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This article claims that compassion should be the source of law and moralityin order to bring justice and peace as well as to protect victims' rights. First, theauthor contextualizes the concept of compassion in the scenario of the peaceprocess in Colombia with the purpose of establishing the type of justice aimed atand its relation to victims' rights. Next, the author uses the framework of John Rawls'political philosophy and his theory of justice in order to analyze moral emotionsand compassion in their relation to moral action. The author argues that compassionshould be the ethos of the peace process, since it can further respect for the rights ofvictims and help to the recovery of their human, moral and civil dignity. ; El presente artículo se propone sustentar la tesis de que la compasión debeser la fuente del derecho y la moral de un proceso que piense en un tipo de justiciay de paz protectora de los derechos de las víctimas. Se contextualiza la propuestade la compasión en el escenario del proceso de paz en Colombia con el propósitode dilucidar el tipo de justicia y su relación con el derecho de las víctimas.Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis basado en la Filosofía política acerca de lasemociones morales y la compasión para la acción moral, estableciendo sus límites yalcances. Se parte los antecedentes de la propuesta filosófico-política de John Rawlshasta su teoría de la justicia. Con base en la metodología del análisis documentalsobre las emociones morales y la compasión, se argumenta que la compasión puedeser el ethos de las negociaciones de paz que permita respetar el derecho de lasvíctimas y recuperar su dignidad humana, moral y civil.

РезюмеМонева С. Осереддя політичного життя у демократичних АфінахСтаттю присвячено визначенню та характеристиці пунктів, де проходили Народні збори, відбувалися засідання Буле, Ареопагу та Геліеї в стародавніх Афінах у час розквіту демократичного полісного ладу. На думку автора, є ґрунтовні підстави пов'язувати діяльність цих керівних органів Афінського полісу з певними місцями та спорудами, відкритими під час археологічних розкопок Афін. Разом із тим, наголошується у статті, внаслідок надзвичайних обставин, робота згаданих керівних органів могла проходити і в інших місцях, що слід обов'язково враховувати, відновлюючи картину політичного життя в демократичних Афінах.Ключові слова: Афінська демократія, Пнікс, Буле, Ареопаг, Геліея. SummaryS. Moneva. Ccentre Points of the Political Life in the Democratic AthensThe basic political bodies of the Athenian democratic polis are presented in this paper: the Athenian popular assembly, the Boule, the Areopagos Council and the Heliaia. The author has set herself the main task of localizing the places where the political functions of these bodies were carried out.It is ascertained in the paper that the meetings of the Athenian popular assembly took place on Pnyx Hill, the members of the Boule met in the Bouleuterion, and the of the Areopagos Council — on Ares' Hill. The place of the meetings of the Heliaia is localized in the court premises on the Agora.The author draws the conclusion that there are good reasons to connect the activities of the bodies in question with certain places or buildings in Athens. At the same time one should take into consideration the possibility that the Athenians sometimes changed the places of the meetings of these institutions under reasons that could be defined as urgent, extraordinary or forced by the circumstances.Key words: Athenian democracy, Pnyx, Boule, Areopagos, Heliaia.

Исследование посвящено дворцовому землевладению в Казанском уезде второй половины XVI века. Автором показано правовое положение дворцовых земель в системе землевладения, определены пути формирования данного вида землевладения на территории Казанского уезда в 1550-е годы. Предпринята попытка реконструкции состава дворцовых земель на время переписей 1560-х гг., выявлены особенности территориального расположения и сельского расселения на рубеже XVI-XVII столетий. ; The research is devoted to the analysis of the landownership system of palace in Kazan district in the second half of the 16th century. The author dwells upon the features of palace village such as the granary or the Orthodox church. The church was mandatory attribute for villages with the local population professing the Orthodox religion. The next passage covers the information on the legal status of the land of the palace in the legislation and the cadasters. Further we can learn the ways of forming land of the palace in the district. The composition of the lands of palace was not permanent. Firstly, the formation of the fund land of the palace administration occurred as a result of seizures of other forms of ownership with the change of their status. Secondly, the peasant land was transferred to the category of palace. Land of the palace administration was actively transferred into the possession of the temporal and monasteries landowners. The next part contains the data on documentation of land ownership in the cadasters. The author reconstructs the composition of palace settlements in the 1560s and reviews the domains at the end of the 16th early 17th century. In the end, overview of this type of land tenure shows an important role in the integration of multinational region in Moscow State and the economic development of the region.

