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The paper reviews the major reforms in the educational system from 1991 to the present, which exerted a significant influence on the development of Russian education. The author demonstrates the specifics of the transitional period from 1991 to 2000, characterised by the changes in legislation that laid the regulatory basis for the new Russian statehood. The following changes in the educational system from 2001 to the present are revealed according to the educational levels in compliance with the current Law on Education (2012): preschool, general, secondary vocational, higher, and supplementary education.The numerous quantitative characteristics used in the paper are approximate and are not of any fundamental nature as there exist significant discrepancies in the field of educational statistics, associated both with a unified interpretation of the issue in question, and with the calculation methods. The author uses material of the "Russian Statistical Yearbook" published by the Federal State Statistics Service. ; В статье сделан обзор важных преобразований в системе образования начиная с 1991 г. до сегодняшнего дня, оказавших существенное влияние на развитие российского образования. Показана специфика переходного периода с 1991 по 2000 г., когда происходили изменения законодательного характера, заложившие нормативно-правовую базу новой российской государственности. Последующие изменения в системе образования начиная с 2001 г. и по настоящее время раскрыты по уровням образования в соответствии с действующим Законом об образовании (2012): дошкольном, общем, среднем профессиональном, высшем и дополнительном. Используемые в статье многие количественные характеристики являются ориентировочными и не носят какого-либо принципиального характера, поскольку существуют значительные расхождения в области статистики в образовании, связанные как с единообразным пониманием фиксируемого явления, так и с методиками подсчета. Использованы материалы «Российского статистического ежегодника», выпускаемого Федеральной службой государственной статистики.

OBJECTIVE: In Peru, the past three decades have witnessed impressive growth in biomedical research catalyzed from a single research university and its investigators who secured international partnerships and funding. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of publications by Peruvian authors to understand the roots of this growth and the spread of research networks within the country. METHODS: For 1997–2016, publications from Web of Science with at least one author affiliated with a Peruvian institution were examined by year, author affiliations, funding agencies, co-authorship linkages, and research topics. RESULTS: From 1997–2016, the annual number of publications from Peru increased 9-fold from 75 to 672 totaling 6032. Of these, 56% of the articles had co-authors from the US, 13% from the UK, 12% from Brazil, and 10% from Spain. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH) was clearly the lead research institution noted on one-third of publications. Of the 20 most published authors, 15 were Peruvians, 14 trained at some point at UPCH, and 13 received advanced training abroad. Plotting co-authorships documented the growth of institutional collaborations, the robust links between investigators and some lineages of mentorship. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis suggests that international training of Peruvian physician-scientists who built and sustained longstanding international partnerships with funding accelerated quality research on diseases of local importance. The role of a single research university, UPCH, was critical to advance a culture of biomedical research. Increased funding from the Peruvian Government and its Council for Science, Technology and Innovation will be needed to sustain this growth in the future. Middle-income countries might consider the Peruvian experience where long-term research and training partnerships yielded impressive advances to address key health priorities of the country.

W ramach artykułu autor podejmuje się analizy wyborów samorządowych z perspektywy rywalizacji politycznej pomiędzy Platformą Obywatelską a Prawem i Sprawiedliwością. Dodatkowym obszarem badawczym autora było zjawisko upartyjnienia wyborów samorządowych. Artykuł stanowi analizę typu case study, zaś obiektem zainteresowania autora były wybory do płockiej rady miasta. Autor analizuje wyniki wyborcze, jakie na lokalnej arenie w latach 2002-2018 osiągały partyjne i niepartyjne komitety wyborcze, w szczególności jednak stara się określić pozycję PO i PiS w przestrzeni wyborów samorządowych. W wyniku analizy został określony stopień upartyjnienia wyborów samorządowych oraz zakres dominacji PO i PiS w Płocku. Obie te kwestie były analizowane na gruncie wyników wyborczych do płockiej rady miasta w latach 2002-2018 na poziomie liczby uzyskanych głosów oraz liczby uzyskanych mandatów ; In the article the analysis of self-government elections from the perspective of rivalry between two political parties: "Platforma Obywatelska" and "Prawo i Sprawiedliwość" is undertaken. Factionalisation of self-government elections is the additional research area presented by the author. The article is a case study of the city council election in Płock, Poland. The author analyses the election results achieved on local area between 2002 and 2018 by partisan and non-partisan electoral committees, especially the positions of PO and PiS in the sphere of self-government elections are indicated. As the outcome of the analysis, the level of factionalisation of self-government elections has been established together with degree of PO and PiS domination in the City of Płock. Both those aspects were analysed on the ground of election results for Płock city council between 2002 and 2018 based on the number of obtained votes and electoral mandates.

