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Etudes & documents ; Based on a sample of 38 emerging countries, we find that inflation targeting (IT) adoption improves sovereign debt risk. However, we show that IT adoption effectiveness is sensitive to several structural characteristics, such as the phase of the business cycle, the fiscal stance, and the level of development. In addition, the measure of the risk, namely ratings (rating agencies) or bond yield spreads (markets), as well as the form of IT (full-fledged or partial) is equally crucial for the effects of IT adoption on sovereign debt risk. Thus, our paper provides valuable insights for IT implementation as a device for improving emerging market economies' access to international financial markets for financing long-term investment projects and supporting potential economic growth.

This dissertation concerns the politics, aesthetics, and meanings of the British dead around the world. It argues that caring for the dead articulated views of the British Empire and Britain's standing in the world as well as how the British people understood their nation and their own identities within and outside of national communities. Broadly speaking this history tells a story of the state's increasing involvement in one of the most deeply personal, and traditionally familial, activities; but it is also an account of how the living came to define themselves through the care of the dead. Initially, in the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries, this took the form of establishing specifically British spaces for civilians who died away from home. Sometimes these distinct burial grounds came about as a way to deal with the problem of confessional difference and became distinctly Protestant while in other cases they reflected the desires of British merchants to fashion themselves as permanent imperial rulers. During the nineteenth century, the state took an increasingly active role in the establishment and operation of these spaces through the professionalization of the Consular Service and the cemeteries themselves became a synecdoche for British liberalism. Somewhat unexpectedly, considering the vast historiography on modern war commemoration and nationalism, the British government spent money and attention on caring for civilians who died overseas chronologically earlier than it concerned itself with dead soldiers. Nevertheless, during the period between the Napoleonic Wars and the Great War the idea that those who fell in battle deserved decent burial gained widespread resonance. The Crimean War of 1853-6 marked a turning point when for the first time most British soldiers received marked graves through the individual efforts of their comrades and manifesting a religiously inspired humanization of common soldiers. These burial grounds only became understood as "national cemeteries" and the government's responsibility after the war following widespread reports of their desecration and neglect. The British public increasingly understood providing Christian burial and marking soldiers graves, even if they died far from home, as a moral imperative for the army, the government, and civil society. During the Great War with the establishment in 1917 of a permanent commemoration bureaucracy, the Imperial War Graves Commission, caring for dead soldiers became infused with the political ideology of empire. The global network of sacred spaces created by the Commission following both world wars manifest not only a desire to care for the dead but also a way of using them to represent a united and victorious imperial polity. This commemoration style itself became untenable during decolonization as the British Empire itself disintegrated. The dead took on new meanings for the living in the late twentieth century even as those of the past as well as the spaces for them remained associated with empire and nation.

Kirovograd is the regional centre in Ukraine in 1939 – 2016, which bore the name of an odious leader of the CPSU (b) S. M. Kirov (Kostrikov) (1886 – 1934). Kirov city was renamed by this title during the formation of the Kirovograd region in 1939, which was listed on maps USSR in 1934 – 1939.The city was called Zinovievsk in 1924 – 1934. Kirovograd city of Kirovograd region was renamed the city Kropyvnytskyi on 14 July 2016. The historical name of this city is Yelisavetgrad.The research is an attempt to show the complicated and controversial process of decommunization of Kirovohrad – one of the two regional centers in Ukraine, which necessarily had to change the name of the Law of Ukraine "On the condemnation of Communist and National Socialist (Nazi) totalitarian regimes in Ukraine and the prohibition of propaganda of their symbolism", which commenced on 21 May 2015. Since the problem of the renaming of Kirovohrad at the time of the adoption of this law was not new to residents of the regional centre, the author based on newspaper articles and personal memoirs recreate the story discussion about renaming the city, which continued in 1989 – 2016.The researcher identifies several periods in the discussion above, that was in the city between the supporters of the idea of the return the historical name and those townspeople who fought for the right to name Kirovograd by the new Ukrainian name. The author identifies negative tendencies that crystallized between opponents in the debate, which, in his opinion, in the current political conditions prevailing in Ukraine, harm to anyone who seeks to build a European, democratic and highly cultured country. The author disagrees with the opponents' thesis that the name Yelisavetgrad is a threat to national security as it perpetuates the subject of the Ukrainian lands being part of the Russian Empire, and considers that there are other real threats, such as the lack of Ukrainian bookstores in the city, the state program and public publishing policy, the mass exodus of young people to study or work abroad, etc. ; Дослідження є спробою показати складний та суперечливий процес декомунізації міста Кіровограда – одного з двох обласних центрів в Україні, що в обов'язковому порядку мав змінити назву відповідно до Закону України «Про засудження комуністичного та націонал-соціалістичного (нацистського) тоталітарних режимів в Україні та заборону пропаганди їхньої символіки». Автор зазначає, що обласний центр на Інгулі став абсолютним чемпіоном в Україні з перейменувань: фортеця Святої Єлисавети – Єлисаветград – Єлисавет – Єлисаветград – Зінов'євськ – Кірово – Кіровоград. Оскільки проблема перейменування міста на момент ухвалення вищезгаданого закону була не новою для мешканців обласного центру, автор на основі газетних публікацій та власних спогадів відтворює історію дискусії щодо зміни назви міста. Зазначено, що дискусія щодо перейменування Кіровограда була започаткована не в 2015 році, коли в Україні офіційно стартував процес декомунізації. Вперше ідея позбавити місто радянської назви, виникла у 1989 р. після того, як Жданов було перейменовано на Маріуполь. Протягом 1989 -2015 рр. сформувалися три основні підходи – пропозиції до вирішення проблеми: повернути місту історичну назву, якою є Єлісаветград, найменувати його новою українською назвою (з чисельними варіантами) або ж нічого не змінювати. Дискусія тривала довгий час, але 14 липня 2016 року згідно із рішенням Верховної Ради України місто стало Кропивницьким. Автор, який є прихильником точки зору про необхідність повернення місту його історичної назви, вважає, що нова назва міста більше відповідає т. зв. революційній доцільності, ніж вітчизняному законодавству. Автор не погоджується із тезою опонентів, що назва Єлисаветград – загроза національній безпеці, оскільки увічнює тему перебування українських земель в складі Російської імперії, і вважає що існують інші реальні загрози, наприклад, відсутність українських книгарень в місті, державної програми і державної політики в книговидавничій галузі, масовий відтік молоді на навчання або на роботу за кордон тощо.

