, maize and red gram. Large farmers have grown only maize.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Naregallu-1 micro watershed was found to be 85.70 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers it was 88.19, in semi medium farmers it was 87.80, in medium farmers it was 64.04 per cent and in large farmers it was 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 36122.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46683. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 10560.51, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 41582.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62427.57. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 20844.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 42196.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42237.00. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 40.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.0.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Cowpea was Rs. 33136.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22466.85. The net income from Cowpea cultivation was Rs. -10669.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.68.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 54187.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 96239.63. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 42051.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.78.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 32861.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51830.19. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 18968.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.58.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 20210.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31377.85. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 11167.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55. 5  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 60504.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23053.33. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -37451.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.38.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for coriander was Rs. 71385.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from coriander cultivation was Rs. 39764.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 24308.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46312.50. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 22003.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The results indicated that, 83 tons of dry fodder was available for 44 days and 46 tons of green fodder was available for 26 days in studied micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. Similarly 22.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The table indicated that the average income from service/salary was Rs. 72,685.71, business Rs. 2,857.14, wage Rs. 285.71, agriculture Rs. 102,091.43, non farm income Rs. 428.57 and dairy farm Rs.857.14.  The results indicated that the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs. 2,428.57, business Rs. 1,714.29, agriculture Rs. 33,114.29 and dairy farm Rs. 171.43. On an average the expenditure was Rs. 11,005.24.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 13 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 25 Neem trees, 8 tamarind tress, 2 banyan trees and 2 peeple trees in their field and also grown 2 Neem trees in the backyard.  The results indicated that, bajra, coriander, cotton, cowpea, sorghum, paddy, Red gram and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 56.32 per cent.  The results indicated that, 5.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant, 85.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to regulated market, 34.29 percent of the households have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society and 5.71 percent of the households sold their produce in contract marketing arrangement. 6  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of them have used cart, 128.57 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.86 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 65.71 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 34.29 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 11.43 per cent of the households and 88.57 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 27.27 per cent of marginal, 55.56 per cent of small, 22.22 per cent of semi medium, 25 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the sampled household's possessed APL card, 60 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 14.29 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 36.36 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 55.56 per cent of the semi medium, 25 percent of the medium farmers and 50 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses and milk were adequate for 100 per cent, 11.43 per cent and 22.86 respectively. Oilseed, vegetables and fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent of the households correspondingly.  The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk and egg were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, 11.43 per cent, 8.57 per cent, 11.43 per cent, 57.14 per cent and 54.29 per cent of the household.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 8.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (31.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (65.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (51.43%), high rate of interest on credit (2.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (5.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), less rain fall (100%) and source of agri. Technology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (85.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gunnahalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 585 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 80 per cent is covered by soils, 16 per cent by rock outcrops and 4 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 22 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 56 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 61 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 73 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 49 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 31 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 70 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3- 9.0) and 10 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 75 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) and 77 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 75 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 49(8) 223(38) Sapota 1(<1) 37(6) Maize - 271(47) Pomegranate 1(<1) 176(30) Bajra 31(5) 225(39) Guava - 38(6) Groundnut 3(1) 45(8) Jackfruit 1(<1) 37(6) Sunflower 24(4) 146(25) Jamun 31(5) 98(17) Cotton 24(4) 248(42) Musambi 24(4) 153(26) Red gram 1(<1) 121(21) Lime 24(4) 153(26) Bengalgram 23(4) 249(43) Cashew - 70(12) Chilli 28(5) 26(5) Custard apple 54(9) 258(44) Tomato 28(5) 13(2) Amla 31(5) 281(48) Brinjal 30(5) 319(54) Tamarind - 92(16) Onion 3(1) 114(19) Marigold - 272(47) Bhendi 3(1) 345(59) Chrysanthemum - 273(47) Drumstick 1(<1) 169(29) Jasmine - 134(23) Mulberry 1(<1) 181(31) Crossandra - 112(19) Mango - 12(2)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 94 (53.71%) men and 81 (46.29%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 6, semi medium farmers' was 5.73 and medium farmers' was 6. The data indicated that, 32 (18.29%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (46.86%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (26.29%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.57 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Gunnahalli had 28.57 per cent illiterates, 1.14 per cent functional literates, 28 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.43 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.86 per cent of them had high school education, 8.57 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.14 per cent of them did ITI, 5.14 per cent of them had degree education and 1 person was doing Masters.  The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.23 per cent of the household heads were involved in other occupation.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 54.29 per cent of the household members, 20.57 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.57 per cent had household industry, 17.14 per cent of them were student, 1.71 per cent of them were housewife and 1.71 per cent of them were in private services.  The results show that 3.43 per cent of the households participated in user groups and 96.57 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. About 2.50 per cent of marginal farmers, 6.67 per cent of small farmers, and 7.14 per cent of medium farmers have participated in user group.  The results indicate that 19.35 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 22.58 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 16.13 per cent of them possess pucca house and 45.16 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 93.55 per cent of the households possess TV, 83.87 per cent of the households possess mixer grinder, 12.90 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 54.84 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.23 per cent of the households possess tempo, 3.23 per cent of the households possess auto, 6.45 per cent of the households possess landline, and 77.42 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The average value of television was Rs.5896, mixer grinder was Rs.2981, motor cycle was Rs.45000, mobile phone was Rs.2430, Auto was Rs.80000, tempo was Rs.200000 and bicycle was Rs.8800.  About 16.13 per cent of the households possess plough and bullock cart, 12.90 per cent of them possess tractor, 35.48 per cent of them posses sprayer, 6.45 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 64.52 per cent of them possess weeder.  The average value of plough was Rs.1541, the average value of sprinkler was Rs.2666 the average value of tractor was Rs. 6,05,000 and the average value of 2 sprayer was Rs.4454, the average value of bullock cart Rs.21600, and the average value of weeder Rs.84.  The results indicate that, 29.03 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 32.26 per cent of the households possess local cow, 16.13 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 12.90 per cent of the households possess local cow and buffalo, 6.45 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.96, average own labour (women) available was 1.79, average hired labour (men) available was 16.88 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.21.  About 67.74 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 9.68 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 62.50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 80 per cent of small, 63.64 per cent of semi medium and 71.43 per cent of medium farmers have opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, only 1 (2.38%) person migrated among the samples households in the micro watershed that belonged to medium farm household and he has migrated on average of 500 Kms and the average duration was 6 months.  Job/work was the reason for migration and construction of house was the major positive consequence of migration.  The results indicate that, households of the Gunnahalli micro watershed possess 22.64 ha (45.89%) of dry land and 26.70 ha (54.11%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.19 ha (64.37%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (35.63%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 3.84 ha (70.37%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (29.63%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 7.49 ha (42%) of dry land and 10.34 ha (58%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.11 ha (40.26%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 13.53 ha (59.74%) of irrigated.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 339,989.27 and average value of irrigated was Rs.509,201. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,321,586 for dry land and Rs. 1,729,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 364,000 for dry land and Rs. 864,500. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 267,027 for dry land and Rs. 473,698 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 153,552 for dry land and Rs. 384,320 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  There was only 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 54.84 per cent of the farmers, open well were the source of irrigation for 6.45 per cent of the farmers and tank was the source of irrigation for 3.23 per cent of the farmers. 3  The depth of bore well was found to be 64.09 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 1.97 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 1.21 hectares, small farmers had 1.62 hectares, semi medium farmers had 10.81 hectares and medium farmers had 12.15 hectares.  Farmers have grown Bajra (3.64 ha), Beetle leaf (0.08 ha), Bengal gram (0.81 ha), Cotton (2.43 ha), Groundnut (4.45 ha), Jowar (0.1 ha), Maize (27.13 ha), Pearl millet (4.23 ha), Red gram (1.21 ha) and Sunflower (1.21 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown groundnut, maize, pearlmillet. Small farmers have grown groundnut, maize, redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, beetle leaf, cotton, groundnut, maize, pearl millet and Bengal gram. Medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, cotton, maize, pearl millet, red gram and sunflower.  