27 апреля 2013 г. кафедрой земельного и экологического права ФГБОУ ВПО «Саратовская государственная юридическая академия» был проведен круглый стол, посвященный Году охраны окружающей среды в Российской Федерации. Со вступительным словом к участникам заседания обратился заведующий кафедрой земельного и экологического права, кандидат юридических наук, заслуженный юрист Российской Федерации, профессор К.Г. Пандаков, который отметил важность и актуальность вопросов, поставленных на обсуждение, и обратил внимание на проблемы и тенденции развития природоресурсного и экологического законодательства в настоящий период. Изменения, которые были внесены в экологическое, земельное, водное, лесное, горное и иное природоресурсное законодательство в последние несколько лет, не только не способствуют улучшению экологической обстановки, а, наоборот, приводят к еще большему антропогенному воздействию на природную среду, отсутствию экономических стимулов к модернизации производств и технологий, что неизбежно ведет к нарастанию напряженности в этой сфере. С основным докладом выступил доктор юридических наук, профессор Л.А. Тимофеев. Им были затронуты вопросы правового обеспечения деятельности рыбохозяйственного комплекса России в условиях вступления во Всемирную торговую организацию. В свете проведения конференции по устойчивому развитию «Рио+20» и принятия ряда программных документов федерального значения в области охраны окружающей среды профессор кафедры Н.И. Махонько в своем докладе уделил внимание основным принципам экологической политики Российской Федерации, которые реализуются с участием всех заинтересованных субъектов. С точки зрения обеспечения охраны и рационального использования природных ресурсов, подвергла анализу нормы Градостроительного кодекса РФ, регулирующие отношения в сфере осуществления территориального планирования и градостроительного зонирования, доцент, кандидат юридических наук Е.Ю. Чмыхало, которая сделала вывод о необходимости конкретизации требований экологического законодательства в нормах ГрК РФ, а также активного формирования правового механизма, способствующего их реализации. На заседании круглого стола выступили также: доценты Е.Н. Абанина, Д.А. Агапов, Т.В. Волкова, С.Ю. Королев, О.В. Куликова, Ю.В. Сорокина, Е.А. Сухова, ст. преподаватель Е.А. Тарасова, аспиранты и магистранты кафедры. Круг обсуждаемых вопросов был широк: совершенствование законодательства о рекультивации земель, проблемы предоставлении прав на земельные участки, вопросы охраны животного и растительного мира, развития рыбохозяйственной деятельности, управления лесами, развития атомной энергетики, управления земельными ресурсами и др. По итогам круглого стола был сделан вывод о необходимости дальнейших научных исследований по рассматриваемым проблемам. ; April 27, 2013 the Department of Land and Environmental Law Saratov State Law Academy, a round-table dedicated to the Year of Environment in the Russian Federation. The introductory remarks to the meeting appealed Head of Land and Environmental Law PhD, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Professor K.G. Pandakov, who noted the importance and relevance of the topic issues raised for discussion and drew attention to the problems and trends of natural resource and environmental legislation in the current period. The changes that were made to the environmental, land, water, forests and other natural resources legislation in the past few years, not only does not contribute to improving the environmental situation, and, on the contrary, lead to even greater human impact on the environment, lack of economic incentives for the modernization of production and technology, which will inevitably lead to an increase in tension in this area. The keynote speaker was Doctor of Law, Professor L.A. Timofeev. They touched on legal support of the fishing industry in Russia to join the World Trade Organization. In light of the Conference on Sustainable Development «Rio +20» and the adoption of a number of policy documents in the federal environmental, Professor N.I. Makhonko in his report paid attention to the basic principles of the environmental policy of the Russian Federation, which are implemented with the participation of all stakeholders. From the point of view of the protection and rational use of natural resources was analyzed rates of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation regulating relations in the sphere of land use planning and zoning, Associate Professor, PhD E.Yu. Chmykhalo, resulting concluded that a specification of the requirements of environmental legislation in the rules GrK Russia, as well as the active form of legal mechanism to facilitate their implementation. At the round table were also made associate professors E.N. Abanina, D.A. Agapov, T.V. Volkova, S.J. Korolev, O.V. Kulikova, Y.V. Sorokina, E.A. Suhova, Art. teacher E.A. Tarasova, graduate students and undergraduates of the department. Terms of the issues was broad: improvement of legislation on land reclamation, the problem of providing land rights, protection of wildlife, the development of fisheries management, forest management, nuclear energy development, land management and other issues. The round table was made certain conclusions about the need for further research on the issues discussed.
