Suchergebnisse

Рассмотрены содержание и значение губернаторских отчетов по истории городского населения Восточной Сибири во второй половине XIX в. Автор обращает внимание на то, что данный вид источника, несмотря на ряд недостатков, обладает информативностью и играет большую роль в исследовании социальной истории Сибири. ; The aim of this article is to consider the content and significance of governor's reports on the history of the urban population of Eastern Siberia in the second half of the 19th century. In the research, the author uses governor's annual reports, which are valuable and unique historical sources on the economic, social, political and cultural history of of the 19th early 20th centuries. They belong to the record keeping documentation and constitute a set of data registering the state of the province during the year. Reports were a kind of a summary document for the emperor. Annual reports of governors reflected facilities, demographic, industrial, cultural and other sectors of life activities of separate provinces of the country. This source is used most frequently by researchers in studying various aspects of the history of separate regions of Russia of the 19th early 20th centuries. Annual most devoted reports were the central authority's traditional form of control over activities of the local administration. A governor's report is a multifaceted source, along with the important information it had a number of drawbacks. When analyzing this especial and valuable document, it is necessary to apply a critical approach. There were various themes in sections of data cards. Many of them supplied the information on the urban population of the region: population migration, class structure, town inhabitants, religious confession, people of different faiths, public morals, medical sphere, education, etc. The main drawback of governor's reports as a historical source is inaccuracy of some statistical data contained in reports. Provincial statistical committees received information from police offices, clergy, state chambers, directors of public training schools, judicial bodies, etc. Activities of provincial statistical committees hardly ever met the requirements of the correct statement of administrative statistics at the local level. Governors noted the interrelation between town life and trade. Towns developed intensively in the places of a vigorous trading activity. Governor's reports recorded the basic occupations of local residents. Specificity of separate regions was also shown. In reports the condition of medicine and education in towns and districts was analyzed in detail. Governors admitted that the essential problem in spreading literacy, increasing the number of medical and educational institutions and of experts in towns was shortage of funds. Poor financing thwarted the development of the region. In reports the backwardness of eastern Siberian towns, if compared with European ones, was repeatedly marked. The author comes to a conclusion that this source, despite a number of disadvantages, has information content and plays an important role in the study of the social history of Siberia.

Рассматриваются основные причины всплеска уйгурского этнического национализма и сепаратизма в конце XX начале XXI в. в Синьцзян-Уйгурском автономном районе КНР. Как следствие, положено начало продолжающемуся противостоянию уйгуров, с одной стороны, и этнических китайцев, официальных властей КНР с другой. Сопротивление уйгуров приобрело качественно новый характер, обусловленный вступлением в игру новых конфликтогенных факторов. ; This article considers some reasons of the exacerbation of the situation in the Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region of the PRC (XUAR) at the end of the 20th and at beginning of the 21st centuries. The permanent conflict between the Uyghur people on the one side and the Han people along with the Chinese authorities on the other side had been a serious problem of Xinjiang for a long time. The Chinese authorities consider Uyghur ethnic nationalism and long-standing desires of creating an independent Islamic state of East Turkestan as the underlying factors of both destabilization of the situation in XUAR and repeated escalation of the conflict. However, the real reasons of Uyghur nationalism and separatism outbreak in XUAR during the observed period obviously lie in another realm, as well as the reasons of Uyghur ethnic nationalism and separatism emergence. According to the author, the contemporary round of the conflict between the Uyghur people and the Han people is determined by two circumstances. Firstly, some old contradictions between these two nations are still not eliminated. Mostly, they are nothing but consequences of fails or just an intentional and consecutive governmental policy towards XUAR, which make the Uyghur people upset and cause other problems, e.g., massive and, at the same time, growing migration of the Han people to Xinjiang; irrational, sometimes insufficient or redundant, control over the social-economic and religious spheres, etc. Secondly, at that time some new factors appeared, historically non-conventional to the conflict, like organized and politicized Uyghur ethnic nationalism along with religious extremism and terrorism as primary methods to fight for independence. The author thinks that a kind of synthesis between the old and the new factors occurred at the end of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st centuries, which resulted in a group of fundamental features of the contemporary conflict between the two nations in XUAR. For example, a large part of Uyghur ethnic nationalism turned into the radical Islamist one. Moreover, there appeared strong Uyghur organizations, both secular and Islamist terrorist ones. These organizations politically and ideologically formed contemporary Uyghur ethnic nationalism and now lead the Uyghur resistance. Radical Islam also gained a large influence on Uyghur ethnic nationalism, so that now their struggle against China is the same as "jihad". Actually it is "jihad" against the "infidel", which attracts international terrorist organizations to Xinjiang. Thus, the author concludes that there was just another escalation of the old contradictions at that time. However, emergence of some new factors significantly transformed Uyghur ethnic nationalism. Obviously, it made the situation harder.