The cropping intensity in Gunnahalli micro watershed was found to be 67.54 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 94.06 per cent, for small farmers it was 84.38 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 72.42 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 58.27 per cent.  The results indicate that, 22.58 per cent of the households possess bank account. Around 12.50 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small, and 28.57 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  Around 25 per cent have availed loan from friends and relatives and 83.33 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, and medium farmers have on an average availed Rs.80000, Rs.30000, and Rs.175000 respectively.  The main purpose of borrowing credit from both institutional and non-institutional sources was agricultural production for all households.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 38694. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49993.59. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 11299.59, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 50404.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82607.78. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 32202.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24133.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32595.49. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 8462.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 44855.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30257.50. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -14598.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67. 4  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58095.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 121039.88. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 62944.55, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08.  The total cost of cultivation for beetroot was Rs. 118697.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from beetroot cultivation was Rs. -7547.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.94.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 36736.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20840.63. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -15895.73. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.57.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33033.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14820. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -18213.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.45.  The results indicated that, dry fodder available in the micro watershed was 120 tons and it was available for 51 days. Green fodder available was 82 tons and it was available for 24 days. 51.61 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 45.16 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Only 12.90 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 36825 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs.70600, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 106370 and for medium farmers it was Rs.106885.  The average annual expenditure in the micro watershed is Rs. 9320.74. For marginal farmers it was Rs 3312.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 16760, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10363.64 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 9234.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 54 coconut, and 4 mango trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 2 coconut trees in their backyard.  Households have planted 115 neem trees, 11 tamarind trees, 3 pongamia trees and 9 banyan trees.  The results indicate that, 16.13 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 37.50 per cent of marginal, 9.09 semi medium, and 14.29 medium farmers.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1580.65 for land development, Rs. 290.32 for irrigation facility, Rs.1064.52 for improved crop production and Rs. 467.74 for improved livestock management.  Loan from bank is the major source of investment for 12.9 per cent of households and own funds were the source of investment for 9.68 per cent for land development. For irrigation facility 6.45 per cent of the households depend on loan from bank. For improved crop production 12.9 per cent of the households depend on bank loan, 6.45 per cent depend on own funds, 3.23 per cent depend on soft loans and for improved livestock management 12.9 per cent of the households depend on bank loan. 5  The results indicated that, bajra, beetroot, Bengal gram, cotton, groundnut, maize, redgram and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Sorghum was sold to the extent of 85.71 per cent.  About 70.97 per cent of the households sold their produce to agents/traders, about 25.81 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, another 22.58 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, 12.90 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Around 9.68 per cent of the households have carried head loads, 25.81 per cent have used cart, 70.97 per cent have used tractor and 25.81 per cent of the farmers have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 22.58 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems and were interested in soil testing i.e. 37.50 per cent of marginal farmers and 20 per cent of small, 9.09 per cent of semi medium, and 28.57 per cent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 16.13 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding, 3.23 per cent of the households have adopted farm pond, 3.23 per cent have adopted bore well recharge pit and 16.13 per cent of the households are following summer ploughing.  The results indicated that 22.58 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by farmers on their own, and 16.13 per cent of the soil conservation structures are constructed by the government.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 48.39 per cent of the households, bore well for 22.58 per cent, open well for 3.23 per cent, lake/tank for 9.68 per cent and canal was the source of drinking water for 19.35 per cent of the households.  Around 77.42 percent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel, 3.23 per cent used kerosene, 3.23 per cent used biogas and another 16.13 percent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.77 per cent of the households in micro watershed and for 3.23 per cent kerosene lamp was the major source of light. 25.81 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 11.11 per cent of marginal, 11.11 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 90.32 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.23 per cent of the households possessed APL and 6.45 per cent did not possess PDS card.  Around 58.06 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 50 percent of the marginal, 60 per cent of the small, 72.73 per cent of the semi medium and 42.86 percent of the medium farmers. 6  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 58.06 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 48.39 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 80.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 19.35 per cent, milk was adequate for 83.87 per cent, egg were adequate for 58.06 per cent and meat was adequate for 51.61 per cent of the households.  Oilseeds were market surplus for 29.03 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 9.68 per cent, and fruits were market surplus for 3.23 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 16.13 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (48.39%), inadequacy of irrigation water (6.45%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.48%), high rate of interest on credit (58.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (3.23%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (38.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (12.90%), less rainfall (96.77%) and source of Agri–technology information (News paper/TV/Mobile) (29.03%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hasgal-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 508 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 71 per cent is covered by soil, 24 per cent by rock outcrops and 5 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 34 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 17 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 44 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 10 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 29 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 2 per cent is nearly level (0-1%), 68 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%) in 53 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 6 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 64 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34(7) 101(20) Sapota 34(7) 77(15) Maize 34(7) 101(20) Pomegranate 34(7) 130(25) Bajra 54(11) 145(28) Musambi 34(7) 130(25) Groundnut 54(11) 155(31) Lime 34(7) 130(25) Sunflower 34(7) 73(14) Amla 54(11) 246(48) Redgram 34(7) 73(14) Cashew - 112(22) Bengal gram 54(11) 87(17) Jackfruit 34(7) 77(15) Cotton - 135(27) Jamun - 164(32) Chilli 34(7) 48(10) Custard apple 54(11) 246(48) Tomato 34(7) 48(10) Tamarind - 87(17) Brinjal 20(4) 215(42) Mulberry 34(7) 232(45) Onion 20(4) 215(42) Marigold 34(7) 101(20) Bhendi 20(4) 215(42) Chrysanthemum 34(7) 101(20) Drumstick 34(7) 140(27) Jasmine 34(7) 48(9) Mango - 34(7) Crossandra 34(7) 48(9) Guava 34(7) 77(15)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 125 (53.42%) men and 109 (46.58%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.1, marginal farmers' was 4, small farmers' was 5.06, semi medium farmers' was 4.4 and medium farmers' was 6.4.  The data indicated that, 52 (22.22%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 96 (41.03%) were in 16-35 years of age, 67 (28.63%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (8.12 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hasgal-2 had 26.92 per cent illiterates, 0.85 per cent functional literates, 34.62 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.68 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.53 per cent of them had high school education, 6.41 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.85 per cent did diploma, 0.43 per cent of them did ITI, 2.14 per cent of them had degree education and 0.43 per cent were in masters.  The results indicate that, 76 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 4 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 20 per cent were general labourers, 2 per cent of them were housewives and 2 per cent of them were children.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.72 per cent of the household members, 8.12 per cent were agricultural laborers, 12.39 per cent were general labour, 2.56 per cent were in private, 23.50 per cent were students, 1.71 per cent were housewives and 2.14 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 74 per cent of the households possess Katcha house 4 per cent of them possess pucca house and 8 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 84 per cent of the households possess TV, 56 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 46 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 4 per cent of them possess landline and 88 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.7571, mixer grinder was Rs.1846, bicycle was Rs. 3347, motor cycle was Rs.37315, landline phone was Rs.3333 and mobile phone was Rs.1653.  About 20 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34 per cent of them possess plough, 2 per cent of them possess tractor, 22 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2 per cent of them possess sprinkler, 80 per cent of them possess weeder, 4 per cent of them possess harvester, 2 per cent of them possess thresher, 10 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 2 per cent of them possess JCB/Hitachi. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.21200, plough was Rs.1016, the average value of tractor was Rs.300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2844, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 3300, the average value of harvester was Rs.6942, the average value of thresher was Rs.50000, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2800, and the average value of weeder was Rs.77.  The results indicate that, 36 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 16 per cent of the households possess local cow, 6 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 4 per cent of them possess sheep, 2 per cent of the households possess goat and 2 per cent of them possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 8.85, average own labour (women) available was 5.55, average hired labour (men) available was 11.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.79.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hasgal-2 micro watershed possess 42.85 ha (64.97%) of dry land and 23.11 ha (35.03%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.80 ha (84.35%) of dry land and 0.89 ha (15.65%). Small farmers possess 18.34 ha (91.39%) of dry land and 1.73 ha (8.61%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.38 ha (37.95%) of dry land and 13.70 ha (62.05%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 11.33 ha (62.53%) of dry land and 6.79 ha (37.47%) of the farmers possess irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 293003 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 514763. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 470674 for dry land and Rs.1347272 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 414210 for dry land and Rs. 925526 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 155120 for dry land and Rs. 474298 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123500 for dry land and Rs.382717 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 28 per cent of the farmers, and open well was the source of irrigation for 2 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 24.14 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 1.83 meters. 3  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.81 ha, 3.72 ha, 13.91 ha and 5.51 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (11.62 ha), cotton (1.78 ha), groundnut (5.15 ha), horsegram (1.21 ha), maize (21.74 ha), navane (1.70 ha), paddy (2.83 ha), redgram (1.62 ha), sorghum (2.18 ha), tomato (0.89 ha), and watermelon (2.91 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, maize, watermelon and groundnut. Small farmers have grown bajra, cotton, groundnut, maize, navane, paddy and watermelon. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, cotton, maize, paddy, sorghum, tomato, watermelon and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, horsegram, paddy, redgram sorghum and maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hasgal-2 micro watershed was found to be 98.20 per cent. In case of marginal and semi medium farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of small farmers it was 101.67 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 87.23 per cent.  The results indicate that, 62 per cent of the households have bank account and 40 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 44 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 31.82 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 13.64 per cent availed loan from cooperative bank, 22.73 per cent availed loan from grameena bank, 13.64 per cent availed loan from money lenders and 36.36 per cent of the households obtained loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have availed Rs.19285, Rs.90714, Rs.104285, and Rs.50000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was agricultural production which accounted for 63.64 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 18.18 per cent of the households borrowed for social functions, 9.09 per cent of the households borrowed for the purpose of construction of house or cattle shed and 9.09 per cent borrowed for household consumption.  The results indicated that 80 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources, 13.33 per cent of the households partially paid and 6.67 per cent of the households fully repaid their loan.  Results indicated that 81.82 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from private sources, 9.09 per cent of the households did not repay their loan and 9.09 per cent of the households fully paid their loans. 4  The results indicate that, around 46.67 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources; another 40 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 9.09 per cent of the households opined that credit was easily accessible, 18.18 per cent of the households opined that the credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 27.27 per cent opined that the rate of interest was high in non institutional source of credits.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 37771.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70523.07. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 32751.80, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.87.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 46621.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67059.85. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 20438.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.44.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 16260.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23523.81. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 7263.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32823.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38634.10. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 5810.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.18.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 22880. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20415.02. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 2464.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.89.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 18070.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46930. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 28859.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.6.  The total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs. 19107.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29640. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs. 10532.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55.  The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 53952.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 1264061.94. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. 1210109.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:23.43.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 29826.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 84288.75. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 54461.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.83.  the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 41184.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71007.93. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 29823.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.72. 5  the total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 24868.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 158304.54. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 133435.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.37.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 34 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 88,100 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 113,218.75, for small farmers it was Rs. 107,086.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 167,966.67, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 134,600.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,539.89. For landless households it was Rs. 7,100, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 7,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,611.85, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 8,368.06, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 16,080.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 19 coconuts and 27 mangoes in their fields. They have also grown 5 coconut and 1 mango tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 23 teak trees, 79 neem trees, 4 tamarind trees, 2 acacia trees and 1 peepul tree in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 1,280, for irrigation facility Rs. 260, for improved crop production Rs. 720 and for improved livestock management Rs. 420.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 16 per cent of the households for land development, 4 per cent for irrigation facility, 12 per cent for improved crop production and 14 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of funds for 2 per cent of the households for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, horsegram, maize, navane, paddy, redgram, tomato and watermelon were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was sold to the extent of 77.37 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 30 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 38 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants, 24 per cent of the farmers have sold through agents/traders and 8 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 84 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 2 per cent have used truck and 12 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 12.50 per cent of marginal farmers, 33.33 6 per cent of small farmers, 8.33 per cent of semi medium farmers and 60 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 58 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 96 per cent used fire wood and 8 per cent of the households used LPG.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 86 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 42 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of the landless, 50 per cent of the marginal, 26.67 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 96 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 2 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card and 2 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 54 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 96 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 56 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 16 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 56 per cent, fruits were adequate for 52 per cent, milk was adequate for 90 per cent, eggs were adequate for 84 per cent and meat was adequate for 66 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 4 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 46 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 80 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 42 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 40 per cent, milk was inadequate for 6 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 6 per cent and meat was inadequate for 24 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 58 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (72%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (48%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (50%), high rate of interest on credit (54%), low price for the agricultural commodities (52%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (56%), less rainfall (20%), inadequate extension services (44%), and source of agri-technology information (newspaper/TV/mobile) (12%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bhimanahalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 369 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 320 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 49 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm).  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 78 per cent soils are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) in soil reaction and about 9 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (8.4 - 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the microwatershed is non saline (0.75).  About 31 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 52 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 4 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 20 ppm) in 87 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 47 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 83 per cent area and deficient in 3 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 74 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 320(87) - Sapota - - Maize - 320(87) Pomegranate - 320(87) Bajra - 320(87) Musambi 78(21) 242(66) Groundnut - - Lime 78(21) 242(66) Sunflower 78(21) 242(66) Amla 242(66) 78(21) Redgram - 204(55) Cashew - - Bengal gram 320 (87) - Jackfruit - - Cotton 320(87) - Jamun - 320(87) Chilli - 320 (87) Custard apple 320(87) - Tomato 78(21) - Tamarind - 320(87) Drumstick - 320(87) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 320(87) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 320(87)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SILENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Bhimanahalli-1 microwatershed among them 7 (20%) were marginal farmers, 9 (25.71%) were small farmers, 7 (20%) were semi medium farmers, 6 (17.14%) was medium farmers and 1 (2.86%) were large farmers. Apart from these 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 95 (61.69%) men and 59 (38.31%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4, small farmer was 4, semi medium farmer was 4, medium farmers were 5, large farmers were 5 and for landless farmers it was 4.  The data indicated that 24 (15.58%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 46 (46.10%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (32.47 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.84%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Bhimanahalli-1had 43.51 per cent illiterates, 16.88 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.79 per cent of them had middle school education, 15.58 per cent of them had high school education, 7.14 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.65 per cent of them had ITI and 3.90 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the household heads were general labours labourers and 5.71 per cent were in private services.