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The military transformation of Early Modern Europe -- An era of limited war -- The era of Revolutionary Wars, North America -- French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars -- Industrialization and the American Civil War -- Prussian military reforms and the wars of German unification -- The long peace -- The First World War -- The interwar period -- The Second World War in Europe -- The Second World War in Asia -- The Cold War, a new era of limited conflicts? -- Conflict in the post-cold War World -- Conclusion: The new security environment and the future of warfare

AbstractContemporary Turkey has gone through many reforms that have been legitimized by country's historical legacy. The constitutive elements of this legacy are images, historical figures, events, and symbolisms embedded in memory. It is through those elements that Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the leader of the Justice and Development Party sets himself up as the appropriate narrator and appropriate doer, incrementally gaining an upper hand in the legitimacy struggles by telling stories from history, emerging as the new founding father of Turkey and introducing new policies rooted in the legacy of the past. How has he been able to occupy such a position of superiority through the struggles for legitimacy in Turkish politics? This paper critically argues that Erdoğan first set up his personality, imposing himself as the most appropriate narrator and finally showing himself to be the most appropriate doer, by crafting his political communication with symbols and figures from history.

Histories of Brazilian media regulation typically emphasize a major transformation with the passing of the federal constitution in 1988, contrasting censorship during the military period of 1964‒1985 with age rating, or "indicative classification," thereafter. Contemporary conflicts among child advocates, television broadcasters, and the state as monitor of the industry's self-regulation are grounded in a much longer history of age rating in popular media. Drawing on an examination of files from Brazil's Ministry of Justice and interviews with current examiners, this article provides a history of age ratings for television in Brazil and of the processes by which classification decisions are made. We argue that the desire to limit young people's access to television through age ratings has had significant ramifications in Brazil, evident in the formation of legal regimes, reform of institutional practices, and even the revision of time zones.