Maģistra darbā "Pārrobežu maksātnespējas procesa problēmas" pētīti maksātnespējas procesi, kuros piemēro Eiropas parlamenta un Padomes Regulas (EK) Nr.1346/2000 par pārrobežu maksātnespējas procedūrām normas. Darbā pētīta regulas piemērošanas prakse Latvijas un Eiropas Savienības valstu tiesās. Pētījuma mērķis: izpētīt pārrobežu maksātnespējas procesa problēmas. Pētījuma uzdevumi: izpētīt pārrobežu maksātnespējas procesu tiesisko regulējumu; galvenā interešu centra noteikšanas problēmas; kreditoru tiesību un informācijas nodrošināšanas problēmas. Pētījuma rezultāti liecina, ka pārrobežu maksātnespējas procesa problēmas Latvijas praksē nav identificētas pietiekošā mērā, tiesas piemēro atšķirīgu praksi galveno interešu centra noteikšanā. Pētījuma avoti: Eiropas Savienības un Latvijas Republikas tiesību akti, tiesu prakse, juridiskā literatūra, kopumā 75 avoti, darba apjoms 68 lpp. Atslēgvārdi: pārrobežu maksātnespēja, galveno interešu centrs, Maksātnespējas regula Nr.1346/2000, Maksātnespējas regula Nr.2015/848. ; In master's thesis "Problems of Cross-border insolvency proceedings" author focuses on insolvency proceedings regulated by Council Regulation (EC) Nr.1346/2000. Author examines the practice of regulation's implementation in European Union member states. Aim of master's thesis: to investigate cross-border insolvency proceedings problems. Task of master's thesis - to analyze problems of: cross border insolvency proceedings normative regulation; center of main interests; protection of creditor's rights. The master's thesis results show that problems of cross-border insolvency proceedings in Latvian practice are not identified with sufficient certainty, courts apply different practices in determining the center of main interests. As sources in master's thesis are used normative acts of European Union and Republic of Latvia, foreign legal literature and judiciary, generally used 75 sources, volume of study 68 pages. Keywords: Cross border Insolvency, center of main interests, EC Council Regulation Nr.1346/2000, EC Council Regulation Nr.2015/848.

The article examines the experience of state-society relations in the sphere of volun-teering in Ukraine and in the UK, Germany, Poland, and France. The author has deter-mined key aspects of the analysis of European and Ukrainian experiences of state-society relations the in the sphere of volunteering. These are the level of development of national legislation on volunteering; organization of the system of executive bodies at the national level, which deal with volunteering issues; functioning of volunteering public advisory formations at authorities, their legal status, compositions and content of activity; the actual existence and the sense of the government volunteering. On this base, the author has carried out a comparative analysis of the conditions of the state-society relations in the field of volunteering in Europe and Ukraine at the current stage through the prism of their key aspects. The paper focuses on the certain benefits of European experience of state-society relations in the sphere of volunteering as possible goals of domestic develop-ment. ; В статье рассмотрен опыт организации взаимоотношений государства и общества в сфере волонтерской деятельности как в Украине, так и в Великобритании, Германии, Польши и Франции. Основными аспектами анализа европейского и отечественного опыта взаимоотношений государства и общества в сфере волонтерской деятельности были опре-делены такие категории, как степень разработанности национальных законодательств по осуществлению волонтерской деятельности; организация системы органов исполнитель-ной власти на национальном уровне к компетенции которых относятся вопросы сферы волонтерской деятельности; функционирования общественных совещательных формиро-ваний по вопросам волонтерской деятельности при органах власти, их правовой статус, качественный состав и содержание деятельности; фактическое существование и сущность государственной политики в сфере волонтерской деятельности и тому подобное. На этой основе в материале проведено компаративный анализ организации ...