Статья посвящена классификации биографий по различным основаниям: историческим эпохам, культурным, социальным и другим параметрам, а также по видам и результатам ведущей деятельности личности. Дано определение биографики и обозначены подходы к ее исследованию. Перечислены основные формы представления биографий. Изучение биографий открывает возможности для более точного их сравнения, а также позволяет -увидеть вклад конкретного специалиста в разработку тех или иных проблем, в том числе и в библиотечной отрасли. ; Biography is a complex structure, which is synchronous in nature, there is change and movement in time. As a result the life is depicted not as a chaotic set of unrelated circumstances, actions, etc., but as a meaningful whole. Biography, as a type of narrative about the life of real, specific person, can be represented in various forms depending on the functional and address purpose. For example, the bibliographer A.I. Reitblat allocates the following types of biography as a scientific monograph, a popular biographical sketch, biographical novel, article in dictionary or encyclopedia, autobiography, and obituaries. All of these materials have different importance in the reconstruction of individuals' life way. Doctor of philosophy S. N. Ikonnikova identifies several models for biographical research: • Chronological model is the simplest diagram of the playback of life path from birth to death. It shows the main and socially significant events from the life of the person in chronological order. • Functional model. Focus is on those stages of the life path, where the main type of professional activity traced. • Psychological model. Here the center for the study is the motives of actions, the search for acceptance solutions, description of intentions, fears, experiences, self-realization. • Sociological model represents typical circumstances determining the people lives' way depending on their belonging to different social groups, i.e. the fate of the individual reflects the historical events of the era (war, reform, migration, etc.). • Cultural model describes personality in the socio-cultural context. Biographies of pop stars, political leaders and other famous persons became widespread in popular culture. Each culture creates its own type of person whose behavior is entirely predetermined by cultural codes of the epoch. They become a program of future behavior, actively bringing a person to the ideal norm. Russian scholar and linguist G. Sil'nitskiy in the base of the classification of biographies puts the work of the individual that he divides into the teleological, chronostructural and innovative works. In "personal history," there are highlighted four versions of the biographies that have very blurred boundaries: public, private, internal and autobiography. Given personality types not only in the biographical structure, they set the basis for constructing models and often combined among themselves. As we can see, biographies can be classified on various grounds: historical epochs, the geographic, ethnic, cultural, social or other characteristics, as well as the types and outcomes of leading characters' activities.

An attempt to prove dependence of national security protection problem solution of Russian state from the ethnocultural character factors influence with consideration of Black Sea region specificity is undertaken in the article. New geopolitical challenges are analyzed in the context of Crimea and Russia reunion and the new united South Federal district formation, problems of ethnocultural identities politicization, phenomena emersion of "hybrid wars" ("wars for identity, wars of memory" and etc.) Ethnocultural factors of the Black Sea region development, where socially-political processes are developed under the constant influence of globalization risks, situated under careful attention of the South scientific centre researchers RAS, about what empirical data of sociological monitoring, various proprietary materials and other actual information, received in the consequence of expeditions can speak. In the context of the Black Sea region geopolitics always represents extremely significant strategic centre. Unstable and various migration directions induce disbelief spread of an old population, anxious and uncertainty feeling in preservation of existing economic and sociocultural order, customs and traditions. Cultural, language, confessional mosaic of polytechnic polysynthetic society requires rational way searching of interethnic and inter-confessional conflicts prevention. Four subjects of the Federation can be referred to Russian Black Sea region: Krasnodar region, Republic of Crimea, Sevastopol city and the Republic of Adygeya. In the process of Crimea and Russia reunion the new phenomena appear in the political field of interaction in the areal of Black Sea region governments. The problems of ethnical, religious, linguistic, sociocultural mosaic, manifesting in a complex and conflict identity induce a special interest, and that is why an integrated situation analysis of ethnocultural factors of Russian Federation national security supplying at the regional level is required. Socially mutual relations between dominate ethnical groups and minorities can become strained in the result of informative-psychological technologies influence using in the context of Washington geopolitical appetencies, allotting itself a role of stability guarantee in the whole world. "Hybrid wars", which are conducted against the row of states with a goal of separatism activation, radical nationalism, confrontation induction of ethnical groups for domination, are used on the basis of utmost "Russophobia" manifestation, radicalism and extremism at these territories. Danger decrease of Russian culture influence preserves in the separate regions of the Black Sea region, especially difficult integrated into the unite civilizational space of Russia. The real boundaries narrowing of Russian influence in the Black Sea in the post-Soviet period led to emergence of the new challenges and threats for the regional security, that required to produce tactics of effective response to arising situations, and introduction of serious additions and corrections to the political strategy of Russian state, rejection from stereotypes in interaction with political players. It is necessary to speak about other threats and challenges of internal and external character for national security of modern Russian state in the Black Sea region that actualizes a systemic situational political analysis and conflictological expertise of the Black Sea region development.

