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The author presents a conceptualization of different forms of misperception and the theoretical linkages by which they may lead to war under certain conditions. The forms of misperception most directly relevant to war include misperceptions of the capabilities and intentions of both adversaries and third states. The theoretical linkages to war, which vary across these different forms, include the intervening variables of military overconfidence, unsuccessful strategies of coercive diplomacy or appeasement, conflict spirals and arms races, preemptive strikes, or the failure to prepare for war or to attempt to deter the adversary. Particular attention is given to conceptual and methodological problems involved in the identification of misperceptions and in the assessment of their causal impact on war.

This article deals with three aspects of the well-known "information gap" phenomenon. The author takes a starting point from a broadened definition of the information gap including not only knowledgeability itself, but also the information processes that precede and follow it, i.e., information seeking and dissemination. The subject area is local politics in Sweden in 1979 and it is claimed that less well-educated people are above average on exposure to information, slightly below average on knowledgeability, and far below average on dissemination. From a normative democratic point of view a concluding remark is that the "influence gap" might be more of a threat than the information gap.

WHILE SERVING AN OFFICER AT THE U.S. EMBASSY IN KABUL IN 1972, THE AUTHOR WAS TOLD BY AN AFGHAN: "IF YOU WANT TO KNOW WHAT WE'RE REALLY LIKE, GO TO A BUZKASHI GAME." HE RETURNED TO AFGHANISTAN AND WAS THERE AS AN ANTHROPOLOGIST FROM AUTUMN 1976 UNTIL EARLY SPRING 1978 TO STUDY THIS EQUESTRIAN GAME AND ITS APPARENT SYMBOLIC IMPLICATIONS. HE CONCLUDED THAT BUASKI, FIRST, IS A PRISM-LIKE CONDENSATION . . . OF TWO COMPLEMENTARY SOCIAL THEMES: RESPECT FOR THE PAST WITH ITS EMPHASIS ON ASSERTIVELY MASCULINE VALUES, AND AWARENESS OF THE DARK UNCONTROLLABILITY WHICH LURKS BELOW SURFACE CALM. SECOND, BUZKASHI QUALIFIES AS AN 'ACTIVE AGENCY WITHIN SOCIETY' WHICH MOLDS, HOWEVER SUBTLY, THE POLITICAL OPINIONS OF ITS PARTICIPANTS.

THERE ARE MANY SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRY S TRUMAN (ESPECIALLY HIS FIRST) AND JIMMY CARTER. BOTH WERE WIDELY REGADED BY JOURNALISTS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC WITH SCORN AND BOTH WERE TREATED AS FAILURES OR NEARFAILURES WHILE IN OFFICE. TRUMAN HAS BEEN REHABILITATED BY THE HISTORIANS, HOWEVER, AND GIVEN A RESPECTED PLACE AMONG OUR PRESIDENTS. THE AUTHOR BELIEVES THE SAME WILL HAPPEN TO CARTER, ONCE THE HISTORIANS HAVE SEPARATED THE MOST SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF HIS ADMINISTRATION FROM THOSE FEATURES WHICH CAPTURED THE JOURNALISTS' EYE. A DETAILED COMPARISON OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS, DEFICIENCIES AND BLUNDERS OF THE TWO MEN CASTS CARTER IN A COMPARABLY FAVORABLE LIGHT AND REDUCES TRUMAN FROM THE "NEAR GREAT CATEGORY."

THIS PAPER PRESENTS A SORTING MODEL OF EDUCATION IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS ARE TESTED IN SCHOOL. BY ASSUMING THAT HIGHER-ABILITY INDIVIDUALS ARE MORE LIKELY TO SUCCEED ON A GIVEN TEST, ONE CAN CONSTRUCT A SORTING MODEL OF EDUCATION THAT DOES NOT HINGE ON THE MORE ABLE HAVING LOWER NONPECUNIARY COSTS OF SCHOOLING. NASH EQUILIBRIA ALWAYS EXIST IN THIS MODEL (EVEN WITH A CONTINUUM OF TYPES OF INDIVIDUALS); HOWEVER, SOME ARE "UNREASONABLE." TO ELIMINATE THESE UNREASONABLE NASH EQUILIBRIA, MORE RESTRICTIVE DEFINITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM ARE PROPOSED. THE AUTHOR ALSO SHOW THAT WHEN SCHOOLING AFFECTS PRODUCTIVITY-AND THEREFORE A WORKER'S PROBABILITY OF PASSING THE TEST - A SORTING EQUILIBRIUM MAY BE CHARACTERIZED BY TOO LITTLE INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION.

IN THIS ARTICLE THE AUTHOR PRESENTS A FORMAL MODEL OF RELATIVE DEPRIVATION AND DEMONSTRATE ITS IMPLICATIONS CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INEQUALITY AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY. THE MODEL, WHICH IS BASED ON ASSUMPTIONS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF NAGEL (1974), IMPLIES THAT THE RELATIONSHIP OF INSTABILITY TO INEQUALITY CAN BE EITHER CURVILINEAR, AS NAGEL FOUND, OR LINEAR, AS RUSSELL (1964) FOUND, ALTHOUGH UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS. IN BOTH CASES THE MODEL IMPLIES THAT REDUCING INEQUALITY REDUCES THE LEVEL OF RELATIVE DEPRIVATION, THEREBY ENHANCING THE PROSPECT FOR POLITICAL STABILITY. HOWEVER, CHANGES IN THE TENDENCY OF INDIVIDUALS TO COMPARE THEIR LOT WITH THAT OF OTHERS CAN ALSO SUBSTANTIALLY AFFECT THE LEVEL OF RELATIVE DEPRIVATION IN A SOCIETY.