This article explores the options for establishing a legal framework for posthumous medical data donation (PMDD). This concept has not been discussed in legal scholarship to date at all. The paper is, therefore, a first legal study of PMDD, aiming to address the gap and shed light on the most significant legal issues that could affect this concept. The paper starts by looking at the protection of the deceased's health records and medical data, finding that this protection in law is more extensive than the general protection of the deceased's personal data, or the protection of post-mortem privacy as a concept. The paper then investigates key issues around ownership and succession of personal data, including medical and health-related data, and how these could affect PMDD and its legal framework. The author then goes on to explore some parallels with organ donation to determine whether there are some lessons to be learned from this comparable regulatory framework. The paper concludes with the discussion around the need for a Code for posthumous medical data donation developed by the Digital Ethics Lab at the Oxford Internet Institute, and a more formal regime that would enable and facilitate this practice. Here, the author proposes key law reforms in the area of data protection and governance related to PMDD. These reforms would include amendments to the general data protection ideally, to ensure harmonisation and consistency across the EU, as well as between the general and sector-specific data protection laws and policies. These changes would contribute to legal and regulatory clarity and would help implement this important and valuable practice, which aims to facilitate research and advances in medical treatments and care.

Pertentangan terhadap keberadaan Jemaah Ahmadiyah Indonesia (JAI) hingga hari ini masih terus terjadi. Pertentangan ini dilakukan atas dasar Peraturan Gubernur Jawa Barat No. 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Larangan Kegiatan Jemaat Ahmadiyah di Jawa Barat, fatwa MUI dan hasil Muktamar Muhammadiyah ke-18 di Solo. Walaupun demikian, JAI pada dasarnya telah memperoleh pengakuan yang sah dari pemerintah Indonesia berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Menteri Kehakiman No.JA.5/23/13 13 Maret 1953. Karena pertentangan-pertentangan yang terus terjadi, JAI hingga hari ini belum diterima secara damai dan seringkali menerima tindakan diskriminasi. Di dalam artikel, penulis menganalisis penyebab utama terjadinya konflik antara Front Pembela Islam (FPI) dengan JAI di Tasikmalaya. Di dalam tulisan ini pula, penulis mengajukan cara lain yang dapat dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan konflik yang terjadi karena upaya-upaya advokasi litigasi sudah tidak mampu mengendalikan konflik antar keduanya.Kata Kunci: Konflik, JAI, FPI, AdvokasiConflict concerning the existence of Indonesian Ahmadiyah congregation (JAI) still happens today. This is done based on governor regulation of West Java no. 12 of 2011 concerning the activities prohibition of Ahmadiyah congregation in West Java, legal opinion of MUI, and the result of the 18th Muhammadiyah congress in Solo. Even though, JAI has actually obtained legal recognition of Indonesian government based on Decree of the Minister of Justice No.JA.5 / 23/13 March 13, 1953. Because of the ongoing conflicts, JAI has not yet been approved peacefully and often gets discrimination. In this article, the author analyzed the main causes of the conflict between FPI (Front Pembela Islam) and JAI in Tasikmalaya. Here, the author proposes other ways that can resolve conflicts occurred because litigation advocate efforts have been unable to control conflict between the two.Keywords: Conflict, JAI, FPI, Advocate