27 апреля 2013 г. кафедрой земельного и экологического права ФГБОУ ВПО «Саратовская государственная юридическая академия» был проведен круглый стол, посвященный Году охраны окружающей среды в Российской Федерации. Со вступительным словом к участникам заседания обратился заведующий кафедрой земельного и экологического права, кандидат юридических наук, заслуженный юрист Российской Федерации, профессор К.Г. Пандаков, который отметил важность и актуальность вопросов, поставленных на обсуждение, и обратил внимание на проблемы и тенденции развития природоресурсного и экологического законодательства в настоящий период. Изменения, которые были внесены в экологическое, земельное, водное, лесное, горное и иное природоресурсное законодательство в последние несколько лет, не только не способствуют улучшению экологической обстановки, а, наоборот, приводят к еще большему антропогенному воздействию на природную среду, отсутствию экономических стимулов к модернизации производств и технологий, что неизбежно ведет к нарастанию напряженности в этой сфере. С основным докладом выступил доктор юридических наук, профессор Л.А. Тимофеев. Им были затронуты вопросы правового обеспечения деятельности рыбохозяйственного комплекса России в условиях вступления во Всемирную торговую организацию. В свете проведения конференции по устойчивому развитию «Рио+20» и принятия ряда программных документов федерального значения в области охраны окружающей среды профессор кафедры Н.И. Махонько в своем докладе уделил внимание основным принципам экологической политики Российской Федерации, которые реализуются с участием всех заинтересованных субъектов. С точки зрения обеспечения охраны и рационального использования природных ресурсов, подвергла анализу нормы Градостроительного кодекса РФ, регулирующие отношения в сфере осуществления территориального планирования и градостроительного зонирования, доцент, кандидат юридических наук Е.Ю. Чмыхало, которая сделала вывод о необходимости конкретизации требований экологического законодательства в нормах ГрК РФ, а также активного формирования правового механизма, способствующего их реализации. На заседании круглого стола выступили также: доценты Е.Н. Абанина, Д.А. Агапов, Т.В. Волкова, С.Ю. Королев, О.В. Куликова, Ю.В. Сорокина, Е.А. Сухова, ст. преподаватель Е.А. Тарасова, аспиранты и магистранты кафедры. Круг обсуждаемых вопросов был широк: совершенствование законодательства о рекультивации земель, проблемы предоставлении прав на земельные участки, вопросы охраны животного и растительного мира, развития рыбохозяйственной деятельности, управления лесами, развития атомной энергетики, управления земельными ресурсами и др. По итогам круглого стола был сделан вывод о необходимости дальнейших научных исследований по рассматриваемым проблемам. ; April 27, 2013 the Department of Land and Environmental Law Saratov State Law Academy, a round-table dedicated to the Year of Environment in the Russian Federation. The introductory remarks to the meeting appealed Head of Land and Environmental Law PhD, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Professor K.G. Pandakov, who noted the importance and relevance of the topic issues raised for discussion and drew attention to the problems and trends of natural resource and environmental legislation in the current period. The changes that were made to the environmental, land, water, forests and other natural resources legislation in the past few years, not only does not contribute to improving the environmental situation, and, on the contrary, lead to even greater human impact on the environment, lack of economic incentives for the modernization of production and technology, which will inevitably lead to an increase in tension in this area. The keynote speaker was Doctor of Law, Professor L.A. Timofeev. They touched on legal support of the fishing industry in Russia to join the World Trade Organization. In light of the Conference on Sustainable Development «Rio +20» and the adoption of a number of policy documents in the federal environmental, Professor N.I. Makhonko in his report paid attention to the basic principles of the environmental policy of the Russian Federation, which are implemented with the participation of all stakeholders. From the point of view of the protection and rational use of natural resources was analyzed rates of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation regulating relations in the sphere of land use planning and zoning, Associate Professor, PhD E.Yu. Chmykhalo, resulting concluded that a specification of the requirements of environmental legislation in the rules GrK Russia, as well as the active form of legal mechanism to facilitate their implementation. At the round table were also made associate professors E.N. Abanina, D.A. Agapov, T.V. Volkova, S.J. Korolev, O.V. Kulikova, Y.V. Sorokina, E.A. Suhova, Art. teacher E.A. Tarasova, graduate students and undergraduates of the department. Terms of the issues was broad: improvement of legislation on land reclamation, the problem of providing land rights, protection of wildlife, the development of fisheries management, forest management, nuclear energy development, land management and other issues. The round table was made certain conclusions about the need for further research on the issues discussed.