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 61.04 per cent of the household members, 6.49 per cent were general labours, 1.30 per cent of them were in private sector, 17.53 per cent of them were students and 9.09 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 55.56 per cent were agricultural general labour, 5.56 per cent were in private service and 22.22 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 89.66 per cent were agriculturist and 3.45 percent were in private sector, students and house wife respectively. In case of small farmers, 61.54 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture and 12.82 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 70.97 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture and 22.58 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers, 62.50 per cent of the household members were performing agriculture and 21.88 per cent of them were students. In case of large farmers 40 per cent of the household members were performing agriculture and 60 per cent of them were students.  The result showed that 1.95 per cent of them participated in self help groups and 98.05 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Small farmers and semi medium farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions. Small farmers and semi medium farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions. 2  The results indicated that 45.71 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 20 per cent of them possess Pucca house, 28.57 per cent of them possess Semi Pacca house and 5.71 per cent of them possess thatched house.  The results showed that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 11.43 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 11.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 80 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the households possess refrigerator and car respectively.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs.9142, mixer grinder was Rs.2250, refrigerator Rs.9000, motor cycle was Rs.60750, Car Rs.400000 and mobile phone was Rs.2006.  Results showed 22.86 per cent of the households possess plough and bullock cart respectively, 2.86 per cent of them possess power tiller, 8.57 per cent of the households possess sprayer and tractor correspondingly and 5.71 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results showed that the average value of plough was Rs.4625; the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 23625, the average value of power tiller Rs. 25000, the average value of tractor Rs. 800000, the average value of Sprayer Rs.4666 and the average value of weeder Rs. 75.  The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sheep and 8.57 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. In case of small farmers, 11.11 per cent of households possess bullock. In case of semi medium farmers, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullock, 14.29 per cent possess both local cow and sheep and 28.57 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. In case of medium farmers 50 of the households possess bullocks, 16.67 of the households possess local cow and 16.67 of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.78, average own labour (women) available was 1.28, average hired labour (men) available was 12.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.50. In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men and women available was 1.86, average hired labour (men) was 6.43 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.57. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.89, average own labour (women) was 1.22, average hired labour (men) was 9.56 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.22. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.71, average own labour (women) was 1.29, average hired labour (men) was 19.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 20. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2.33, average own labour (women) was 1.17, average hired labour (men) was 15 and average hired labour (women) 3 available was 15.83. In large farmers average own labour men and women available was 1, average hired labour (men) and hired (women) was 50 respectively.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 20 per cent of the farmers have opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, 2 person was migrated from micro watershed that belonged to marginal farmer category. Total migration in the micro watershed was only 1.30 per cent.  The results indicated that, people have migrated on an average of 1200 Kms and average duration was 6 months. Marginal farmers have migrated 1200 kms and on an average for 6 months.  The results indicated that, job/work was the only reason for migration for all the migrants.  The results indicated that, households of the Bhimanahalli-1 micro-watershed possess 24.91 ha (49.53%) of dry land and 25.38 ha (50.47%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.46 ha (97.52 %) of dry land and 0.11 ha (2.48%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.70 ha (92.69%) of dry land and 0.92 ha (7.31 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.74 ha (62.85 %) of dry land and 5.17ha (37.15 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 13.92 ha (100%) of irrigated land and large farmer possess 5.26 ha (100 %) irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 367248.95 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 378061.23. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 537931.04 for dry land and Rs. 1764285.71 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 409958.51 for dry land Rs. 650000.01 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 222986.11 for dry land and Rs. 464213.00 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs.344751.38for irrigated land and in case of large farmers Rs. 304000 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, canal was the major irrigation source for 28.57 per cent of the farmers and bore well was the source for irrigation which was found to be 5.71 per cent.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 6.53 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.11 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 0.92 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 5.17 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 6.88 ha of irrigated land. 4  The results indicated that, farmers have grown cotton (11.65 ha), groundnut (1.62 ha), Paddy (19.57 ha), Red gram (5.71 ha) and Sorghum (4.57 ha) in kharif season. Farmers have grown 6.11 ha of cotton and 0.97 ha of sorghum in Rabi season.  Marginal farmers have grown cotton, paddy and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton, Paddy, Red gram and Sorghum. Similarly semi medium farmers have grown cotton, groundnut, paddy, redgram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown cotton and paddy and large farmers grown only paddy.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Bhimanahalli-1 microwatershed was found to be 99.81 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers, small farmers, semi medium farmers and large farmers it was 100 per cent and in case of medium farmers it was 99.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households have bank account and 11.43 per cent of savings. Among marginal farmers 42.86 percent of them possess bank account and 28.57 per cent of them possess savings. 33.33 per cent of small farmers possess bank account and 11.11 per cent of savings. Semi medium farmers possess 57.14 per cent of bank account and 14.29 per cent of savings accounts and large farmers possess 100 per cent of bank account.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of landless, 14.29 per cent of marginal, 22.22 per cent of small, 14.29 per cent semi medium, 33 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 18.18 per cent have availed loan in cooperative bank, 45.45 per cent have availed loan in Grameena bank and 9.09 per cent have availed loan in SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicated that, landless, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large have availed Rs.100000, Rs. 300000, Rs.50000, Rs.53333.33, Rs.100000 and Rs. 200000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 123636.36.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  The results indicated that, 100 percent of loan was taken from private credit was for construction-house, construction-cattle shed.  Results indicated that 28.57 per cent of the households have partially paid their institutional loan and 71.43 per cent of the households have unpaid their institutional loan.  Results indicated that 100 percent of the households have unpaid their private credit loan.  Results indicated that 28.57 per cent of the farmers opined that the credit, which was taken from various institutes was helped them to perform timely agricultural 5 operations and also opined that institutes, they were forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time respectively.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 122743.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 135947.83. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 13204.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.11.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 26995.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46808.77. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 19813.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.73.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 69047.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62367.50. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -6680.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 16037.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41055.29. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 25018.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.56.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 35099.26. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69232.72. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 34133.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97.  The results indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate respectively.  The results indicated that the average income from wage Rs.51714.29, agriculture Rs. 110028.57, non farm income Rs. 42.86 and goat farming was Rs. 1428.57.  The results indicated that the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 8171.43 and agriculture was Rs. 25728.57. On an average the expenditure was found Rs.5434.57.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 3 coconut trees and 3 Mango trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 2 Eucalyptus, 109 Neem tree and 4 Banyan tree in the field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.3285.17 for land development. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs.1111.11 for land development. Semi medium households have an average investment capacity Rs.15000 for land development.  The results indicated that for 8.57 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from bank for land development. 6  The results indicated that, cotton, Groundnut, Red Gram, and sorghum were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and Paddy was sold to the extent of 82.93 per cent.  The results indicated that, 28.57 percent of the households have sold their produce to agents/ traders, 54.29 percent of the households sold their produce in local/village merchant and 2.86 per cent of the households sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that 11.43 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 74.29 per cent have used tractor.  The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 22.22 percent of small farmers, 14.29 percent semi medium farmers and 16.67 per cent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, small farmers, semi medium farmers and medium farmers have showed interest in soil testing respectively.  The results indicated that, 8.57 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding, i.e. 28.57 per cent of marginal farmers, 14.29 per cent of semi medium farmers have adopted field bunding.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are good.  The results indicated that 8.57 per cent of the soil conservation structures are constructed by their own.  The results indicated that, 94.29 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 11.43 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source for drinking water for 85.71 per cent of the households, 8.57 per cent of the households were using bore well and 5.71 per cent of the households were using lake/tank as a source of drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light which was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, 54.29 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 80 per cent of landless, 28.57 per cent of marginal, 66.67 per cent of small, 28.57 per cent of semi medium, 66.67 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL card, 5.71 per cent of the sampled household's possessed APL card and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 80 per cent of the landless, 71.43 percent of the marginal, 88.89 per cent of the small, 71.43 per cent of the semi medium, 100 percent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers. 7  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits, milk, and meat were adequate for 97.14 per cent, 80 per cent, 71.43 per cent, 57.14 per cent, 94.29 per cent and 97.14 per cent of the households respectively. Fruits and eggs were adequate for 100 per cent of the households correspondingly.