Suchergebnisse

Although the trade union and producer co-operative movements have similar historical roots and share many common aims, the relationships between the two have often been uneasy. As the number of new producer co-operatives has recently increased rapidly in many Western countries this paper aims to reexamine the relationship between the two movements. The paper is in two parts. The first part re-appraises some of the arguments against trade unions supporting producer co-operatives. The second part describes the role that trade unions could play both within individual producer co-operatives and in the wider movement. The author concludes that both movements have much to gain from closer collaboration.

HOW THE CITY, THE POLITICAL COMMUNITY, MAY ASK ITS CITIZENS TO SACRIFICE THEIR LIVES FOR THE SAKE OF ITS PRESERVATION HAS PLAGUED US SINCE THE BIRTH OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THUCYDIDES' PRESENTATION OF PERICLES' ATTEMPT TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM BY RECONCILING THE HIGHEST GOOD OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE GOOD OF THE CITY BY MEANS OF THE LOVE OF GLORY. THE AUTHOR CONTRASTS THE CENTRAL THEMES OF PERICLES' SPEECHES IN THUCYDIDES, ESPECIALLY HIS RENOWNED FUNERAL ORATION, WITH OTHER PARTS OF THUCYDIDES' PRESENTATION OF PERICLEAN ATHENS, IN PARTICULAR HIS FAMOUS ACCOUNT OF THE PLAGUE, TO DEMONSTRATE HIS DOUBTS ABOUT THE EFFICACY OF THE PERICLEAN SOLUTION TO THE POLITICAL PROBLEM.

The author investigates the proposal that in an unstructured, small-group training situation, participants who have dominant behavioral characteristics learn more than do other members. Two such groups, with a total membership of thirteen, were studied. Personality tendencies were established by analyzing verbal behavior during the first three hours of participation. Leary's (1957) interpersonal-behavior model was used to define the behavioral categories. Two measures of learning level were used: the Problem Expression Scale, based on Roger's (1958) model of therapeutic learning, and group members' ratings of self and others. These measures confirmed the original proposal, and the findings are discussed in relation to the origins of small-group work.

A recent study by Olshavsky and Acito helped gain insight into (a) the decision process used by respondents when asked to do a conjoint task, (b) the predictive validity of conjoint models compared to models derived from verbal protocols, and (c) the reasons for prediction errors. In this article, the author argues that the Olshavsky and Acito results do not lead one to believe that the compensatory conjoint models can be potentially more misleading than models that try to represent more accurately the underlying evaluation process with noncompensatory and compensatory rules. Hence, it does not seem necessary to try to identify noncompensatory rules in a conjoint study.

This article deals with social conflict in a moshav (an Israeli collective community) settled mainly by American immigrants. A model of the causes of social conflict is used to analyze the dynamics of the case. An underlying schism among the members of the community, reflecting differential identification with American and Israeli values, was exacerbated by dissonant structural conditions. Two Israeli organizations responsible for helping new collective communities intervened and favored one of the factions in the conflict. Their bias neutralized the possibility of a conciliating role either by the members unaffiliated with the conflicting factions or by a private social agency which tried to mediate the conflict. The author was involved as a consultant in the attempted mediation.

It is paradoxical that an author whose thought is widely recognized to have had a profound influence on such revolutionary thinkers as Locke, Bayle, and Rousseau should be regarded as having himself been an extreme conservative in questions of political practice. Yet such is the almost unanimous judgment of contemporary scholars on Michel de Montaigne. While Montaigne endeavored in the Essays to question radically the grounds of all accepted beliefs and practices, and specifically denounced the unreasonableness and unjustness of many laws and customs practiced in his time, it is believed that he nonetheless opposed all attempts at political innovation or reform, fearing that any such change would only make matters worse.

Item 718-A. ; "October 1980." ; "Contract number J-LEAA-018-77 awarded to Abt Associates, Inc."--T.p. verso. ; "U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Office of Research Programs"--Cover. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; v. 1. Summary and policy implications of a national survey / principal author Joan Mullen, with contributions by Kenneth Carlson, Bradford Smith -- v. 2. Population trends and projections / Kenneth Carlson, Patricia Evans, John Flanagan -- v. 3. Conditions and costs of confinement / Joan Mullen, Bradford Smith -- v. 4. Supplemental report, case studies of new legislation governing sentencing and release / Richard Ku -- v. 5. Supplemental report - adult pre-release facilities / William DeJong. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The Conquest of the Marshes in Rwanda and the Dynamic of People Settlement.