27 апреля 2013 г. кафедрой земельного и экологического права ФГБОУ ВПО «Саратовская государственная юридическая академия» был проведен круглый стол, посвященный Году охраны окружающей среды в Российской Федерации. Со вступительным словом к участникам заседания обратился заведующий кафедрой земельного и экологического права, кандидат юридических наук, заслуженный юрист Российской Федерации, профессор К.Г. Пандаков, который отметил важность и актуальность вопросов, поставленных на обсуждение, и обратил внимание на проблемы и тенденции развития природоресурсного и экологического законодательства в настоящий период. Изменения, которые были внесены в экологическое, земельное, водное, лесное, горное и иное природоресурсное законодательство в последние несколько лет, не только не способствуют улучшению экологической обстановки, а, наоборот, приводят к еще большему антропогенному воздействию на природную среду, отсутствию экономических стимулов к модернизации производств и технологий, что неизбежно ведет к нарастанию напряженности в этой сфере. С основным докладом выступил доктор юридических наук, профессор Л.А. Тимофеев. Им были затронуты вопросы правового обеспечения деятельности рыбохозяйственного комплекса России в условиях вступления во Всемирную торговую организацию. В свете проведения конференции по устойчивому развитию «Рио+20» и принятия ряда программных документов федерального значения в области охраны окружающей среды профессор кафедры Н.И. Махонько в своем докладе уделил внимание основным принципам экологической политики Российской Федерации, которые реализуются с участием всех заинтересованных субъектов. С точки зрения обеспечения охраны и рационального использования природных ресурсов, подвергла анализу нормы Градостроительного кодекса РФ, регулирующие отношения в сфере осуществления территориального планирования и градостроительного зонирования, доцент, кандидат юридических наук Е.Ю. Чмыхало, которая сделала вывод о необходимости конкретизации требований экологического законодательства в нормах ГрК РФ, а также активного формирования правового механизма, способствующего их реализации. На заседании круглого стола выступили также: доценты Е.Н. Абанина, Д.А. Агапов, Т.В. Волкова, С.Ю. Королев, О.В. Куликова, Ю.В. Сорокина, Е.А. Сухова, ст. преподаватель Е.А. Тарасова, аспиранты и магистранты кафедры. Круг обсуждаемых вопросов был широк: совершенствование законодательства о рекультивации земель, проблемы предоставлении прав на земельные участки, вопросы охраны животного и растительного мира, развития рыбохозяйственной деятельности, управления лесами, развития атомной энергетики, управления земельными ресурсами и др. По итогам круглого стола был сделан вывод о необходимости дальнейших научных исследований по рассматриваемым проблемам. ; April 27, 2013 the Department of Land and Environmental Law Saratov State Law Academy, a round-table dedicated to the Year of Environment in the Russian Federation. The introductory remarks to the meeting appealed Head of Land and Environmental Law PhD, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Professor K.G. Pandakov, who noted the importance and relevance of the topic issues raised for discussion and drew attention to the problems and trends of natural resource and environmental legislation in the current period. The changes that were made to the environmental, land, water, forests and other natural resources legislation in the past few years, not only does not contribute to improving the environmental situation, and, on the contrary, lead to even greater human impact on the environment, lack of economic incentives for the modernization of production and technology, which will inevitably lead to an increase in tension in this area. The keynote speaker was Doctor of Law, Professor L.A. Timofeev. They touched on legal support of the fishing industry in Russia to join the World Trade Organization. In light of the Conference on Sustainable Development «Rio +20» and the adoption of a number of policy documents in the federal environmental, Professor N.I. Makhonko in his report paid attention to the basic principles of the environmental policy of the Russian Federation, which are implemented with the participation of all stakeholders. From the point of view of the protection and rational use of natural resources was analyzed rates of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation regulating relations in the sphere of land use planning and zoning, Associate Professor, PhD E.Yu. Chmykhalo, resulting concluded that a specification of the requirements of environmental legislation in the rules GrK Russia, as well as the active form of legal mechanism to facilitate their implementation. At the round table were also made associate professors E.N. Abanina, D.A. Agapov, T.V. Volkova, S.J. Korolev, O.V. Kulikova, Y.V. Sorokina, E.A. Suhova, Art. teacher E.A. Tarasova, graduate students and undergraduates of the department. Terms of the issues was broad: improvement of legislation on land reclamation, the problem of providing land rights, protection of wildlife, the development of fisheries management, forest management, nuclear energy development, land management and other issues. The round table was made certain conclusions about the need for further research on the issues discussed.