Making social classification of civil society was defined by the author aim of this publication. The article, based on a scientific analysis of the legal, sociological, political literature and use an interdisciplinary approach the peculiarities of the formation, development and functioning of civil society. Using theoretical and methodological traditions of social science has enabled the author to make a classification of social institutions of civil society and determine the content of political (voluntary social organizations and movements, political parties, independent media, public opinion, etc.), economic (market economy, non-state ownership of the means of production The middle class, etc.), social (family, local government, local government, etc.), cultural (schools, cultural and art institutions, to the extent that they act as private education, etc.) and religious (religious communities, religious brotherhoods) institutions civil society.Further scientific studies requires the interaction of civil society and the state.Keywords: civil society, social institute, social institute of civil societyЗдійснення класифікації соціальних інститутів громадянського суспільства було визначено автором метою даної публікації. В статті, на підставі аналізу наукової юридичної, соціологічної, політологічної літератури та застосування міждисциплінарного підходу розкриваються особливості становлення, розвитку та функціонування громадянського суспільства. Використання теоретико-методологічної традиції соціологічної науки дало можливість автору здійснити класифікацію соціальних інститутів громадянського суспільства та визначити зміст політичного (добровільні громадські організації і рухи, політичні партії, незалежні засоби масової інформації, громадська думка тощо), економічного (ринкова економіка, недержавна власність на засоби виробництва, середній клас тощо), суспільного (сім'я, місцеве управління, місцеве самоврядування тощо), культурного (школа, культурно-мистецькі заклади, тією мірою, якою вони виступають як недержавні утворення тощо) та релігійного (релігійні громади, релігійні братства) інститутів громадянського суспільства.Подальших наукових розвідок потребує питання взаємодії інститутів громадянського суспільства та державиКлючові слова: громадянське суспільство, соціальний інститут, соціальний інститут громадянського суспільства.

Abstrak: Dinamika Hubungan Industrial di Indonesia mengalami sejarah yang cukup panjang sejak dari masa Kolonialisme sampai pada era Reformasi. Tulisan ini berupaya menjelaskan pola hubungan ideologi kerja yang dipengaruhi oleh dua kutub paham Liberalisme dan Komunisme dan dilanjutkan oleh paham ekstrimitas sistem ekonomi Kapitalisme dan Sosialisme vis-à-vis sistem Islam. Penulis menyatakan bahwa walaupun peraturan perundang-undangan bidang ketenagakerjaan telah tersedia, namun per- selisihan atau disharmoni hubungan antara buruh dan pengusaha masih saja terjadi. Secara substansial peraturan perundangan masih memiliki masalah yang terbukti dari fakta empiris ketidakmampuan pemerintah menangani permasalahan perburuhan dengan baik. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa konsep Islam menjadi alternatif dalam hubungan industrial dengan menekankan prinsip kesetaraan dan keadilan sehingga terbebas dari kesewenang-wenangan dan eksploitasi model Kapitalisme dan kediktatoran model Komunisme.Abstract: Islamic Law Perspective of the Dynamic of Industrial Relation in Indonesia. The dynamic of industrial relation in Indonesia has undergone very long history since Colonial period to the Reformation era. This essay tries to elucidate relation pattern of labor ideology which seem to be influenced by Liberalism and Communism followed by two extreme economic ideologies vis-à-vis Islamic system. The author asserts that although regulations pertaining to labor have been made available, disputes and disharmony between workers and company or employer still occur repeatedly. Substantially, the regulations encompass delicate problems which are evident form the fact that the government is incapable of handling labor problem efficiently. The author concludes that Islamic concept should become an alternative in dealing with industrial relation which emphasizing equality and just principles and thus it is free from authoritarianism and expoloistation of Capitalistic models as well as from dictatorship of Communism ideology.Kata Kunci: hubungan industrial, Kapitalisme, Komunisme, hukum Islam, Indonesia