У статті проаналізовано питання нормативно-правового регулювання типових ліцензійних договорів відповідно до чинного законодавства України та хронологію становлення і розвитку відповідного радянського законодавства, зокрема про типові договори у авторському праві (видавничі договори). Досліджено питання фактичної реалізації п. 1 ст. 1111 Цивільного кодексу України про затвердження типових ліцен­зійних договорів. ; В статье проанализирован во­прос нормативно-правового регулирования типовых лицензионных договоров в соответствии с действующим законодательством Украины и хронология становле­ния и развития соответствующего советского законодательства, в частности, о ти­повых договорах в авторском праве (издательские договоры). Исследован вопрос фактической реализации п. 1 ст. 1111 Гражданского кодекса Украины об утвер­ждении типовых лицензионных договоров. ; The article analyses the actual implementation of the clause 1 of Article1111 of the Civil Code of Ukraine on the approval of model license agreements by authorized agencies or creative unions. It describes the legal status of listed subjects and examines their actual realization of mentioned powers. It turns out that the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine has approved the samples of the contracts in the field of copyright and related rights, which have recommendatory nature. Creative unions do not approve the respective model con­tracts. The author turned to the history of the establishment and development of rele­vant Soviet legislation on the model contracts in copyright law. This issue has been investigated in chronological order. It studies the relevant provisions of Soviet legisla­tion regarding the model publishing agreements (since 1925) as well as the change and transformation of these provisions. It was discovered the dependence of these provisions with the obligatory state registration of contracts and implementation of the principle on freedom of the contract. In conclusion, author states that the men­tioned law has lost its relevance and should be deleted herein.

The paper presents events in Algeria that led to fall of the long-term president of the country, Abd al-Aziz Bouteflika in April 2019 and examines the role of the new media in this process. The analysis explains the reasons of the failure of the Arab Spring in this country in 2011. Critical discourse analysis of Algerian new media conducted by the author shows that despite lack of active actions in 2011, youth movements appeared in Algeria and led the protests in 2019 not only in the Internet but also in the "offline" world. Currently, the discussion about political impact of new media focuses mainly on a question whether the power of protesting societies is sufficient to overthrow a government. According to the author of the paper, it is a single-dimensional approach to the problem, what has been proven by the example of Algeria. New media have become an inseparable part of contemporary societies and their discourse, serving as a platform for disseminating information, mobilizing and participating . In Algeria, despite the fact that social media "have not yet reached maturity" (among others, because of illiteracy, mismanagement, lack of freedom of speech and true democracy), they are gradually becoming political and media public spaces for those excluded from the mainstream politics and media. The social media have caused a situation where the Algerian government has to meet growing demands of society for a greater degree of democracy, justice and freedom of the press and freedom of opinion. With their help, people learned the techniques of social mobilization, developed structures of social movement and civil society. Effects of this activity can slowly be observed not only in Algeria but throughout the Arab world.

The article explores political and social characteristics of such a professional layer in higher education as university professoriate. Some changes in roles and political attitudes of a university professor are traced during the last decades of globalization in various types of states, Ukraine included. The author states that university professoriate constitutes the elite of higher educational establishments and exerts considerable impact not only onthe development of scientific knowledge and education but on power relations in society as well. By way of illustration, an imaginative simulated portrait of a professor with singling out the main characteristic features is provided. The articletraces the impact of introduction ofmarket relations onprofessorial activity at higher educational establishments and characterizes it on the basis of general tendencies of development at universities and in society.An imaginative simulated portrait of a professor with description of the main characteristics is suggested. The introduction of market relations into professorial activity at higher educational establishments is investigated and characterized on the basis of general tendencies of development at universities and in society.

It is noted that the core of professor's political portrait stems from political orientations and values which in their turn affect the formation of public opinion. The author points out that the main reasons of political preferences of professors are rooted in a character of a political regime, forms of government, existence or banning democratic rights and freedoms, changeability of ideologies in this or that country, etc. At the same time examples that illustrate different approaches of scholars to behaviorare referred.As they are a little studied, it is important for political scientists to pay attention to researchingpolitical attitudes of professoriate as this professional layer exerts great influence on young generation.

Two Spirit is an Indigenous identity that is gender variant and includes the interrelatedness of all aspects of identity including sexuality, gender, culture, community and spirituality. Colonization has profoundly (and adversely) impacted Indigenous identities, including those who self-identify as Two Spirit. To date, there has been limited academic research on Two Spirit identity. More specifically, research to address the social epidemic of Indigenous peoples who are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and federally incarcerated in Canadian prisons does not yet adequately consider the unique identity and needs of Two Spirit individuals. Even the Truth and Reconciliation Commission provides only a singular passing reference to Two Spirit persons in its summary report. In this paper, the author argues that Two Spirit identities have been largely excluded from the overall Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) profile within policies, programs and institutional infrastructure. In view of the 2016 introduction of Bill C-16: An Act to Amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code protecting gender identity and expression as prohibited grounds of discrimination, the author focuses on the need for greater inclusion of the Two Spirit identity within the CSC policies and programs. Existing human rights protections now include supports for the rights of gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, and biological sex beyond the current policy framework. Indeed, human rights protections have expanded to create space for the CSC to recognize and include gender fluid identities and expressions for Two Spirit offenders. A main conclusion and recommendation is that the existing binary gender (male/female) framework built on heteronormativity must be challenged and evolve to develop an educated incarceration approach for Two Spirit offenders.