В статье исследуются проблемы заключения брака в крестьянской среде России и особенности образования семьи у русских старообрядцев южной части Дальнего Востока во второй половине XIX первой трети XX в. Установлено, что в этот период юг Дальнего Востока испытывал дефицит невест. Изначально это было связано с миграционной политикой правительства, которое для успешного развития хлебопашества стремилось отправить в сложный по природно-экологическими условиям регион семьи с преобладающим числом мужчин-работников. Старообрядцы рано вступали в супружеские отношения. Существовали различные формы брака: у беспоповцев преобладали браки невенчанные, у старообрядцев-поповцев бытовало церковное венчание в старообрядческих храмах, изредка у «семейских» старообрядцев имели место браки убёгом, крадче. Большинство союзов заключалось в пределах своего толка или согласия, но при дефиците невест и характерном для Дальнего Востока дисперсном расселении старообрядцев нередки были браки с партнёром другой конфессиональной ориентации при непременном переходе в старообрядчество. Это расширяло брачные и хозяйственные связи и способствовало скорейшей адаптации крестьян к местным природно-экологическим, экономическим и демографическим условиям. Повторные браки заключались редко, разводы не приветствовались. При превалировании в старообрядческой среде социально и этнически гомогенных браков было немало семей со сложным региональным и этническим (русские, украинцы, белорусы, поляки, удэгейцы и др.) составом. Это лишний раз указывало на то, что национальная принадлежность супруга не играла для старообрядцев существенной роли, для них важнее была принадлежность к древлеправославной вере. ; The article examines the issues of marriage in peasant environment in Russia and the peculiarities of family formation among Russian Old Believers in the south part of the Far East of Russia in the second half of the nineteenth century the first third of the twentieth century. It is found out that the south of the Far East experienced shortage of brides during this period. Initially, it was connected with the migration policy of the government which sought to send to the region with difficult nature and ecological conditions families with predominant number of male workers in order for the successful development of arable farming. The Old Believers started marital relations early. There were different forms of marriage: the unwed marriage dominated among the Bezpopovtsy; the church wedding in the Old Believer churches was among the Popovtsy; "Semeyskiye" Old Believers rarely had marriages ubegom, kradche. The most of marriages were made within their agreement; however, due to the deficit of brides and disperse settlement of the Old Believers, there were often marriages with the partner from another confession with obligatory conversion to Old Belief. This expanded marital and household relations and favoured quicker adaptation of peasants to the local nature and ecological, economic, and demographic conditions. Remarriage happened seldom, divorce was not welcomed. Although the dominance of socially and ethnically homogeneous marriages was evident, there were many families with complicated regional and ethnic composition (Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Poles, Udegei). It showed once again that national identity of the spouse didn't play important role for the Old Believers; the Old Orthodox confession was more crucial.

Since the extension of jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights toUkraine, when European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedomscame into force (11 September 1997; ratified on July 17 of the same year), there areexamples of estimation of norms of Ukrainian legislation in General, and Art. 8,which is the subject of our consideration, from the point of compliance with theprovisions of the Convention. Unfortunately, the annual practice of the StrasbourgCourt demonstrates the discrepancy of the legislation of Ukraine with the provisionson protection of rights guaranteed by the Convention itself and the Protocols thereto.Ukraine is consistently among the top five on amount of applications on theprotection of violated rights to the European Court of Human Rights, taking into theaccountand the fact that object to the appeal against Ukraine could be violationscommitted since 11 September 1997. On the contrary, there is consistently lowpercentage of enforcement of the European Court Judgments on Ukraine, particularlyin damages. Our work is in grater extent devoted to understanding of the concept of«family life» within the meaning of Art. 8 of the Convention and its relationship withthe concept of «private life».Current understanding of the concept of «family life» by the Conventionpassed a certain evolutionary way. Not accidentally Art. 8 of the Convention apliesthe term «family» using a multifaceted construction «family life», and of coursr,considering understanding of «family» in face legal orders. Understanding of theconcept of «family life» constantly goes through expansion due to the influence ofdifferent social processes, from migration to advanced medical technologyies, thatillustrates the application of the principle of effective and dynamic interpretation oflaw the Strasbourg court. This principle stipulates the evolutionary interpretation ofConvention norms, transforming Convention into a living instrument that responds tothe changing of present situation and allows to constantly expand guaranteesprovided by this document.In the examples considered in the paper, we note that the interpretation of theterm «family life» primarily carried out by the Court from giving preference toprotecting the interests of children, even if not their rights are violated in fact. ; В статье проанализированы основные тенденциионные подходы к пониманию «семейной жизни», право на уважение которой гарантировано ст. 8 Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод. Исследована прецедентная практика Европейского суда по правам человека, позволяющая оптимальное толкование термина «семейная жизнь» в современных условиях. Освещены ключевые аспекты, максимально раскрывающие комплексное понимание определения «семейная жизнь». Рассмотрены решения Европейского суда по правам человека, формирующие такое понимание ; Проаналізовано основні тенденційні підходи до розуміння «сімейного життя», право на повагу до якого гарантоване ст. 8 Конвенції про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод. Досліджено прецедентну практику Європейського суду з прав людини, яка дозволяє оптимальне тлумачення терміна «сімейне життя» в умовах сьогодення. Висвітлено ключові аспекти, що максимально розкривають комплексне розуміння поняття «сімейне життя». Розглянуто визначальні для формування такого розуміння рішення Європейського суду з прав людини