This paper aims to discuss some decisions of the Constitutional Court on judicial review of the Forestry Law. There are both positive and negative. A positive decision, to my opinion, can seen in No 013/PUU-III/2005 and No 021/PUU-III/2005. The reason I regard as a positive is based on the consequences of decision, which legitimates article about the ban on illegal logging in forests and the confiscation of equipment for stealing wood as constitutional ones. It is supporting conservation.A decision that negatively affects the spirit of conservation is noted in decision No. 003/PUU-II/2005. This ruling tends to prioritize legal certainty for mining companies to resume an open mine system in the preserved forestry. The author saw this one as reflection of the legal policy construction on forestry law that is taken hostage by exploitation interests.This paper, furthermore, tries to uncover the legal policy construction on forestry law as the base of problem sources. Therefore, the author needs to search for not only informations which are in the textual decision, but also ones are beyond it. The larger model of legal policy can be seen from the process of determining emergency condition when formulating the Stipulation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Perpu), then when changing the Perpu become law, and government regulations concerning forestry post-decision of the Court Number 003/PUU-II/2005.The advantage of this paper is on efforts to uncover the source alignments of forestry law on the big corporation based on decision number 003/PUU-II/2005. It to know this source that could be an important basis to understand why decision of the Constitutional Court on the preserved forest is taken hostage.

The article focuses on the importance of sociolinguistic competence in training future foreign language teachers. The author stresses that the sociolinguistic aspect of teaching a foreign language is crucial to the formation of foreign communicative competence of a future foreign language teacher because sociolinguistic knowledge provides free integration of a personality into the modern foreign language environment. Nowadays, teaching a foreign language presupposes taking into account the influence of social, cultural and political events on the language development. The author states that formation of sociolinguistic competence has to be based on the use of appropriate authentic sources in the education process due to the fact that the sociolinguistic component of teaching has to reflect the modern social conditions of a language use and comprise the current social conventions. The conclusion has been made that the properly developed sociolinguistic competence is an integral part of a foreign language teacher's professional competence. Thus, teaching a foreign language it is necessary not only to possess this competence, but also be able to develop it in students. Key words: sociolinguistic competence, authentic teaching materials, communicative competence, foreign language teachers. ; У статті висвітлено значення соціолінгвістичної компетенції під час навчання майбутніх вчителів іноземної мови. Автор акцентує увагу на тому, що соціолінгвістичний аспект навчання іноземної мови відіграє важливу роль у формуванні іншомовної комунікативної компетентності майбутнього вчителя іноземної мови, оскільки саме соціолінгвістичні знання забезпечують безперешкодне інтегрування особистості у сучасне іншомовне середовище. Навчання іноземної мови на сучасному етапі передбачає навчання з урахуванням впливу на її розвиток соціальних, культурних та політичних явищ. Автором встановлено, що формування соціолінгвістичної компетенції повинно відбуватись на основі використання у навчальному процесі актуальних автентичних джерел, ...