The author establishes a typology of the marshes in Rwanda and raises then the problem of the high densities of population. Hydromorphic valleys' bottoms are more and more viewed as a solution to the lack of balance resulting from excessive demographic pressure. For the years to come, «governmental strategies», sometimes competing with the initiatives taken by the peasants, tend to increase systematically the use of the marshes which traditionaly were not much cultivated.
However this should not dissimulate a complex logic of migration which, finaly, lessens the importance of the marshes in the peasants' perception and practice of space.

Le Nouvel Observateur.
This article seeks to establish the characteristics of the functionning of a social group, the group of «friends» of the weekly magazine Le Nouvel Observateur, which is not defined by any formal membership criterion. By means of counting procedures, the author has endeavoured to construct the system of relations to the group (which can also be treated as a system of relations to the publishing firm). Adjustment to the specific constraints of journalistic practice is only of the principles accounting for the constitution of the group. Collective integration takes place, and a native («NouvelObs») ranking principle is generated, through the phenomenal (and loudly proclaimed) diversity of the classificatory principles.

The Scientific Field and the Political Field : Studying the French Communist Party.
The author seeks to answer some of the fundamental problems which arise in studying the French Communist Party. These are : the analyst's relationship to the object ; the characteristics which the field of production of works on communism derives from the properties of the agents who dominate it ; the precautions which have to be taken in drawing on memories ; the difficultes of interviewing. In short, she aims to provide a grid to facilitate interpretation of her initial research findings and to situate herself within a field of production which has direct connections with the political field.

This study explores two aspects of the personal electoral advantage of House incumbents. First, a comprehensive measure of this advantage from 1936 to 1976 confirms the findings of others that the personal electoral advantage of House incumbents has increased substantially in recent years. Second, an exploration of the individual correlates of electoral advantage supports the theory that a particular type of congressman enjoys an unusually large electoral edge. The congressman highly successful in building up a personal electoral following tends to be the ambitious, publicity oriented type. One explanation of the recent increase in electoral advantage of incumbents, the author suggests, is the increasing proportion of these ambitious, electorally energetic members in the House.

In 1960 a newcomer to public personnel administration in Australia would have been presented with two treatises and told that these were the alpha and omega of the subject. The first edition of R. N. Spann's Public Administration in Australia appeared in 1959, while the Boyer Report, the Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Public Service Recruitment, of which R. S. Parker was co‐author, was also published in that year. The newcomer would have found in these works not only an introduction to the then generally accepted ideas about personnel management in Australian public services, but also a critical assessment of those prevailing ideas, a critique which reveals the authors' beliefs and which influenced the succeeding generation of practitioners.

This paper surveys the obstacles to disarmament in the Soviet Union, and analyses both internal and external factors of Soviet militarism, the role of Russian political/military tradition, and the centrality of the defense sector to Soviet society. Although the sources of militarism are strong, the author argues that they are not absolute, and that there is scope for demilitarization initiatives. Most of the demilitarizing tendencies will come from internal influences and the working out of internal contradictions, such as that between declining economic growth and an increased military burden. Nevertheless, the West should not foreclose through their own policies the possibility of Soviet moves toward disarmament.

Notwithstanding the legislative and judicial trend toward greater protection for consumers, the late charge billing systems of public utilities have escaped consumer regulation. Consumer advocates have argued, inter alia, that the late payment charge is really a form of interest and therefore subject to statutory usury limitations. Courts and commissions have resisted this attack by classifying late charges in other ways, thereby increasing confusion among jurisdictions about the real nature of the late payment charge. The author proposes to unravel this complexity by examining and comparing the different judicial perceptions of the late payment charge, as well as by providing a comprehensive analysis of the interest classification.

Power relationships in US primary care policy are discussed, focusing on the "mobilization of bias" by dominant interest groups against structural alternatives. The structure of the primary care sector is briefly reviewed, noting the dominance of private enterprise, the separation of individual from population health responsibility, & the primacy of MDs in the decision-making process. The initiation of neighborhood health center projects in the mid-1960s is discussed as a challenge to this structure; while the centers were designed to serve all members of the immediate community, it is demonstrated that bias mobilization established them as access points for lower income people, thus preserving the structure of mainstream health care. Modified Author Conclusion.