Since the extension of jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights toUkraine, when European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedomscame into force (11 September 1997; ratified on July 17 of the same year), there areexamples of estimation of norms of Ukrainian legislation in General, and Art. 8,which is the subject of our consideration, from the point of compliance with theprovisions of the Convention. Unfortunately, the annual practice of the StrasbourgCourt demonstrates the discrepancy of the legislation of Ukraine with the provisionson protection of rights guaranteed by the Convention itself and the Protocols thereto.Ukraine is consistently among the top five on amount of applications on theprotection of violated rights to the European Court of Human Rights, taking into theaccountand the fact that object to the appeal against Ukraine could be violationscommitted since 11 September 1997. On the contrary, there is consistently lowpercentage of enforcement of the European Court Judgments on Ukraine, particularlyin damages. Our work is in grater extent devoted to understanding of the concept of«family life» within the meaning of Art. 8 of the Convention and its relationship withthe concept of «private life».Current understanding of the concept of «family life» by the Conventionpassed a certain evolutionary way. Not accidentally Art. 8 of the Convention apliesthe term «family» using a multifaceted construction «family life», and of coursr,considering understanding of «family» in face legal orders. Understanding of theconcept of «family life» constantly goes through expansion due to the influence ofdifferent social processes, from migration to advanced medical technologyies, thatillustrates the application of the principle of effective and dynamic interpretation oflaw the Strasbourg court. This principle stipulates the evolutionary interpretation ofConvention norms, transforming Convention into a living instrument that responds tothe changing of present situation and allows to constantly expand guaranteesprovided by this document.In the examples considered in the paper, we note that the interpretation of theterm «family life» primarily carried out by the Court from giving preference toprotecting the interests of children, even if not their rights are violated in fact. ; В статье проанализированы основные тенденциионные подходы к пониманию «семейной жизни», право на уважение которой гарантировано ст. 8 Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод. Исследована прецедентная практика Европейского суда по правам человека, позволяющая оптимальное толкование термина «семейная жизнь» в современных условиях. Освещены ключевые аспекты, максимально раскрывающие комплексное понимание определения «семейная жизнь». Рассмотрены решения Европейского суда по правам человека, формирующие такое понимание ; Проаналізовано основні тенденційні підходи до розуміння «сімейного життя», право на повагу до якого гарантоване ст. 8 Конвенції про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод. Досліджено прецедентну практику Європейського суду з прав людини, яка дозволяє оптимальне тлумачення терміна «сімейне життя» в умовах сьогодення. Висвітлено ключові аспекти, що максимально розкривають комплексне розуміння поняття «сімейне життя». Розглянуто визначальні для формування такого розуміння рішення Європейського суду з прав людини

The global trend towards city living, together with population ageing, has precipitated significant economic, social, political and environmental shifts, leading to changes in family configurations and living arrangements. Some changes are directly related to family forms, notably delayed childbearing, increasing divorce rates and higher incidences of re-partnering while others are less directly related and include improved employment opportunities for women, delayed retirement and more complex migration patterns both within and between countries. These changes are also happening in highly urbanised Australia. As in many developed countries, the majority of recent Australian housing and urban policies have focussed on responding to the rise in the number of small and especially single-person households in urban areas. As evidence attests, however, there is also a concurrent, yet largely unrecognised, rise in the number of multigenerational households, households where two or more generations of related adults live in the same dwelling. Between 1981 and 2006 in Australia, the number of people living in a multigenerational household increased by more than 800,000 (ABS 2011). By 2006, nearly one in four people in metropolitan Sydney (23.1%) and Melbourne (22.9%) lived in households that comprised two or more generations of related adults. The number of multigenerational households in Sydney alone totalled more than a quarter million in 2006. The share of multigenerational households as a share of all family households has also risen over this period; this is despite the concurrent increase in the number of single-person households and the overall decline in average household size. Recent Australian and international work in this area has focused on delayed home leaving amongst the younger generations (e.g. Alessie et al. 2005; Flatau et al. 2007) and the financial dis-benefits experienced by older generations as a result of this observed increase (e.g. Cobb-Clark and Ribar 2009). Some work also recognises the differences in practice in different contexts, especially the higher incidences of multigenerational households in cultures such as East Asia (Chui 2008; Izuhara 2010), Southern Europe (Billari and Rosina 2005) and the Middle East (Mehio-Sibai et al. 2009) where such household forms are more common. Evidence is also now emerging from countries where such living arrangements, while not traditional, are becoming more prominent (Gee et al. 2003) as well as the "boomerang" phenomenon, where adult offspring return to live in the parental home after periods of independent living (Kaplan 2009). The overwhelming significance of multigenerational living for Australia's urban population raises two important questions: Who lives in these multigenerational households, and why? This chapter draws upon a detailed analysis of customised Census data and findings of a survey of members of multigenerational households in Sydney and Brisbane to answer these questions. The chapter expands upon existing research by considering a range multigenerational living arrangements, besides the common phenomena of adult children remaining at home as well as the economic and non-economic benefits and disincentives for multiple generations to cohabit.