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.86, pulses were inadequate for 20 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 28.57 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, milk was inadequate 5.71 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 2.86 per cent and meat was inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.43 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (57.14%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80%), high rate of interest on credit (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.71%), inadequate extension services (40%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (77.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gasaladoddi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 536 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 80 per cent is covered by soil, 17 per cent by rock outcrops and 3 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 36 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 8 per cent sandy, 54 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 18 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 17 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent is nearly level (0-1%), 72 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) and 3 per cent is gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 22 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 58 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 37 per cent is slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5), 37 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 5 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 1 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 80 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 68 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 12 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 32 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 3 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 80 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 50 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 3(1) 121(21) Sapota 5(1) 118(22) Maize - 161(30) Pomegranate 5(1) 134(25) Bajra 33(6) 252(46) Musambi 9(2) 131(24) Groundnut 39(7) 254(47) Lime 9(2) 131(24) Sunflower 3(1) 51(9) Amla 39(7) 286(53) Redgram - 54(10) Cashew 5(1) 140(26) Bengal gram 3(1) 157(29) Jackfruit 5(1) 118(22) Cotton 3(1) 120(22) Jamun - 140(26) Chilli - 107(19) Custard apple 42(8) 283(52) Tomato - 107(19) Tamarind - 21(4) Brinjal 39(7) 152(28) Mulberry 5(1) 212(40) Onion 33(6) 141(26) Marigold - 123(22) Bhendi 33(6) 157(29) Chrysanthemum - 123(22) Drumstick 5(1) 106(20) Jasmine - 107(19) Mango - 18(3) Crossandra - 110(20) Guava 5(1) 118(22)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that, 47 farmers were sampled in Gasaladoddi microwatershed among them 10 (21.28%) were marginal farmers, 15 (31.91 %) were small farmers, 14 (29.79 %) were semi medium farmers, 3 (6.38%) were medium farmers and 5 (10.64 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 259 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 137 (52.90%) men and 122 (47.10 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 4, marginal farmer was 6, small, semi medium and medium farmers were 5.  The data indicated that 59 (22.78%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 128 (49.42 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (20.08 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 20(7.72%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Gasaladoddi had 28.96 per cent illiterates, 35.14 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.97 per cent of them had middle school, 13.13 per cent them had high school education, 5.41 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.77 per cent of them had ITI education and masters and 1.93 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicated that, 78.72 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 8.51 per cent of them were agricultural labour, 6.38 per cent of the household heads were general labours and 2.13 per cent were in government service.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 66.80 per cent of the household members, 3.09 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.70 per cent were general labours, 0.39 per cent were in government service,0.77 per cent housewives, 1.93 per cent were children and 23.17 per cent of them were students. In case of landless farmers, 23.81 per cent were agricultural labour and 33.33 per cent were general labour and student respectively. In case of marginal farmers 65.08 per cent of them were doing agriculture, 3.17 per cent of them were agriculture labour and 26.68 per cent of them were students. In small farmers 71.08 per cent of them were doing agriculture and 27.71 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 79.49 per cent of them were agriculturist, and 14.10 per cent of them were students. In medium farmers 78.57 per cent of them were agriculturist and 14.29 per cent of them were doing other work.  The results showed that 100 per cent of households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 40.43 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 29.79 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 4.26 per cent of the households possess Pacca house.  The results showed that, 85.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 78.72 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 29.79 per cent of the households possess 2 bicycle, 40.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 95.74 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 6,475, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,305, bicycle was Rs. 1,285, motor cycle was Rs. 38,600 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,408.  Results showed that about 31.91 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 40.43 per cent of them possess plough, 2.13 per cent of the households possess tractor, 23.40 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 78.72 per cent of the households possess weeder and 2.13 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 27,733; the average value of plough was Rs. 1,354, the average value of tractor was Rs. 700,000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 4,272, the average value of weeder was Rs. 30 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 3,000.  The results indicated that, 38.30 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 27.66 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.13 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep respectively. 40 per cent of the marginal farmers possess bullock. In case of small farmers, 40 per cent of the households possess bullock and 3.33 per cent of the households possess local cow. In case of semi medium farmers, 50 per cent of households possess bullock and 42.86 per cent possess local cow. In case of medium farmers, 66.67 per cent of the households possess local cow and 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullock and buffalo respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 10.68, average own labour (women) available was 6.73, average hired labour (men) available was 10.73 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.12.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was also 1.80, average hired labour (men) was 9.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.60. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 13.73, average own labour (women) was 8.47, average hired labour (men) was 11.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.20. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.23, average own labour (women) was 2.08, average hired labour (men) was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.08. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 61, average own labour (women) was 34.67, average hired labour (men) was 15 and average hired labour (women) available was 15.  The results indicated that, 85.11 per cent of the household opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.13 per cent of them opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, 1 person was migrated from micro watershed that belonged to marginal farmer category. Total migration in the micro watershed was only 0.39 per cent. 3  The results indicated that, people have migrated on an average of 10 Kms and average duration was 10 months. Semi medium farmers have migrated 10 kms and on an average for 10 months.  The results indicated that, job/work was the only reason for migration for all the migrants.  The results indicated that, households of the Gasaladoddi microwatershed possess 30.84 ha (53.50%) of dry land and 26.80ha (46.50%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.14ha (80.79%) of dry land 1.22ha (19.21%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 15.28 ha (83.26%) of dry land and 3.07ha (16.74%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.42 ha (40%) of dry land and 15.63ha (60%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.88ha (100%) of the irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 340,354.33 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 522,198.73. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 855,748.04 for dry land and Rs. 1,390,397.36 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 242,028.60 for dry land Rs. 1,106,455.88 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 230,303.03 for dry land and Rs. 498,989.90 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 159,823.53 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 10 defunctioning and 22 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, there were 1 defunctioning and 1 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 46.81 per cent of the farmers and 2.13 per cent were using open well as a source of irrigation.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 42.78 meters and open well was 0.65 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 1.22 per cent of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 3.07 ha of irrigated land, in case of semi medium farmers there was 19.04 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 6.07 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 29.41 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown maize (31.01ha), groundnut (7.90 ha), bajra (4.14 ha), cotton (1.88 ha), paddy (3.33 ha), sunflower (2.51 ha) and cotton (0.40 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown maize and paddy. Small farmers have grown maize, groundnut, bajra, sunflower and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, groundnut, bajra and paddy. Medium farmers have grown maize, groundnut and bajra. 4  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Gasaladoddi microwatershed was found to be 76.96 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers it was 93.37, in semi medium farmers it was 65.16 and in medium farmers it was 72.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, 70.21 per cent of the households have bank account. 80 percent of landless, 100 marginal, 66.67 per cent small and 64.29 semi medium farmers possess bank account respectively.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of landless, 60 per cent of marginal, 6.67 per cent of the small and 28.57 per cent of semi medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 5.56 per cent have availed loan from friends/relatives and money lender respectively.  The results indicated that, landless farmers availed Rs.25000. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 2777.78.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32578.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33910.98. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 1332.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 76846.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75018.72. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -1827.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 92106.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37235.25. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. -54871.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.4.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 27964.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20417.92. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -7546.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.73.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 19607.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 53768.81. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 34161.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.74.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 59113.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88920. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 29806.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 58431.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91584.65. The net income from 5 paddy cultivation was Rs. 33153.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.57.  The results indicated that, 68.09 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 19.15 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicated that, in landless farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 52800. In marginal farmers the average income from business was Rs.2000, wage was Rs. 37,500 and agriculture was Rs. 29,340. In small farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 25,866.67, agriculture was Rs. 64,640 and dairy farm was Rs. 500. In semi medium farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs. 15,714.29, wage was Rs. 15,928.57, agriculture was Rs. 85,357.14 and dairy farm was Rs. 1,142.86. In medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 11,666.67, agriculture was Rs. 95,000 and dairy farm was Rs.1833.33.  