This paper1 deals with authoritative speech traditions in the Tibetan-speaking areas of Spiti (in Tibetan transliteration [henceforth T.] sPi ti, sPyi ti, and so forth) and Upper Kinnaur (T. Khu nu) in eastern Himachal Pradesh, India, and in Purang (T. s/Pu hrang/hreng, and so forth), an area in the southwest of the Ngari Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region (PR China) (see Fig. 1). In the distant past these areas belonged to Ngari Khorsum (T. mNga' ris skor gsum), a high-altitude region that was more or less congruent with the realm of the West Tibetan kingdom of the tenth to twelfth centuries. To a great extent it was also identical with the areas under the control of the later kingdoms of Purang, Guge (T. Gu ge), and Ladakh (T. La dwags) (see Vitali 1996; Petech 1997; Tshe ring rgyal po 2006 for accounts of the history of these kingdoms). This means that in historical, geographical, political, and cultural terms, Spiti, Upper Kinnaur, and also Purang share a lot of common ground. Therefore, in addition to exploring the social and political dimensions of authoritative speeches, I am also including the historical dimension of authoritative speech in these areas. This is also the main reason for referring to authoritative speech traditions. ; Issue title: Authoritative Speech in the Himalayas. Christian Jahoda is a social anthropologist specializing in Tibetan society at the Institute for Social Anthropology (ISA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna. He is the author of Socioeconomic Organisation in a Border Area of Tibetan Culture: Tabo, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India (OAW, 2015) and, with Tsering Gyalpo, Christiane Kalantari, and Patrick Sutherland, the author of Khorchag, a trilingual monograph on the history and cultural traditions at Khorchag (Purang) in Western Tibet (OAW, 2015). of the tradi

Автор исходит из идеи о том, что логика построения понятийного аппарата социологии выстраивается в зависимости от того, какой аспект социальной реальности выступает предметом анализа, являясь основополагающим понятием в парадигмах социологического знания. Сторонники парадигмы социологического реализма, для которых исходным понятием (категорией) были «общество» или его производные («системы», «структуры», «институты» и др.), отдавали предпочтение объективным показателям, подчиняя жизнь людей таким независимым переменным, как экономический и политический строй общества. Последователи же парадигмы социологического номинализма преувеличивали значение субъективного фактора, абсолютизровали его возможности по воздействию на общество. Суть же социологического конструктивизма состоит в том, что он анализирует и интерпретирует социальную реальность во всем ее многообразии. Автор делает вывод о том, что такой подход образует новую теоретическую концепцию социологию жизни, органически сочетающую в себе реально функционирующие взаимоотношения общества и человека. ; The author proceeds from the idea that the logic of creation of the conceptual apparatus of socilogy is depended on what aspect of social reality is the subject of the analysis, as a fundamental concept in the paradigms of sociological knowledge. The supporters of sociological realism paradigm for which the original concept (category) is the society or its derivatives (systems, structures, institutions, etc.), preferred objective indicators, bringing peoples' lives under the control of such independent variables as economic and political structure of society. The followers of the nominalism sociological paradigm exaggerated the importance of the subjective factor, absolutized its ability to influence the society. The essence of sociological constructivism is that it analyzes and interprets social reality taking into account all its diversity.The author concludes that this approach constitutes a new theoretical concept the sociology of life which organically unites the really functioning relations of the society and the human.

Krajewski Stanisław, Krajewska Małgorzata, Kucharczuk-Kopycińska Magda, Litwinowicz Aleksander. Hip joints mobility in patients with lumbosacral disc disorders. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(13):127-134. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.233937 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4158 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 754 (09.12.2016). 754 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.12.2016. Revised 20.12.2016. Accepted: 31.12.2016. Hip joints mobility in patients with lumbosacral disc disorders Stanisław Krajewski1,2, Małgorzata Krajewska2, Magda Kucharczuk-Kopycińska3, Aleksander Litwinowicz1 1 Neurosurgery Unit 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic in Bydgoszcz, Poland 2 Bydgoska Szkoła Wyższa, Bydgoszcz, Poland 3 Surgery Unit, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic in ...