The subject of this article is changes in Lithuania during the EU membershipperiod and the perception of them in the eyes of the elite and Lithuanian society. Therefore, in the first section the goal is to overview the main general changes in economics, society, and governance in 2004–2014 using various indicators and indexes. Although they reveal evident progress in economic convergence with the EU countries, also a higher level of tertiary education attainment, and longer healthy life years, they also show stagnation in long-term structural changes. Further, public policy development analysis states that despite the fact that after accession in 2004 there were opportunities to nationalize public policy agenda, it was still dominated by the EU related questions. Moreover, in comparison to pre-accession period, changes in public policy in Lithuania later were far lower. In the second section of the article the goal is to compare attitudes towards changes between Lithuanian elite members and Lithuanian society. Analysed data of the Lithuanian political elite survey showed that Lithuanian elite sees the biggest positive change during the period of 2004–2014 in public management and in implementing equal application of law principle. However, the article argues that Lithuanian society tends to evaluate the same changes rather differently and its attitudes are more pessimistic. Therefore, based on process tracing methodology, the authors explain how unfulfilled high economic expectations contributed to distrust of political institutions, high perception of corruption, low turnout, and migration. In addition, it is also argued that financial support of the EU stimulated state capture initiatives and corruption in Lithuania which also contributed to the pessimistic evaluations of changes by society. ; Straipsnio objektas yra pokyčiai Lietuvoje ir jų vertinimas iš visuomenės ir elito perspektyvos. Todėl pirmojoje dalyje, naudojantis pokyčius ekonomikos, visuomenės ir valdymo srityse fiksuojančiais įvairiais rodikliais ir indeksais, yra apibūdinami pagrindiniai bendrieji pokyčiai Lietuvoje 2004–2014 m. Jie rodo sparčią Lietuvos ekonominę konvergenciją su Europos Sąjunga, didesnę aukštąjį ir vidurinį išsimokslinimą įgijusių Lietuvos gyventojų dalį ir pailgėjusius sveiko gyvenimo metus, tačiau taip pat stagnaciją daugumos struktūrinių ilgalaikę pažangą lemiančių rodiklių atžvilgiu. Straipsnyje taip pat nagrinėjama paskutinio dešimtmečio viešosios politikos kaita ir jos pokyčių šaltiniai. Daroma išvada, jog, nepaisant galimybių po 2004 m. nacionalizuoti viešosios politikos darbotvarkę, joje ir toliau svarbią vietą užima ES klausimai, o pokyčius viešojoje politikoje lyginant su laikotarpiu prieš stojant į ES, jie buvo mažesni. Antroji straipsnio dalis analizuoja, kaip pokyčius Lietuvoje vertina gyventojai ir elitas ir koks šių vertinimų santykis. Lietuvos politinio elito apklausos duomenys parodė, jog elitas didžiausius ir labai teigiamus pokyčius 2004–2014 m. mato esant valstybės tarnybos gebėjimų srityje ir įgyvendinant vienodo teisės aktų taikymo principą. Visuomenė pokyčius vertina pesimistiškiau, egzistuoja visuomenės ir elito vertinimų atotrūkis. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad pesimistines gyventojų nuotaikas lemia dėl ES paramos reikšmingai nepasikeitusi visuomenės nelygybės struktūra ir neišpildyti dideli gyventojų ekonominiai lūkesčiai. Be to, gavus ES struktūrinę paramą padidėjęs Lietuvos biudžetas dar paskatino valstybės užgrobimą ir korupciją, dėl kurių tikrojo ir įsivaizduojamo masto visuomenė yra pesimistiškesnė ir bendrųjų pokyčių atžvilgiu.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a stigmatised disease that exerts a considerable toll on morbidity and mortality internationally. In Australia, where the burden of disease is borne largely by immigrants, it is indissociable from immigration discourse(s), which suffuse public health policy and practice(s). Although significant attention has been afforded to mapping the incidence of disease amongst the 'overseas-born' and examining the antecedents to current approaches to TB control, little attention has been afforded to examining how and why TB is constructed as such. Inadequate consideration has been afforded to exploring how immigrants diagnosed with TB in New South Wales (NSW) negotiate the experience of living with the disease. This thesis seeks to address these lacunae, through adopting a theoretical framework informed by Discourse Theory. This enables us to grasp the ways in which political discourses, policy, legislation and subjects lived experience(s) intersect. It encompasses a mixed methods approach, including an analysis of print media constructions of TB, a genealogy of the border control regime, as well as in-depth interviews with immigrants diagnosed with TB (n=14) and healthcare professionals engaged in their care (n=5). The genealogy charts the evolution of the border control regime and concludes that whilst the importance afforded to border control as a panacea for maintaining low overall rates of TB continues unabated, actual instances of enforcement of migration law serve a mainly symbolic function that continues to foreground the 'non-citizen' body as a source of 'risk'. Print media discourses lend credence to the performativity of the law in this respect, maintaining a pre-occupation with the notion of TB as a disease carried by immigrant bodies. Whilst the association of TB with border control is writ large in the political imaginary, participants' experiences of TB are more divergent. Whilst many acknowledge the notion of imported disease, through reference to 'origin narratives', more general issues with their negotiation of the healthcare system as a population group lacking extensive social support networks are evident. Both initial diagnosis, which is often highly isolating and confronting and the imposition of TB treatment regimens that conflict with the demands of everyday life are identified as sources of concern. These findings highlight the need for a paradigm shift in TB care in NSW, acknowledging the many faces of TB treatment and the social support needs of immigrants. As such, tailoring programs for TB care involves more than a consideration of economic contexts and service delivery capabilities. Instead, it involves sensitising responses to the particular burden of disease, recognising that TB is differentially experienced. This entails more closely examining who is affected, how they are affected and what the optimal approaches to treatment support are in the NSW context.