This article analyses the degree-granting economics programs offered in French universities in the period 1970-2009 from a disciplinary socio-historical approach. Archival data was compiled into a database used to map the space of these universities with the help of geometric data analysis (principal component analysis and ascending hierarchical clustering). Interpretation of the resulting space reveals a utilitarian shift in university curricula to the detriment of research, as well as a trend towards modelling studying programs on templates of professional schools. Economics instruction has become increasingly heteronomic, critical economics has been marginalized and professionalized programs are today perceived as the 'gold standard' of teaching.

This paper provides a conceptual understanding of University Lecturer Performance Evaluation (ULPE), which is an important function of managing Human Resources in higher education, especially in modern universities in an industrializing country. A ULPE should possess a wide range of utility. The paper describes six key issues of the ULPE and finally suggests an agenda for action and a scheme that may be useful for evaluating job perrformance of lecturers in Sri Lankan universities. Also the paper may be of value to those who are interested in understanding ULPE for research purposes.

For decades a cassava yield stagnation has been observed in Thailand. In addition, current prices of cassava roots and products are highly fluctuating, as they depend on the European Union market's price of cereals, the subsidy of which will be relaxed and will soon disappear. Since 1992 the Thai government has been implementing a policy of reducing the cultivated area, while maintaining the quality and total production of cassava, by the replacement of the traditional local variety, Rayong 1 , by higher yielding new varieties. The objective of this paper is to describe the varietal improvement of cassava by Kasetsart University (KU), as well as the cooperative multiplication and dissemination of new, improved cultivars to farmers by KU, the Thai Tapioca Development Institute (TTDI) and the Department of Agricultural Extension (DOAE). Two popular cassava cultivars, Kasetsart 50 and Rayong 5, were officially released in 1992 and 1994, respectively. Subsequent breeding efforts at KU have concentrated on the cross between Rayong 5 and Kasetsart 50. The preliminary results shows that several F, clones from the cross had potential dry root yields 10-30% higher than those of the parents. These promising clones have harvest indices and root starch contents similar to those of the parents, but have a significantly higher total biological yield. Regarding varietal dissemination, in 1994 KU produced 750,000 long stems, and in 1995 1.5 million long stems of Kasetsart 50, for the DOAE to distribute to cassava fanners for further multiplication and distribution. Participating farmers received free cassava stems and 15-15-15 fertilizer at the rate of 625 kg/ha. In 1994, the multiplication area was 5,440 ha involving 2,458 farmers from 25 provinces. Additionally, in 1995, there were 3,899 participating farmers from 22 provinces, who multiplied cassava in 6,274 ha. In 1993, the TTDI was founded as a foundation, with an initial trust fund of US$24 million. Later, in 1995 TTDI cooperated with KU in distributing 1.79 million stems of Kasetsart 50 to 1,198 cassava farmers from 11 provinces, while 5.97 million stems of Kasetsart 50 and 484,000 stems of Rayong 5 were distributed in 1996 to 4,243 cassava farmers from 23 provinces. Subsequently, in 1995, farmers who planted Kasetsart 50 indicated very satisfactorily performance of this new variety. An average yield of 26.47 t/ha was obtained by 26 surveyed fanners who planted Kasetsart 50, as compared with the national average yield of 14.6 t/ha.

For various reasons, including the commander's priorities and expected mission requirements, U.S. Marine Corps amphibious lift requirements, that is, the space needed on ships to transport equipment for a given mission, may exceed the U.S. Navy's lift capacity. Thus, Marine Expeditionary Units (MEUs) afloat generally do not have all their support personnel and equipment on board. What is the impact of this shortfall on a MEU's ability to complete the tasks associated with its mission, especially when the mission includes reconstruction and stabilization operations? Close examination reveals that, in general, MEUs do not fail as a result of these equipment shortfalls; Marine Corps commanders are able to make use of the equipment they have in innovative and creative ways to accomplish the tasks at hand. However, equipment shortfalls do force shortcuts and sometimes sacrifice the quality and speed of task completion. This report describes the development of an automated tool for allocating both equipment and personnel to complete the tasks associated with 15 MEU missions, highlighting the associated equipment implications