Whereas initially the use of Twitter by politicians was thought to open avenues for more direct interaction with citizens, research on different elections has shown that this does not seem to be the case. Rather, self-presentation seems to be the main aim of the use of Twitter by (candidate) Members of the European Parliament (henceforth MEP). In this study, we will analyse the use of Twitter during the 2019 European electoral campaign by current MEPs who are running to renew their position, and compare these results with those obtained concerning the 2014 campaign (author & author 2015), in order to shed light on the evolution of the use of Twitter in this context. Our corpus consists of the tweets and Twitter biographies of current MEPs from Belgium, France, Spain, UK, and we will adopt a corpus-informed linguistics discourse analysis combined with methods from communication sciences. We will focus on how and to which extent MEPs construct the following aspects of their identity. (i) We look into the construction of a geographical identity, namely whether the MEP privileges references to the European, national or regional level. (ii) We focus on how the Twitter users construct their political affiliation, namely whether they construct their affiliation as that to a national/regional party, a European political group, an ideology … (iii) Finally, we will discuss how these MEPs present their work as an MEP, e.g. do they comment upon specific positions held in the European Parliament, do they comment on their realisations as an MEP. Ultimately, our aim is then to account for the extent to which MEPs construct their identity in the campaign as that of a Member of European Parliament oriented towards the European level, or rather adopts different strategies for identity construction.

The aim of this paper is to analyze notions of common good and of the state in late 19th century British social liberalism and their relation to collective action of the citizens. The author shows that British social liberals argued for a type of state that uses top down strategy to encourage collective action in order to transform individuals into a socially responsible groups, i.e. good citizens. The paper focuses on philosophical works of F. H. Bradley, ethics of T. H. Green and political philosophy of B. Bosanquet, analyzing their efforts to reconceptualize ideas of classical liberalism and utilitarian doctrine of the individual, society and the state in light of emerging influence of leftist social movements. The author argues that the works of British social liberals are a foundation of the state and society which will dominate liberalism in the second half of 20th century, i.e. the idea of the welfare state. ; Cilj ovog rada je analiza ideja opšteg dobra i države u britanskom socijalnom liberalizmu kasnog 19. veka i njihovog odnosa prema građanskom kolektivnom delanju. Autor pokazuje da su britanski socijalni liberali iznosili argumente u prilog državi koja koristi strategiju odozgo na dole da bi podstakla delanje koje transformiše pojedince u društveno odgovorne grupe, tj. dobre građane. Rad se fokusira na filozofske spise F. H Bredlija, etiku T. H. Grina i političku filozofiju B. Bosankea, analizirajući njihove pokušaje da rekonceptualizuju ideje klasičnog liberalizma i doktrine utilitarizma o pojedincu, društvu i državi a u svetlu rastućeg uticaja levih društvenih pokreta. Autor pokazuje da su dela Britanskih socijalnih liberala temelj države i društva koje će dominirati liberalizmom u drugoj polovini 20. veka, tj. ideji o državi blagostanja.

The article focuses on the current state and the problems concerning implementing joint educational programs by Russia and China. The author dwells on the concept of the joint educational program, proposes a classification of joint educational programs, including joint degree programs (joint diploma), double degree programs (double diplomas), and the program of included training. The analysis of visiting Russian-Chinese and inbound Sino-Russian joint educational programs as at 2018 was carried out. The problems and obstacles of joint educational programs implementation by Russia and China are revealed, among which are: legislation problems, problems of the language of instruction, problems of the cost of education, the necessary information support. The most serious problems relate to the legislation. First of all, it is the uncertainty concerning the meaning of the term "joint educational program" in the legislation framework. The attendant problems are licensing and accreditation of joint programs, award of diplomas, asymmetry between the number of visiting and inbound programs. The author comes to a conclusion that the legislation framework in the sphere of joint educational programs should include the following items: enrolment rules for foreign students in Russian universities; mechanisms of recognition of mobility periods and credits transfer for foreign participants of joint programs, migration rules of short-term courses. ; Статья посвящена исследованию современного состояния и проблем реализации совместных российско-китайских и китайско-российских образовательных программ. Рассмотрено понятие «совместная образовательная программа», предложена классификация совместных образовательных программ, включающая программы совместной степени (совместного диплома), программы двойных степеней (двойных дипломов), программы включённого обучения. Проведён анализ выездных российско-китайских и въездных китайско-российских совместных образовательных программ по состоянию на 2018 год. Выявлены проблемы реализации ...

