Suchergebnisse

Argues that the 1999 international military intervention in East Timor was strikingly different from the international intervention in Kosovo during the same year. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened in Kosovo over the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's claim to sovereignty that NATO insisted it would continue to recognize. In contrast, although Indonesia's claim to sovereignty over East Timor was not recognized by the UN, the international community claimed Indonesia's consent was necessary for intervention. Attention is called to the extreme suffering of the people of East Timor during the years of non-intervention; Indonesia's resistance to any international security presence in East Timor; & Indonesian President B.J. Habibie's decision to allow the East Timorese to choose between autonomy within Indonesia or independence. The violence that erupted after the ballot prompted criticisms that Australia, the US, & the UN should have exerted more pressure on Indonesia to accept an international force to maintain security in East Timor. Further contrasts between the East Timor & Kosovo interventions are pointed out along with their implications for humanitarian interventions. J. Lindroth

Wird die Außen- und internationale Politik alleine von nationalen Interessen und militärischer Macht dominiert? Die Studien dieses Bandes zeigen, dass ideelle Faktoren wie Ideen, Normen, Identitäten, Wissen und Kultur in zahlreichen Fällen viel entscheidendere Erklärungsfaktoren sind. Sie gehen zurück auf soziale Konstruktionsprozesse, die im Zeitalter der Globalisierung sowohl transnational stattfinden können, als auch zunehmend grenzüberschreitende Wirkungen entfalten. In der politikwissenschaftlichen Teildisziplin "Internationale Beziehungen" hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren eine konstruktivistische Theorierichtung etabliert, die der Untersuchung ideeller Faktoren besondere Aufmerksamkeit schenkt. Zu welchen Ergebnissen solche konstruktivistischen Analysen der internationalen Politik gelangen, wie sie methodisch und konzeptionell vorgehen und welche Perspektiven sich daraus für die theorieorientierte Forschung zur internationalen Politik ergeben, zeigen die Beiträge dieses Bandes

International propaganda is the aspect of the cold war which has been most frequently attacked. It has taken the form, since the end of WWII, of an attempt by the major powers to demonstrate the merits of their respective institutions. After a pause during 1946-1947, this propaganda was resumed with increasing intensity. One of the first situations in which it was decisive was during the Italian elections of 1948. International propaganda has merely developed since that time. It is an official instrument of action of the nation in time of peace. This is not a new function. George Kennan has described the need for this weapon, & Walter Lippman has analyzed many of its aspects. The first systematic use of this technique can be traced to the `war of nerves' of Hitler. This propaganda has many variants & notably, we may cite `cultural influence' whose origins are very ancient. War propaganda plays an essential role & has its own peculiar characteristics, depending esp on a distortion of news. Abusive international propaganda was condemned at one of the first sessions of the UN. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

This paper explores the nexus between the International Organizations and Gender. It is within the purview of the paper that the International Organizations are the conduit pipes through which the global democratic agenda of gender and women empowerment flow. Utilizing secondary sources of data, the paper avers that International Organizations are pivotal to Gender and women empowerment generally as they are involved in mobilizing public support, monitoring the effectiveness of international aid and providing information and expertise towards gender equity and equality. The paper concludes that International Organizations, especially the United Nations Organization (U.N.O.), because of their universal spread and influence, have indeed become the channel through which the global developmental agenda is pursued and spread and have thus become important actors and partners in development

AbstractThe paper introduces a new explanation of international order that focuses on representants. Representants are practices, artifacts, and language that stand in for the international system's units in international fora. They are crucial for International Relations (IR), given that IR deal with a macro-realm that can never be fully present, but needs to be made concrete in specific localities. Representants have four interrelated effects: (1) they define the units of the international system; (2) they legitimize them; (3) they provide them with differential degrees of power; and (4) they serve as tools for governing. When representants are seriously challenged, orders are in crisis; when new representants emerge, a new order has taken hold. The paper develops a mechanism of change emerging from struggles over representants. It studies the transition from the medieval order of universal monarchy to an order of divine right absolutism. Representants, such as gothic cathedrals, the mass, and coronation rituals maintained the medieval hierarchical order with the pope/emperor at the apex. The Reformation provided the last step in kings' challenge to the medieval order. Kings adapted existing representants, so that they would portray the independence of kings from the papacy/emperor, and simultaneously position kings above feudal lords.