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Wie hoch? Wie groß? Wie viele? Mit welcher Dynamik? Wie haben sich Klima, Bevölkerung und Arbeit, wie Freizeit, Gesundheit und Sozialleistungen, wie Landwirtschaft oder Industrien entwickelt? "Deutschland in Daten" liefert Zeitreihen zu zentralen Themenstellungen. Dieser Band präsentiert zu 22 Themen in über 1.000 Zeitreihen Daten für die Zeit seit dem 19. Jahrhundert und ordnet sie fachwissenschaftlich in die jeweiligen historischen Kontexte ein. Er bietet einen breit gefächerten und verlässlichen Einblick in die Historische Statistik von Deutschland über verschiedene Epochen und politische Systeme hinweg. ; How much? How large? How many? Which dynamics? How have climate, population, labor and leisure, health and social benefits, agriculture or industries developed? "Germany in data" provides time series on 22 key topics, data for the last two centuries. It offers a broad and reliable insight into the Historical Statistics of Germany covering various epochs and political systems.

The history of professional war gaming is usually understood to have begun around the turn of the 18th to the 19th century and mainly associated with the Prussian Kriegsspiel, with chess-based predecessors traceable down to a game published in 1664 by Christoph Weickmann. Yet already a century before Weickmann and more than two centuries before the invention of the Prussian Kriegsspiel a Hessian nobleman published a game of cards that was intended to be used both for preparing young noblemen for military decision-making and for supporting command and control in the field. It thus may well have been the earliest professional war game of the post-medieval period.

The Chinese community has been settled in India for more than two centuries. Its relationship to the host society and to the authorities, first British and then Indian, has gone through different stages with different forms. It is important to examine the lives, traditions and attitudes of the Chinese community to understand its development and its changing character. This study argues that it is misleading to present this community as one that has always been marginalised and discriminated against in India. It examines the applicability of concepts such as 'sojourning', 'corridors' and 'middleman minority' to the community and its different sub-groups, both in British India and in post-independence India.

In order to interpret religious authority and its historical contours in Indonesia this article considers Sufi associations (Ind. tarekat) and the way that their religious leaders and followers understand their authority and the challenges to it. Particularly, this article will focus on the history of the Khalwatiah Sammān tarekat in South Sulawesi. Over the past two centuries the Khalwatiah Sammān and its growing membership have faced a long running opposition from formalist ulama whom take exception to their Islamic practices and interpretations. The opposition mounted against this tarekat and its adherent's response to these attacks allows us to review the diverse ways that religious authority is understood and practiced in Indonesia.

In the wake of the huge earthquake that struck Haiti on 12 January 2010, Haiti instantly became the focus of media attention across the world. At that moment, the tropes that had imprisoned Haiti for two centuries (barbarism, savagery, vodou, the land‐that‐God‐forgot, etc.) began to resurface. Some Haitian intellectuals sought to combat those images, but in so doing they inadvertently revealed their complicity not only in the negative discursive construction of their country, but also in the economic and military re‐colonisation of Haiti over the last decade. Adept in the fabrication of replicas of 'post‐political' discourse, These Haitian intellectuals are in reality a subset of that country's morally bankrupt political class.

This book, the first of its kind, comprehensively explores Native American claims against the United States government over the past two centuries. Despite the federal government's multiple attempts to redress indigenous claims, a close examination reveals that even when compensatory programs were instituted, native peoples never attained a genuine sense of justice. David E. Wilkins addresses the important question of what one nation owes another when the balance of rights, resources, and responsibilities have been negotiated through treaties. How does the United States assure that guarantees made to tribal nations, whether through a century old treaty or a modern day compact, remain viable and lasting? ; https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1329/thumbnail.jpg

During her official visit as prime minister of India in 1976 in the GDR Indira Gandhi, it is a curiosity of history, the EC was comparatively small country like the UK will be able to conquer a subcontinent like India and nearly two centuries to master. India was the foundation of the British Empire. Born on November 19, 1917, she came from a Brahmin family, the highest Indian caste who had committed to Indian independence. This family Solite over five generations, the political fate of the country control prevail. In the 1920s, her grandfather, Motilal Nehru (1861-1931), president of the Indian Congress Party, the main political force of the independence movement. Adapted from the source document.

Our Founding Fathers ensured that Article I, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution gives Congress explicit authority "to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries." More than two centuries later, the Department of State plays a key role in protecting those rights. Toward that end, in 2005 Congress created State's Office of International Intellectual Property Enforcement to strengthen the department's ability to combat counterfeiting and piracy. The United States' transition to a knowledge-based economy makes the efforts of all agencies involved in IP protection all the more relevant. Adapted from the source document.

We develop a model that, at the aggregate level, is similar to the one-sector neoclassical growth model; at the disaggregate level, it has implications for the path of observable measures of technology adoption. We estimate it using data on the diffusion of 15 technologies in 166 countries over the last two centuries. Our results reveal that, on average, countries have adopted technologies 45 years after their invention. There is substantial variation across technologies and countries. Newer technologies have been adopted faster than old ones. The cross-country variation in the adoption of technologies accounts for at least 25 percent of per capita income differences. (JEL O33, O41, O47)

Participation in electoral politics is not a fully voluntary act. Suffrage rules regulate who can participate, whereas institutional arrangements affect incentives to vote by shaping the consequences of the voting act. The secular increase of electoral participation in the world during the past two centuries was largely due to extensions of suffrage rather than to increased turnout of those eligible. The relation between voting and electing, as manifested in institutional arrangements, had a strong effect on individual decisions to vote. In the end, the voice of the people is inescapably structured by the ideas and the institutional frameworks that relate voting to electing. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright 2009.]

Protes Parties in Western Europe. Analysis of Political Relevance by Bartłomiej Michalak is a book that deserves attention of wide range of readers, who are willing to deepen their knowledge concerning transformations of contemporary party systems. It is political parties that since nearly two centuries are a phenomenon of European political life. In other parts of the world they bring attention of not only researchers, but also of constantly growing social groups. Today, political life of any society is hard imaginable without parties, its coalitions, contentions and conflicts as well as almost constant presence of parties' leaders and activists in everyday life of millions of citizens of big metropolis and distant provinces.