Public complaints are complaints from the public, Government Agencies or other parties verbally or in writing containing information, complaints, dissatisfaction or irregularities in the performance of the National Police that require further handling and settlement. In conducting complaints, the community usually uses short messages (sms) or telephone so that the community must have a personal contact number of the police member who can be contacted. To make it easier for the public to make complaints, a complaint application is needed to find out the policeman to be contacted. Application that will be developed based on preliminary research that took place at Kuningan Police Station. Mobile-based applications that are needed a lot in searching for police and the location of traffic accidents and providing a description of pastoral events. The application that is created only shows the location of the accident in Kuningan Regency. In finding the nearest route, it will be displayed in the form of maps. The police can choose directions from the details of the complaint, then the system will display the results in the form of a route on maps. In this application there is also a service to find out the location of the community by using GPS technology. And the author uses the Floyd Warshall algorithm to determine the nearest police station and determine the route from the location of the police station to the scene. As well as in storing data in this application the author uses MySQL or phpMyAdmin as a web server in storing event data and police data, notifications and reports concerned with the complaint application. And in the development of this application is based on client-server.Keywords: Floyd Warshall Algorithm, GPS, Kuningan Regency, Mobile, MySQL, Police station, phpMyAdmin, Web Server, Community

Whereas initially the use of Twitter by politicians was thought to open avenues for more direct interaction with citizens, research on different elections has shown that this does not seem to be the case. Rather, self-presentation seems to be the main aim of the use of Twitter by (candidate) Members of the European Parliament (henceforth MEP). In this study, we will analyse the use of Twitter during the 2019 European electoral campaign by current MEPs who are running to renew their position, and compare these results with those obtained concerning the 2014 campaign (author & author 2015), in order to shed light on the evolution of the use of Twitter in this context. Our corpus consists of the tweets and Twitter biographies of current MEPs from Belgium, France, Spain, UK, and we will adopt a corpus-informed linguistics discourse analysis combined with methods from communication sciences. We will focus on how and to which extent MEPs construct the following aspects of their identity. (i) We look into the construction of a geographical identity, namely whether the MEP privileges references to the European, national or regional level. (ii) We focus on how the Twitter users construct their political affiliation, namely whether they construct their affiliation as that to a national/regional party, a European political group, an ideology … (iii) Finally, we will discuss how these MEPs present their work as an MEP, e.g. do they comment upon specific positions held in the European Parliament, do they comment on their realisations as an MEP. Ultimately, our aim is then to account for the extent to which MEPs construct their identity in the campaign as that of a Member of European Parliament oriented towards the European level, or rather adopts different strategies for identity construction.

Purpose: The purpose of this note is to present the main international organizations involved in the labor migration management, to reveal their position and to evaluate their work in migration macroeconomic processes, identify obstacles to effective control of labor migrants flows at the global level. Design/Methodology/Approach: Methods of expert evaluations, comparison, generalization, classification and analysis were used in the study. The study is based on the legislation analysis of the International labor Organization and other specialized agencies of the United Nations. Findings: The author has investigated the position and tasks in labor force management of key international organizations dealing with labor migration at the global level. An important aspect of their activity is the comprehensive evaluation of migration processes, drawing up a global architecture of the migration, the relationship of the Sustainable Development Goals 2015-2030 with the population migration, as well as the establishment of a dialogue between different countries, the creation of international discussion platforms, the application of human rights norms to the regulation of the migration and the strengthening of the international legal regime in the field of migration. The author investigated the main trends in the global labor migration management, emphasizes the need for the formation of a multi-level migration management system carried out the analysis of the Global Compact for Safe, Regular and Orderly Migration. Practical implications: The results of the research will contribute to study international organizations on the labor migration global management. Originality/Value: Intergovernmental organizations is an important additional tool in building an international system of labor migration management. Donor and recipient countries of migrant workers, as well as international organizations often have different goals and objectives, but they are united by one global goal. ; peer-reviewed