27 апреля 2013 г. кафедрой земельного и экологического права ФГБОУ ВПО «Саратовская государственная юридическая академия» был проведен круглый стол, посвященный Году охраны окружающей среды в Российской Федерации. Со вступительным словом к участникам заседания обратился заведующий кафедрой земельного и экологического права, кандидат юридических наук, заслуженный юрист Российской Федерации, профессор К.Г. Пандаков, который отметил важность и актуальность вопросов, поставленных на обсуждение, и обратил внимание на проблемы и тенденции развития природоресурсного и экологического законодательства в настоящий период. Изменения, которые были внесены в экологическое, земельное, водное, лесное, горное и иное природоресурсное законодательство в последние несколько лет, не только не способствуют улучшению экологической обстановки, а, наоборот, приводят к еще большему антропогенному воздействию на природную среду, отсутствию экономических стимулов к модернизации производств и технологий, что неизбежно ведет к нарастанию напряженности в этой сфере. С основным докладом выступил доктор юридических наук, профессор Л.А. Тимофеев. Им были затронуты вопросы правового обеспечения деятельности рыбохозяйственного комплекса России в условиях вступления во Всемирную торговую организацию. В свете проведения конференции по устойчивому развитию «Рио+20» и принятия ряда программных документов федерального значения в области охраны окружающей среды профессор кафедры Н.И. Махонько в своем докладе уделил внимание основным принципам экологической политики Российской Федерации, которые реализуются с участием всех заинтересованных субъектов. С точки зрения обеспечения охраны и рационального использования природных ресурсов, подвергла анализу нормы Градостроительного кодекса РФ, регулирующие отношения в сфере осуществления территориального планирования и градостроительного зонирования, доцент, кандидат юридических наук Е.Ю. Чмыхало, которая сделала вывод о необходимости конкретизации требований экологического законодательства в нормах ГрК РФ, а также активного формирования правового механизма, способствующего их реализации. На заседании круглого стола выступили также: доценты Е.Н. Абанина, Д.А. Агапов, Т.В. Волкова, С.Ю. Королев, О.В. Куликова, Ю.В. Сорокина, Е.А. Сухова, ст. преподаватель Е.А. Тарасова, аспиранты и магистранты кафедры. Круг обсуждаемых вопросов был широк: совершенствование законодательства о рекультивации земель, проблемы предоставлении прав на земельные участки, вопросы охраны животного и растительного мира, развития рыбохозяйственной деятельности, управления лесами, развития атомной энергетики, управления земельными ресурсами и др. По итогам круглого стола был сделан вывод о необходимости дальнейших научных исследований по рассматриваемым проблемам. ; April 27, 2013 the Department of Land and Environmental Law Saratov State Law Academy, a round-table dedicated to the Year of Environment in the Russian Federation. The introductory remarks to the meeting appealed Head of Land and Environmental Law PhD, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Professor K.G. Pandakov, who noted the importance and relevance of the topic issues raised for discussion and drew attention to the problems and trends of natural resource and environmental legislation in the current period. The changes that were made to the environmental, land, water, forests and other natural resources legislation in the past few years, not only does not contribute to improving the environmental situation, and, on the contrary, lead to even greater human impact on the environment, lack of economic incentives for the modernization of production and technology, which will inevitably lead to an increase in tension in this area. The keynote speaker was Doctor of Law, Professor L.A. Timofeev. They touched on legal support of the fishing industry in Russia to join the World Trade Organization. In light of the Conference on Sustainable Development «Rio +20» and the adoption of a number of policy documents in the federal environmental, Professor N.I. Makhonko in his report paid attention to the basic principles of the environmental policy of the Russian Federation, which are implemented with the participation of all stakeholders. From the point of view of the protection and rational use of natural resources was analyzed rates of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation regulating relations in the sphere of land use planning and zoning, Associate Professor, PhD E.Yu. Chmykhalo, resulting concluded that a specification of the requirements of environmental legislation in the rules GrK Russia, as well as the active form of legal mechanism to facilitate their implementation. At the round table were also made associate professors E.N. Abanina, D.A. Agapov, T.V. Volkova, S.J. Korolev, O.V. Kulikova, Y.V. Sorokina, E.A. Suhova, Art. teacher E.A. Tarasova, graduate students and undergraduates of the department. Terms of the issues was broad: improvement of legislation on land reclamation, the problem of providing land rights, protection of wildlife, the development of fisheries management, forest management, nuclear energy development, land management and other issues. The round table was made certain conclusions about the need for further research on the issues discussed.