This E-book is the result of a conference on "The Gulf Region, Domestic Dynamics and Global-Regional Perspectives. Implications for the European Union", hosted by the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies in spring 2015. ; The Gulf region has become an increasingly important international actor but many questions about the six monarchies of the Gulf Cooperation Council remain unanswered. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, different domestic and international dynamics are at play and the changes in the geopolitics of the Middle East have transformed the regional policies of the states of the Gulf countries. In order to explore these complex issues, the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies of the European University Institute held a conference on 'The Gulf region: domestic dynamics and global-regional perspectives. Implications for the EU' (Florence, Italy, 20-21 April 2015). This E-book captures the range and diversity of the vibrant intellectual debate that took place during the conference. Contributors to this volume analyse the changes and challenges affecting the Gulf monarchies: from the sustainability of their economic model to the security threats arising from the crises in Yemen, Iraq and Syria, from demography and immigration policies to the politicization of sectarian identities, from the international opportunities arising from the new role of GCC states to the confrontation with Iran. This volume offers a range of insights into one of the less known partners of the European Union and provides a valuable reference both for academics and policy-makers. ; -- Introduction - Luigi Narbone and Martin Lestra; ---Section 1 :Beyond the Arab Spring. Gulf countries' domestic and international drivers of change; -- The GCC economic model in an age of austerity, Steffen Hertog, Associate Professor, London School of Economics; -- Immigration vs. Population in the Gulf, Philippe Fargues, Director, Migration Policy Centre, European University Institute ; -- Changing Global Dynamics between the Gulf, the US, and Asia: implications for the EU, Abdullah Baabood. Director, Gulf Studies Center, Qatar University; ---Section 2 Beyond the Arab Spring. the Gulf countries and the Middle Eastern Geopolitics; -- The Shia-Sunni Divide: When Religion Masks Geo-strategy, Olivier Roy, Chair in Mediterranean Studies, European University Institute; -- Transnational Identities after the Arab Uprisings, Toby Matthiesen, Senior Research Fellow in the International Relations of the Middle East, St. Antony's College, University of Oxford; -- The Gulf Monarchies and Iran: Between Confrontation and Geostrategic Realities, Marc Valeri, Director, Centre for Gulf Studies, University of Exeter; -- Articulating the new Gulf countries' interventionism: what lessons can be drawn from the case of Saudi Arabia and Yemen?, Abubakr Al-Shamahi,Journalist, Al-Araby al-Jadeeda; -- Jihadist Dynamics after the Arab revolts and their impacts on Saudi Arabia, Dominique Thomas, Associate Researcher, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS); -- Conclusion. The Gulf Region beyond the Arab Spring. What implications for the EU?, Luigi Narbone. Director of the Mediterranean Programme, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute.

Рассмотрены некоторые этнические ярлыки и лежащие в их основе этнические стереотипы, распространенные в подростковой среде англоязычного сообщества. Этнические стереотипы являются разновидностью социальных. социальный стереотип - это проявление склонности воспринимающего субъекта легко и быстро заключать воспринимаемого человека в определенные категории в зависимости от его возраста, пола, этнической принадлежности и профессии и в соответствии с этим приписывать ему качества, которые считаются типичными для людей этой социальной группы. Социальные стереотипы, не всегда являющиеся точными, выполняют важную когнитивную функцию: позволяют сократить время реагирования на изменяющуюся реальность, ускорить процесс познания. В тех случаях, когда стереотипы формируют ошибочные знания об этносе, они могут деформировать процесс межэтнического взаимодействия. этнические стереотипы и ярлыки могут быть использованы в нарушение принципов речевого этикета, прагматических принципов кооперации, вежливости, политкорректности против этносов и этнофоров для их дегуманизации и дискредитации. Анализируемые и описываемые в статье ярлыки касаются представителей таких расовых, этнических и конфессиональных групп, как евреи, чернокожие, белокожие, арабы, мусульмане и другие. Авторы статьи снабжают анализируемые ярлыки социокультурным комментарием и по возможности иллюстративными контекстами употребления на материале словарей и произведений англоязычной художественной литературы. Отмечается зависимость яркости и распространенности этнических ярлыков от исторических и социальных факторов, прогнозируется появление в Великобритании новых этнических ярлыков с отрицательными коннотациями в связи с изменением миграционных потоков и этнической структуры рабочих на предприятиях. ; The article deals with some ethnic labels and underlying ethnic stereotypes widely spread among teenagers of the English-speaking community. Ethnic stereotypes represent a variation of the social ones. A social stereotype is a certain tendency of the speaking subject to include the designated person into a category depending on the latter's age, sex, ethnic identity and profession and in accordance with this ascribe to him properties which are considered to be typical of people of the given social group. Social stereotypes, which are not always precise enough, perform an important cognitive function: they allow quickening reaction to the changing reality and accelerating the process of cognition. In cases when stereotypes form distorted images of an ethnic group they can deform the process of ethnic interaction. Ethnic stereotypes and labels could be used contrary to the principles of speech etiquette, pragmatic principles of cooperation, politeness and political correctness against ethnic groups and ethnofores for their dehumanization and discreditation. The analyzed and described labels refer to representatives of such racial, ethnic and confessional groups as Jews, black people, white people, Arabs, Muslims, etc. The authors of the article provide the labels under analysis with socio-cultural comments and in most cases with contexts illustrating their usage on the material of dictionaries and works of the English fiction. The article highlights the dependence of expressiveness and spread of ethnic labels on historical and social factors and predicts appearance in Britain of new ethnic labels with negative connotations in connection with changes in migration flow and ethnic structure of industrial workers.