The results indicated that, in marginal farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.12000 and goat farming was Rs.8000. In case of small farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 1,166.67, agriculture was Rs. 33,933.33 and dairy farm was Rs. 500. In case of semi medium farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs. 50,000, wage was Rs. 1,833.33, dairy farm was Rs. 1,125 and agriculture was Rs. 35,142.86. In case of medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 7,000, agriculture was Rs. 40,000 and dairy farming was Rs. 1250.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 2 cocoa, 65 coconut, 2 guava and 16 mango trees in their field and also planted 2 coconut trees in their back yard.  The results indicated that, households have planted 51 teak, 85 neem, 3 tarmind trees and 5 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4276.60 for land development, Rs. 1425.53 in irrigation facility, Rs.2808.51 for improved crop production and Rs.829.79 for improved livestock management.  Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5800 for land development, Rs.3700 for improved crop production and Rs.800 for improved livestock management. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3733.33 for land development, Rs. 1600 in irrigation facility, Rs.2800 for improved crop production and Rs.400 for improved livestock management. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6214.29 for land development, Rs. 3071.43 in irrigation facility, Rs.3785.71 for improved crop production and Rs.1785.71 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, for land development, 40.43 per cent of the farmers were depending on government subsidy and 2.13 per cent were depending on loan from the bank. 19.15 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy 6 for irrigation facility. Similarly for improved crop production, 42.55 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy and 2.13 per cent were depending on loan from the bank and 21.28 per cent were depending on loan from the bank for improved live stock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, paddy and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut and maize were sold to an extent 95.38 per cent and 99.88 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 6.38 percent of the households have sold their produce to agents/ traders and regulated market respectively and 100 per cent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant.  The results indicated that 6.38 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport, 80.85 per cent of them have used tractor and 36.17 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 46.81 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 80 percent of marginal farmers, 40 per cent of small farmers and 57.14 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 63.83 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing including 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 73.33 per cent of the small farmers and 64.29 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 2.13 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 59.57 per cent and 44.68 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 17.02 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of landless, 20 per cent of marginal, 13.33 per cent of small, 7.14 per cent of the semi medium and 33.33 per cent of the medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 93.62 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 2.13 per cent of the sampled households does not possessed BPL card and 4.26 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card.  The results indicated that, 23.40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 20 per cent of the landless, 30 percent of the marginal, 13.33 per cent of the small, 14.29 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were adequate for 97.87 per cent, 87.23 per cent, 25.53 per cent, 82.98 per cent, 2.13 per cent, 72.34 per cent, 48.94 per cent and 44.68 per cent respectively. 7  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseed; vegetables, fruits and milk were inadequate for 4.26 per cent, 10.64 per cent, 40.43 per cent, 10.64 per cent, 65.96 per cent and 21.28 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil problem was experienced by 29.79 per cent of the households, and wild animal menace on farm field was experienced by 61.70 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases was experienced by 63.83 per cent of the farmers, inadequacy of irrigation water was experienced by 25.53 per cent of the households, high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was experienced 55.32 per cent and high rate of interest on credit was experienced by 17.02 per cent of the farmers, low price for the agricultural commodities was experienced by 42.55 per cent of the farmers, lack of marketing facilities in the area was experienced 34.04 per cent of the households, inadequate of extension services experienced by 38.30 per cent of the households, lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market was experienced by 53.19 per cent of the households, less rainfall was experienced by 36.17 per cent and of the farmers and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) 4.26 per cent of the households. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikkabagnalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 680 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 82 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent area is covered by mining/industrial, 1 per cent area is covered by rock lands and 11 per cent is covered by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  An area of about 73 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 9 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 33 per cent area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 76 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in 1 per cent area, medium (10 -20 ppm) in 31 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) and 13 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 16 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 90(13) 275(40) Sapota 84(12) 317(47) Maize 75(11) 291(43) Pomegranate 84(12) 317(47) Bajra 286(42) 171(25) Guava 1(<1) 400(59) Groundnut 131(19) 419(62) Jackfruit 84(12) 317(47) Sunflower 66(10) 243(36) Jamun 37(5) 301(44) Cotton 66(10) 275(40) Musambi 84(12) 293(43) Red gram 66(10) 219(32) Lime 84(12) 293(43) Bengalgram - 318(47) Cashew 40(6) 361(53) Chilli 120(18) 246(36) Custard apple 286(42) 264(39) Tomato 120(18) 246(36) Amla 286(42) 264(39) Brinjal 243(36) 197(29) Tamarind 37(5) 82(12) Onion 154(23) 287(42) Marigold 65(10) 301(44) Bhendi 154(23) 287(42) Chrysanthemum 65(10) 301(44) Drumstick 84(12) 318(47) Jasmine 65(10) 301(44) Mulberry 84(12) 410(60) Crossandra 65(10) 277(41) Mango 37(5) 47(7)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Chikkabagnalu micro indicated that 30 farmers were sampled in Chikkabagnalu micro watershed among them 6 (20%) were marginal farmers, 8 (26.67%) were small farmers, 9(30%) were semi medium farmers, 6(20%) were medium farmers and 1(3.33%) landless farmer was also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 150 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 92 (61.33%) men and 58 (38.67 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 5, marginal farmers were 5, small farmers were 7, semi medium farmers were 4 and medium farmers were 4. On an average the family size was 5.  The data indicated that 26(17.33%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 69 (46%) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (30 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (6.67%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Chikkabagnalu had 34 per cent illiterates, 26 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.33 per cent of them had both middle school, 13.33 per cent them had high school education, 7.33 per cent of them had PUC education, 2 per cent them had ITI education, 4.67 per cent of them had degree education and 3.33 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 93.33 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.33 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 50.67 per cent of the household members, 17.33 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.67 per cent were general labours, 0.67 per cent household industry, 1.33 percent were in government service, 0.67 per cent of them were in private sector, 22 per cent of them were students, 3.33 per cent of them were children and 1.33 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 20 per cent were agricultural labourers, 60 per cent were general labourers and 20 per cent were household industry. In case of marginal farmers 42.86 per cent were agriculturist, 21.43 percent was in agricultural labour and 25 per cent of them were students. In case of small farmers 54.72 per cent of them were agriculturist, 20.75 percent was in agricultural labour and 18.87 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 43.24 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 21.62 per cent were agricultural labourers and 24.32 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 70.37 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 25.93 per cent of them were students and 3.70 per cent were housewives.  The results showed that 0.67 per cent of them participated in user groups and 99.33 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless, marginal, semi medium and medium farmers were found to have no participation 2 in any local institutions. Small farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions.  The results indicated that 43.33 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 20 per cent of the households possess Pucca house, 33.33 per cent of the households possess Semi Pacca house and 3.33 per cent of them possess Thatched house. 100 percent of the landless farmers possess Katcha house.  The results showed that, 86.67 per cent of the households possess TV, 3.33 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD Player, 63.33 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 10 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 36.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.33 per cent of the households possess Auto and 96.67 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs.5673; DVD/VCD Player was Rs. 2000, mixer grinder was Rs.1647, bicycle was Rs.3000, motor cycle was Rs.44545, Auto was Rs. 300000 and mobile phone was Rs.2022.  The results indicated that about 23.33 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 43.33 per cent of them possess plough, 13.33 per cent of the households possess tractor, 40 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 3.33 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 56.67 per cent of the households possess weeder and 3.33 per cent of the households possess harvester.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 14921; the average value of plough was Rs. 1573, the average value of tractor was Rs. 351250, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3958, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 200, the average value of weeder was Rs. 213 and the average value of harvester was Rs. 100.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.83, average own labour (women) available was 1.13, average hired labour (men) available was 7.87 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.97.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.67, average own labour (women) was also 1.17, average hired labour (men) was 8.83 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.83. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.88, average own labour (women) was 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 10.38 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.75. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.11, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 7.78 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.56. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.33, average hired labour (men) was 5 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.33. 3  The results indicated that, 73.33 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 26.67 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Chikkabagnalu micro watershed possess 11.59 ha (27.32 %) of dry land and 30.82 ha (72.68%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.08 ha (67.41%) of dry land and 1.01 ha (32.59%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 4.65 ha (55.41 %) of dry land and 3.74 ha (44.59 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.83 ha (19.85 %) of dry land and 11.44 ha (80.15 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (12.15 %) of dry land and 14.63 (87.85%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 345,092.56 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 387,934.60. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 623,495.16 for dry land and Rs. 1,289,558.23 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 322,735.19 for dry land Rs. 657,597.40 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 401,910.16 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and was Rs. 245,975.65 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 30 functioning and 8 defunctioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 96.66 per cent of the farmers and 3.33 per cent of the households were using tank as a source of irrigation.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 68.15 meters and tank was 2.54 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 1.01 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 54.25 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 11.12 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 6.88 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown banana (0.40ha), groundnut (4.05ha), maize (19.14ha), paddy (1.62ha), bajra (0.81ha), red gram (1.31ha) in kharif season and also grown red gram (0.44 ha) in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown banana, groundnut and maize. Small farmers have grown groundnut, maize and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize, paddy and red gram and medium farmers grown groundnut, paddy and maize.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Chikkabagnalu micro watershed was found to be 75.56 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers it was 83.55, in semi medium farmers it was 88.05 and in medium farmers it was 60.77 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, 93.33 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings respectively. Among marginal farmers 100 percent of them possess both bank account and savings. 87.50 per cent of small farmers possess both bank account and savings correspondingly. Semi medium farmers possess 100 per cent of both bank account and savings respectively and medium category of farmers also possess 100 per cent of bank account and also savings correspondingly.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of marginal, 12.50 per cent of small, 22.22 per cent of the semi medium and 66.67 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank, 20 per cent have availed loan from Cooperative Bank and Grameena Bank, and 10 per cent have availed loan from Friends/Relatives and money lender respectively.  The results indicated that the average amount availed from marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmer were Rs.74250, Rs. 24750, Rs. 28400 and Rs. 71250 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 54,235.29.  The results indicated that, 90 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production and 10 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for land purchase.  The results indicated that, agriculture production and household consumption were the purpose for which marginal and small farmers borrowed loan from private credit. About 25 percent of loan was taken for agriculture production and 75 per cent of the farmers taken loan for household consumption.  Results indicated that 40 per cent of the households have repaid their institutional credit partially, 50 percent of the households have unpaid their loan and 10 percent of the households have fully paid their loan.  . Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially.  The results indicated that 30 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 10 households were opined that easy accessibility of credit and 60 per cent of the farmers did not give any opinion on credit.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 56355.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40014.00. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -16341.49, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 44337.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40198.74. The net income from 5 maize cultivation was Rs. -4138.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.91.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 58309.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55266.25. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -3042.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.95.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 60025.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91159.47. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 31133.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Banana was Rs. 288143.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 247000. The net income from Banana cultivation was Rs. -41143.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 34365.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58404.41. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 24038.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.7.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and inadequate respectively. Similarly 60 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 6.67 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicated that, in case of landless farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 120000, in marginal farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.61666.67, wage was Rs.15500, agriculture was Rs.32100 and dairy farm was Rs. 8400. In case of small farmers average income from service/salary was Rs. 25000, Wage Rs.12500, agriculture was Rs. 62375 and goat farming was Rs.3750. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 13444.44, agriculture was Rs. 84888.89 and dairy farming was Rs.5222.22. In medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 17166.67, agriculture was Rs. 137583.33 and dairy farming was Rs. 11333.33. Over all, the average income from the salary was Rs.19000, wage was Rs.17900, agriculture was Rs.76036.67, dairy farm was Rs.5513.33 and goat farming was Rs.1000.  The results indicated that, in case of landless, the average expenditure from wage Rs. 50,000. In case of marginal farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.140000, wage was Rs.14750, agriculture was Rs.19666.67 and dairy farm was Rs. 30000. In case of small farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.37500, wage was Rs.11000, agriculture was Rs.38125 and goat farming was Rs.5000. In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.7125, agriculture was Rs.50000 and dairy farm was 6 Rs.8333.33. Similarly in medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 12000, agriculture was Rs.80000 and dairy farm was Rs.7875.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 57 coconut trees, 12 mango trees and 3 Sapota trees in their field.  The results indicated that, 3.33 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 16.67 per cent medium farmers.  The results indicated that, households have planted 77 neem trees, 2 tamarind tress, 6 acacia trees and 5 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, Bajra, coriander, cotton, cowpea, groundnut, sorghum, paddy, red gram and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Only maize was sold to the extent of 56.32 per cent.  The results indicated that, 30 percent of the households have sold their produce to agent/traders, 50 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant, 30 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 3.33 percent of the households sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 3.33 per cent of the households have used head load as a mode of transport, 6.67 per cent of them have used cart, 90 per cent have used tractor and 10 per cent of them have used truck.  The results indicated that, 66.67 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 66.67 percent of marginal farmers, 75 per cent of small farmers, 55.56 per cent semi medium farmers and 83.33 percent medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 66.67 per cent of marginal, 62.50 per cent of small, 44.44 per cent of semi medium and 83.33 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest towards soil testing.  The results indicated that, 83.33 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 23.33 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 6.67 per cent, 76.67 per cent of them were using bore well and 16.67 per cents of the households were using lake/tank for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 93.33 per cent of the households and 3.33 per cent of the households were using kerosene lamp.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 16.67 per cent of marginal, 12.50 per cent of small, 22.22 per cent of semi medium and 16.67 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility. 7  The results indicated that, 90 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 6.67 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 46.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 16.67 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 33.33 per cent of the semi medium and 16.67 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 96.67 per cent, 46.67 per cent, 53.33 per cent, 43.33 per cent, 73.33 per cent, 36.67 per cent, and 23.33 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and milk were inadequate for 3.33 per cent, 53.33 per cent, 26.67 per cent, 40 per cent and 13.33 of the households. Fruits, egg and meat were inadequate for 23.33 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 3.33 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (40%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (13.33%), inadequacy of irrigation water (6.67%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (6.67%), high rate of interest on credit (60%), low price for the agricultural commodities (6.67%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (26.67%), less rainfall (93.33%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper /TV/Mobile) (63.33 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belur-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 586 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soil and 11 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 12 per cent loamy (sandy clay loam) and 77per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 71per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 84 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 5 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 84 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 1% is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 3% is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 6% is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 4% is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 7% is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 20% is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 49% is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 9 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 36 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 39 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 51 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 181(31) 236(40) Sapota 4(1) 23(4) Maize 4(1) 402(68) Pomegranate 4(1) 436(74) Bajra 4(1) 391(66) Musambi 70(12) 370(63) Groundnut - 75(13) Lime 70(12) 370(63) Sunflower 70(12) 347(59) Amla 4(1) 484(82) Redgram 4(1) 254(43) Cashew - 27(5) Bengal gram 177(30) 240(41) Jackfruit 4(1) 23(4) Cotton 181(31) 236(40) Jamun 4(1) 166(29) Chilli 4(1) 28(5) Custard apple 181(31) 307(52) Tomato 4(1) - Tamarind 4(1) 190(32) Brinjal - 464(79) Mulberry 4(1) 380(65) Onion - 52(9) Marigold 4(1) 413(70) Bhendi - 465(79) Chrysanthemum 4(1) 413(70) Drumstick 4(1) 461(78) Jasmine 4(1) - Mango 4(1) 10(2) Crossandra 4(1) 206(35) Guava - 27(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  Results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Belur-4 micro watershed among them 14 (40%) were marginal farmers, 11 (31.43%) were small farmers, 3 (8.57%) were semi medium farmers, 2 (5.71%) were medium farmers and 5 (14.29%) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there was a population of 158 in the studied micro watershed. Among them 91 (57.59%) were men and 67 (42.41%) were women. The average family size of landless farmers was 4.4, marginal and medium farmers were 4.5, small farmer was 4.54, semi medium farmer was 4.3 and medium farmer was 5.  The data indicated that 26 (16.46%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 68 (43.04%) were in 16-35 years of age, 49 (31.01%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (9.49%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Belur-4 had 27.85 per cent illiterates, 27.85 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.43 per cent of them had middle school, 22.15 per cent of them had high school education, 9.49 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.63 per cent them had Diploma education and 5.70 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 20 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 45.57 per cent of the household members, 17.09 per cent were agricultural labourers, 10.13 per cent were general labours, 1.27 percent were in private sector and 25.95 per cent of them were students. In case of landless households 4.55 per cent were agriculturists, 72.73 per cent were general labourers and 22.73 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 42.86 per cent were agriculturist, 28.57 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.59 percent was in private service and 26.98 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 70 per cent of them were agriculturist, 4 per cent were agricultural labourers and 26 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 61.54 per cent of the family members were agriculturists and 38.46 per cent were students. In case of medium farmers 10 per cent of the family members were agriculturists, 70 per cent were agriculture labour, 10 per cent were in private service and 10 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 0.63 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank and 99.37 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 20 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 57.