CAPITAL FINANCING FOR PUBLIC PROJECTS HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN RECENT YEARS AS A RESULT OF HIGHER INTEREST RATES AND PUBLIC SENTIMENT AGAINST INCREASED TAXES. THESE CONDITIONS HAVE DEVELOPED AT A TIME WHEN THE NEED FOR CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN OUR PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE IS THE GREATEST IN THE NATION'S HISTORY. THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE TRADITIONAL FINANCING ALTERNATIVES, WITH THEIR INHERENT ADVANTAGES AND DEFICIENCIES, THAT ARE AVAILABLE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT, AND PROVIDES AN INDEPTH LOOK AT SALES AND USE TAX FINANCING AS A RELATIVELY DISUSED OPTION FOR FUNDING PUBLIC PROJECTS. IN CONCLUSION, THE AUTHOR POSES CERTAIN COURSES OF ACTION THAT, IN HIS OPINION, WILL BETTER ENABLE LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO MAKE THE CRITICAL INVESTMENT IN PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE.

After briefly noting the remarkable historic and religious diversity of the Lebanese population, the author attempts to explain why between 1975 and 1983 units from other foreign armies, Arab, European, Asian, American and Israeli have marched and fought on Lebanese soil, in addition to countless irregular militias. The christian Maronites - the most powerful community in Lebanon. The Palestinian cause and the fate of the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon - an irresistible weapon for the opposition in this country to use against the government since 1948. Secular political parties of Lebanon. Background of the civil war that started in April 1975. Intervention of the Syrian troops in Lebanon. Israeli invasion in this country. (DÜI-Sen)

In this paper, presented to the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal in Lisboa, June 1981, the author argues that the United States have supplied military aid which was essential in the invasion and occupation of East Timor (1975-1981), US diplomatic resources were put at the disposal of the Indonesians 1975-81, the US have supported Indonesia at the United Nations, the US have attempted to deceive and manipulate public opinion, and the US have attempted to manipulate and control humanitarian aid to East Timor. This and other facts are sufficient to indict the government of the US "of gross violations of human rights in East Timor". (Koninkl. Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Bibl.)

The author has recently been involved in the analysis of the seismic performance of several standard types of cryogenic pressure vessel which were originally designed in the United States. Particular attention was accorded to the magnitude and distribution of the localised membrane and bending stresses developed in the inner and outer vessels near the points at which the internal and external support systems are attached. The analyses revealed that reinforcement would be required in certain critical areas in order to meet the design rules established by the relevant New Zealand government agency. Suitable modifications were made in these areas, although there seems reason to believe that the design rules may in some respects be unduly conservative.

Sabine Erbès-Seguin,
The work-contract, or the misadventures of a concept.
Although many definitions of a work-contract can be found, it remains an empty concept and a juridical abstraction. Such an assumption leads the author to a series of «epistemological» considerations on law. With the recent diversification of work-contracts (part-time, temporary, etc...) employment in itself doesn't really fly into pieces. What actually happens is that the various social practices concerning employment melt into the multiform mould offered by the work-contract. The description of the different juridictionnal branches concerned by the rupture of these contracts points out the functions of space and time in litigious affairs.

Pierre Verges
Approach of social Classes in Localized Analysis.
In the Marxist debate on social classes, theories and observations are out of phase, as much so when one is interested in the middle classes. P. Verges suggests to analyse these classes locally : by a more elaborate study of their position in the production process, and on the other hand, by initiating a survey of their local political alliances. This approach would throw a light on a good many variations of the origins and political behavior of these classes and on many hazy generalizations. The author builds up his proposal from the preceding study on Martigues and from his own study on Manosque.

This article presents a summary of a new learning strategy for practicing managers who attend courses in business schools. Experimental experiential learning combines the research process (experimentation) with the practical managers' everyday life (experiences in organization behavior). The theoretical foundations are reviewed in the first section, followed by a short presentation of the experimental model used in a specific management course. The result has been the formulation of more complex theories of administration, namely contingency theories. Finally, the experimental experiential strategy is compared with the more universal textbook-exam strategies, and the author suggests that this type of learning strategy may help to close the gap between the researcher and the practicing manager.

The experience of the author led to a consideration of the political nature of social policy oriented research, with a view to developing a strategy which might overcome some of the dissatisfactions experienced with traditional research approaches. Traditional approaches, largely because of their technical nature, have meant a neglect or diminution of those precise characteristics which have characterized the 'community' orientation among health and welfare workers. There is a clear need for a research strategy which reflects these characteristics. Such a strategy is proposed. A brief historical perspective is also included to give a context in which such research styles have operated over the past ten years in Australia.

In this paper, the author arranges some of the major treatments of alienation within a coherent framework. He introduces a distinction between disassociation (certain specified objective conditions) and alienation (a specified experience) and articulates the relationship between these two by presenting a series of intervening psychological issues. A typology of human association is presented; and it is argued that especially two types of disassociation (i.e., marginality and subordination) and, to some extent, another (i.e., privilege) may be productive of alienation. These conditions are considered at the cultural, social, and psychological levels of analysis. Variables connecting these conditions and alienation include the perception of the condition, evaluation, integration, blame, and response.