Abstract The thesis focuses on discovering incidents of the structural violence on the Saho of Eritrea under the Eritrean PFDJ government. It is mainly stressed on the government policies, especially language and land and how the policies undermined the democratic rights of the Saho people. At the same time, it attempts to shed light on the subsequent suppressive attitudes of the government and its overall impacts on the Saho people and the consequences. To meet the objectives, the study relied on an in-depth interviewing of the Saho refugees in Ethiopia. Sixteen qualitative interviewing was conducted. The related documents were also used. As a conceptual framework for analysis, the study uses theories of the structural violence. The thesis also referred to the approaches of minority rights endorsed by the international and UN organizations. The research findings are largely qualitative anecdotal evidence in type mainly from the perspectives of the Saho people. According to the findings frustrations are commonly observed among all Saho informants because of the marginalization and government negligence. The Saho see themselves as subordinated and poorly represented in decision making processes in matters that affect their very interest and livelihood. As a result, most of them entirely dissociate themselves from the government. The Saho people's attitude towards the government's language (mother tongue education) and land policy was in general negative. Forcible imposition of mother tongue education and its ineffective role, lack of consultation and participation of the Saho elites in the affairs concerned to them, discriminations involved in land allocation process, negligence of the pastoral Saho and forced government relocation programs are among the discovered incidents of the structural violence. It was also accompanied with further suppression and intimidation. Comparing to their highland neighboring Tigrigna ethnic group, the Saho are the most marginalized society. The long-term effects of government's maltreatment, as the findings indicate, are extreme poverty and unequal survival chances between the Saho and their immediate neighboring highland group. Higher illiteracy, morbidity and unemployment rate is commonly seen among the Saho. Moreover, several Saho families found themselves in a hard position to cope with difficult situation. As a result, migration, family disintegration, intergenerational welfare dependency, humiliation, undermining of their wellbeing and self-esteem were among the impacts. Many were lured by the government to military and others enticed to accept government programs. The Saho people in remote areas are extremely vulnerable and suffering groups in this case. The situation is heading to further worse. As a consequence of all, finally, the situations transformed to violent conflict between the government and the Saho people displayed obviously since 2008/2009. At the end the study suggests recommendations how to overcome the structural violence against the Saho people in particular and making Eritrea just, egalitarian and an inclusive for every Eritrean citizens in general.