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25.71 per cent of the households possess Pucca house. 2  The results showed that, 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 71.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 65.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent possess auto and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1824, bicycle was Rs.3173, motor cycle was Rs.30250, auto was Rs.35000 and mobile phone was Rs.2124.  Results showed that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess both power tiller, 17.14 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 94.29 per cent of the households possess weeder and 8.57 per cent possess tractor, harvester and chaff cutter.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.19600; the average value of plough was Rs. 1229, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 25000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 366666, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3166, the average value of weeder was Rs. 136, the average value of harvester was Rs. 16400 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2666.  The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow. Around 14.29 per cent of the marginal farmers and 33.33 per cent of the semi medium farmers possess bullock, 27.27 per cent of small farmers and 33.33 per cent of semi medium farmers possess local cow. Medium farmers and landless farmers did not possess any livestock.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.60, average own labour (women) available was 1.27, average hired labour (men) available was 12.90 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.37.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.57, average own labour (women) was also 1.29, average hired labour (men) was 10.36 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.71. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.64, average own labour (women) was 1.27, average hired labour (men) was 15.45 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.82. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.33, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 18.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 15. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.5, average hired labour (men) was 8.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Belur-4 micro watershed possess 23.16 ha (66.76%) of dry land and 11.53 ha (33.24%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.87 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.28 ha (88.77%) of dry 3 land and 1.68 ha (11.23%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.78 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.07 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 353,967.14 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 407,476.31. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 536,516.39 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 218,251.07 for dry land and Rs. 714,216.85 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 423,126.34 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 312,866.67 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 20 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 19.59 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of small farmers there was 1.68 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 3.64 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 6.07 ha of irrigated land. On an average there was 11.40 ha irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown maize (12.66 ha), onion (3.77 ha), cotton (3.77 ha), sunflower (3.64 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), red gram (0.89 ha), bajra (0.81 ha) and navane (0.40 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown maize, onion, sorghum, cotton, sunflower, groundnut, red gram, bajra and navane. Small farmers have grown maize, onion, sorghum and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown onion and cotton. Medium farmers have grown maize and cotton.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Belur-4 micro watershed was found to be 95.02 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers it was 99.32, in semi medium farmers it was 100 and in medium farmers it was 73.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have bank account and 57.14 per cent possess savings. Among marginal farmers 100 percent of them possess bank account and 71.43 per cent possess savings. 90.91 per cent of small farmers possess bank account and 72.73 per cent of them possess savings. In case of semi medium farmers 100 percent of them possess bank account and 66.67 per cent possess savings. Medium category of farmers possesses 100 per cent of bank account.  The results indicated that, 78.57 per cent of marginal, 90.91 per cent of small, 66.67 per cent of the semi medium and 50 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. 4  The results indicated that, 41.67 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank and commercial bank respectively. 4.51 per cent have availed loan from money lender and 12.50 per cent availed loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs. 95,272.73, Rs. 90,500, Rs. 115,000 and Rs. 45,000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 92,833.33.  The results indicated that, 95 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production and 5 per cent for animal husbandry.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  Results indicated that 10 percent of the households have paid their institutional credit partially, 85 per cent of the household unpaid their loan and 5 per cent of the households fully paid their loan.  Results indicated that 75 percent of the households have paid their private credit partially and 25 per cent of the household unpaid their loan.  The results indicated that 45 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations, 50 per cent of them opined that higher rate of interest and 5 per cent of the households opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirement.  The results indicated that 5 per cent of the households opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirement and 50 per cent of them opined that higher rate of interest.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 25715.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55575.00. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 29859.30, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.16.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 22941.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23763.09. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 821.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.04.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 19778.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31619.74. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 11841.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 50306.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55219.94. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 4913.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.1.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 54111.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30875.00. The net income from 5 navane cultivation was Rs. -23236.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.57.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 37865.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80897.65. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 43031.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.14.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 39372.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 105261.80. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 65888.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.67.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 29680.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47277.63. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 17596.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.59.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Bajra and Red gram was Rs. 26449.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57427.50 The net income from Bajra and Red gram cultivation was Rs. 30978.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.17.  The results indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate respectively.  The results indicated that, in land less farmers, the average income from wage was Rs.270800. In case of marginal farmers the average income from wage was Rs.33071.43, agriculture was Rs. 38,221.43 and dairy farm was Rs. 214.29. In case of small farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs. 18,727.27, wage was Rs. 36,181.82 and agriculture was Rs. 56,122.73. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs.10000, agriculture was Rs. 135,733.33 and dairy farm was Rs. 6,750. In medium farmers the average annual income from wage was Rs. 25,000 and agriculture was Rs. 560,000.  The results indicated that, in case of land less the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.65000, In marginal farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.24107.14, agriculture was Rs.23714.29 and dairy farm was Rs.500. In small farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs.80000, wage was Rs.28900 and agriculture was Rs.33727.27. In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.24000, agriculture was Rs.69666.67 and dairy farm was Rs.10000. In case of medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.10000 and agriculture was Rs.85000.  The results indicated that, households have planted 4 teak trees, 71 neem trees, 10 tarmind trees, 1 acacia tree and 1 Banyan trees in their field and also planted 404 neem trees in their back yard. 6  The results indicate that, households have an average additional investment capacity of Rs. 1485.71 for land development, Rs.400 for irrigation facility, Rs.1000 for improved crop production and Rs.200 for improved livestock management. Marginal farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs. 2285.71 for land development, Rs.571.43 for irrigation facility, Rs. 1500 in improved crop production and Rs.285.71 for improved live stock management. Small farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs.727.27 for land development, Rs.545.45 for improved crop production and Rs.272.73 for livestock management. Medium farmers have an average additional investment capacity of Rs.6000 for land development, Rs.3000 for irrigation facility and Rs.4000 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that for 17.14 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank for land development respectively. For irrigation facility 5.71 per cent of household were dependent on loan from the bank. 17.14 per cent of the household were depending on loan from bank for improved crop production. 8.57 per cent of the household were dependent on loan from bank for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, groundnut, maize, navane, onion, red gram, sorghum and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, 80 percent of the households have sold their produce to regulated market and 8.57 per cent of the household sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of households used cart as mode of transport, 71.43 per cent of households used tractor as mode of transport and 11.43 per cent used truck for transportation of their produce.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 21.43 percent of marginal and 50 percent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 97.14 percent of the household used fire wood as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of the household used LPG as source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of the landless, 35.71per cent of marginal, 27.27 per cent of small, 66.67 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. 7  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 7.14per cent of the marginal farmers, 27.27 per cent of the small farmers, 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 50 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals and milk were adequate for 100 per cent of the household respectively. Pulses and egg were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the household respectively. Oilseed and vegetables were adequate for 2.86 per cent of the household respectively. Fruits and meat were adequate for 8.57 per cent and 62.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, egg and meat were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, 97.14 per cent, 94.29 per cent, 91.43 per cent, 2.86 per cent and 37.14 per cent of the household respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (68.57%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (65.71%), high rate of interest on credit (65.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (71.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), inadequate extension services (82.86 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project