The author analyzing in his article following problems: Conditioning of security for the Western system; Western countries in the global environment in the demographic-economic dimension; Urban centers in the Global South and they influence on western strength; Poland in Europe and in the Western System; Strength or Demise of European multiculturalism. As the European people are in the process of aging, the Old Continent need immigrants, but it must repair the damage that disengagement has brought about. Europe needs a renewal of the civic society based on the proper politics of assimilation and multiculturalism stemming from the tendency to institutionalize. However, the situation now is very difficult as the result of aggressive act of the Islamic State and the wave of immigrants, not only refugees. The main task of this paper is to explain the currently situation without providing any recommendations. ; The author analyzing in his article following problems: Conditioning of security for the Western system; Western countries in the global environment in the demographic-economic dimension; Urban centers in the Global South and they influence on western strength; Poland in Europe and in the Western System; Strength or Demise of European multiculturalism. As the European people are in the process of aging, the Old Continent need immigrants, but it must repair the damage that disengagement has brought about. Europe needs a renewal of the civic society based on the proper politics of assimilation and multiculturalism stemming from the tendency to institutionalize. However, the situation now is very difficult as the result of aggressive act of the Islamic State and the wave of immigrants, not only refugees. The main task of this paper is to explain the currently situation without providing any recommendations.

Рассмотрены примеры современного состояния экскурсионной деятельности в Приморском крае, которая осуществляется в условиях развития сферы туризма, как одной из приоритетной отрасли услуг. Автор обращает внимание на то, что уровень культуры во многом влияет на формирование благоприятного имиджа региона средствами туристского рынка. В Дальневосточном регионе сложилась система российского туристского образования, важное место в которой занимает экскурсионная деятельность. В статье обоснован вывод о том, что благоприятной почвой для реализации просветительских, культурных и образовательных функций являются учреждения театрального и музыкального искусства. Эти учреждения являются потенциальными объектами туристского показа, требуют широкой популяризации в регионе и особого внимания со стороны профессионального экскурсоведения. ; The article presents examples of the current state of excursion activity in the Primorye Territory, which is carried out under conditions of tourism development as one of the priority sector services. The author pays attention to the fact the culture level has largely impact on the formation of a positive image of the region's tourist market funds. It emphasized that there is a system of Russian tourism education which occupies an important place excursion activity in the region. The relevance of the research based on the fact that institutions of culture and art are neglected while developing new tour routes in the context of vocational tourism education. Until now, in Primorye excursions traditionally focused on the objects of nature, architecture, the history of prerevolutionary city of Vladivostok, the militaryhistorical heritage. However, the author puts forward the idea that the conductive base for the implementation of educational, cultural and educational functions are institutions of theatre and music. They are potential objects of tourist show, requiring widely known in the region and special attention from professional excursion.

Рассматривается уголовно-правовая характеристика составов преступлений, закрепленных в ст. 210 УК РФ. Особое внимание уделяется характеристике субъекта преступления. Анализируется Постановление Пленума Верховного Суда РФ от 10 июня 2010 г. № 2 «О судебной практике рассмотрения уголовных дел об организации преступного сообщества (преступной организации) или участия в нем (ней)». ; The article dwells on criminal characteristics of crimes under Art. 210 of the Russian Federation Criminal Code. The author focuses on the perpetrator of the crime and analyzes Resolution No. 2 of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of June 10, 2010, "On judicial practice in criminal cases concerning organization of a criminal community (criminal organization) or participation therein". Art. 18 of the current criminal legislation of the Russian Federation contains the definition of recidivism (Art. 1, Art. 18 of the Russian Federation Criminal Code), dangerous recidivism (Art. 2, Art. 18 of the Russian Federation Criminal Code), especially dangerous recidivism (Art. 3 of Art. 18 of the Russian Federation Criminal Code). However, this resolution lacks the concept of an especially dangerous recidivist. As far as these are different concepts, which, however, complement each other, it would be advisable to add it to the Russian Federation Criminal Code. Basing on the positive historical experience, the author considers it reasonable to return the term "particularly dangerous repeat offender" to the Russian Federation Criminal Code. If someone does not like the term, the term "particularly dangerous criminal" can be used as well. It is also necessary to introduce the list of features for the court to be able to recognize a particular person as such. Only this term should be used in Art. 210 of the Russian Federation Criminal Code and other articles of the Russian Federation Criminal Code.