A distinctive feature of the social differentiation of the Belgian society is the coexistence of two opposing processes: pillarisation and depillarisation. Pillarisation is a kind of political and social structure of the nation characterized by its division into several pillars (zuilen), inside of which most social contacts are concentrated. Depillarisation as the opposite process first appeared in Belgium in the 1970s. Pillarisation of the Belgian society is connected with the lack of strong centralization of power due to historical and geographical features of the country's formation and polycentric spatial and administrative structure. Specifics of pillarization in Belgium is its imposition on the 200-year-old confl ict between northern and southern parts of the country. The main reasons of depillarisation are secularization, individualistic type of society, privatization and the evolution of migration. But despite the Belgians desire to minimize the influence of pillarisation, the system of pillars is still having an impact on people's daily life. In Wallonia the traditional dominance of the Socialist Party persists, as well as fairly close connection between organizations associated themselves with French-speaking socialist pillar. At the same time in Flanders people tend to eradicate every reminder of pillarisation, although the pillars are still alive in their minds. The authors are inclined to believe that there is a possibility of a new phase of pillarisation's intensifi cation in Belgium but political preferences will no longer play the decisive role as they used to before. The reasons are the increase of nationalist spirits and the loss of trust among the electorate to the three traditional parties. ; Отличительной особенностью социальной дифференциации бельгийского общества является сосуществование двух разнонаправленных процессов: пилларизации (политической и социальной организации общества, характеризующейся его делением на несколько колонн (pillars, zuilen), внутри которых сосредоточена большая часть социальных контактов) и получившего развитие в 1970-х гг. обратного процесса – депилларизации. Пилларизация общества в Бельгии обусловлена отсутствием жёсткой централизации власти, что связано с историко-географическими особенностями формирования территории страны и полицентричностью административно-территориальной структуры. Отличительная особенность пилларизации общества в Бельгии – ее наложение на существующее уже почти 200 лет противостояние северной и южной частей страны. Основные же причины депилларизации заключаются в секуляризации церкви, индивидуалистическом характере общества, приватизации и миграционной эволюции. Но, несмотря на желание жителей королевства свести к минимуму влияние процессов пилларизации, система колонн по-прежнему оказывает воздействие на организацию повседневной жизни человека. В Валлонии сохраняется традиционное преобладание социалистической партии с достаточно тесными связями между ассоциирующимися с франкоговорящей социалистической колонной организациями. Во Фландрии же люди стремятся избавиться от всякого напоминания о пилларизации, но пока колонны живы в сознании людей. Авторы склонны полагать, что в Бельгии существует вероятность наступления нового этапа усиления процесса пилларизации, но политические предпочтения уже не будут играть той определяющей роли, каковыми они были раньше в связи со всплеском националистических настроений и потерей доверия трех традиционных партий у своего электората.

The article deals with social, political and economic transitions in Poland after 1989 had a decisive impact on the dynamics of crime, its structure, and the appearance of new forms of criminal activities. New tendencies in the world, especially easy access to firearms, the opening of state borders and multidirectional migrations enabling the creation of multinational criminal connections have also had an impact on the roots and dimensions of crime. In 1989, 547 589 crimes were reported in Poland, whereas in 1998 this number was doubled and amounted to 1 073 042, and in 2002 it reached 1 404 229. The detection rate in the last years has oscillated between 47 and 50%. The changes in crime, which have occurred in consecutive years, have not meant merely a growth in the number of crimes. One can observe some transformation in each category. Since the beginning of the 90's one observes a continuous, steady rise in the number of crimes, oscillating around 10–15% a year. As for the structure of offenses in Poland, acts of criminal character dominate above others, accounting for 82–86% of all offenses. Offenses that earlier had occurred on a marginal scale now have a tendency to growth; instances of such offences include unfair competition, money laundering, computer offenses. In the light of the latest police reports, the most important tendency observed in the last years is multicriminal activity of criminal groups, gaining turf in the field of illegal and legal economic activity, and connection with financial and goods beguilement, investing illegal gains in legal transactions. ; Straipsnyje pateikiama nusikalstamumo, jo struktūros, ypač naujų nusikalstamumo formų Lenkijoje po 1988 m., apžvalga ir socialinių, politinių, ekonominių permainų Lenkijoje įtaka nusikalstamumo pokyčiams. Naujos socialinės pasaulio tendencijos, ypač galimybė įsigyti sprogmenų, atsivėrusios valstybių sienos ir daugialypė migracija lėmė multinacionalinių kriminalinių ryšių atsiradimą ir tapo naujų nusikalstamumo apraiškų pagrindu. 1989 m. Lenkijoje užregistruota 547 589, 1998 m. šis skaičius jau padvigubėjo ir siekė 107 3042, o 2002 m. – 1404 229 nusikaltimų; išaiškinama nuo 47 iki 50 proc. Tarp užregistruotų teisės pažeidimų dominavo nusikalstamos veikos – jos sudarė 82–86 proc. visų registruotų teisės pažeidimų. Padaugėjo teisės pažeidimų, kurių skaičius anksčiau buvo nedidelis, atsirado naujų teisės pažeidimų: kompiuteriniai teisės pažeidimai, pinigų plovimas, konkurencijos sąlygų pažeidimai. Pastarųjų metų policijos ataskaitų duomenimis, išplito nusikalstamų grupių multikriminalinė veikla, tiek nelegalioje, šešėlinėje, ekonomikoje, tiek ir legaliame versle. Dažni šiame versle sukčiavimai. Legalus verslas gauna pajamų iš nelegalių šaltinių. Legalaus verslo šakos yra: automobilių parduotuvės, transporto firmos, distributorių paslaugos, statybos bendrovės, namų interjero salonai, kazino. Šešėliniai pinigai pirmiausia investuojami į tuos ekonomikos barus, kur galima gauti greitą ir nuolatinę naudą (greito maisto įmonės, sporto renginių organizavimas, mobiliojo ryšio priemonėmis prekiaujančios bendrovės ir pan. ), o vėliau investuojama į objektus, iš kurių tikimasi naudos ateityje. Viena sparčiausiai plintančių teisės pažeidimų rušių Lenkijoje yra su narkotikais susijusi nu-sikalstama veikla. Jos pagreitį ir paplitimo mastą būtų galima palyginti nebent su Pietų Amerikos padėtimi septintajame dešimtmetyje. O tai labai pavojinga valstybei.