27 апреля 2013 г. кафедрой земельного и экологического права ФГБОУ ВПО «Саратовская государственная юридическая академия» был проведен круглый стол, посвященный Году охраны окружающей среды в Российской Федерации. Со вступительным словом к участникам заседания обратился заведующий кафедрой земельного и экологического права, кандидат юридических наук, заслуженный юрист Российской Федерации, профессор К.Г. Пандаков, который отметил важность и актуальность вопросов, поставленных на обсуждение, и обратил внимание на проблемы и тенденции развития природоресурсного и экологического законодательства в настоящий период. Изменения, которые были внесены в экологическое, земельное, водное, лесное, горное и иное природоресурсное законодательство в последние несколько лет, не только не способствуют улучшению экологической обстановки, а, наоборот, приводят к еще большему антропогенному воздействию на природную среду, отсутствию экономических стимулов к модернизации производств и технологий, что неизбежно ведет к нарастанию напряженности в этой сфере. С основным докладом выступил доктор юридических наук, профессор Л.А. Тимофеев. Им были затронуты вопросы правового обеспечения деятельности рыбохозяйственного комплекса России в условиях вступления во Всемирную торговую организацию. В свете проведения конференции по устойчивому развитию «Рио+20» и принятия ряда программных документов федерального значения в области охраны окружающей среды профессор кафедры Н.И. Махонько в своем докладе уделил внимание основным принципам экологической политики Российской Федерации, которые реализуются с участием всех заинтересованных субъектов. С точки зрения обеспечения охраны и рационального использования природных ресурсов, подвергла анализу нормы Градостроительного кодекса РФ, регулирующие отношения в сфере осуществления территориального планирования и градостроительного зонирования, доцент, кандидат юридических наук Е.Ю. Чмыхало, которая сделала вывод о необходимости конкретизации требований экологического законодательства в нормах ГрК РФ, а также активного формирования правового механизма, способствующего их реализации. На заседании круглого стола выступили также: доценты Е.Н. Абанина, Д.А. Агапов, Т.В. Волкова, С.Ю. Королев, О.В. Куликова, Ю.В. Сорокина, Е.А. Сухова, ст. преподаватель Е.А. Тарасова, аспиранты и магистранты кафедры. Круг обсуждаемых вопросов был широк: совершенствование законодательства о рекультивации земель, проблемы предоставлении прав на земельные участки, вопросы охраны животного и растительного мира, развития рыбохозяйственной деятельности, управления лесами, развития атомной энергетики, управления земельными ресурсами и др. По итогам круглого стола был сделан вывод о необходимости дальнейших научных исследований по рассматриваемым проблемам. ; April 27, 2013 the Department of Land and Environmental Law Saratov State Law Academy, a round-table dedicated to the Year of Environment in the Russian Federation. The introductory remarks to the meeting appealed Head of Land and Environmental Law PhD, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Professor K.G. Pandakov, who noted the importance and relevance of the topic issues raised for discussion and drew attention to the problems and trends of natural resource and environmental legislation in the current period. The changes that were made to the environmental, land, water, forests and other natural resources legislation in the past few years, not only does not contribute to improving the environmental situation, and, on the contrary, lead to even greater human impact on the environment, lack of economic incentives for the modernization of production and technology, which will inevitably lead to an increase in tension in this area. The keynote speaker was Doctor of Law, Professor L.A. Timofeev. They touched on legal support of the fishing industry in Russia to join the World Trade Organization. In light of the Conference on Sustainable Development «Rio +20» and the adoption of a number of policy documents in the federal environmental, Professor N.I. Makhonko in his report paid attention to the basic principles of the environmental policy of the Russian Federation, which are implemented with the participation of all stakeholders. From the point of view of the protection and rational use of natural resources was analyzed rates of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation regulating relations in the sphere of land use planning and zoning, Associate Professor, PhD E.Yu. Chmykhalo, resulting concluded that a specification of the requirements of environmental legislation in the rules GrK Russia, as well as the active form of legal mechanism to facilitate their implementation. At the round table were also made associate professors E.N. Abanina, D.A. Agapov, T.V. Volkova, S.J. Korolev, O.V. Kulikova, Y.V. Sorokina, E.A. Suhova, Art. teacher E.A. Tarasova, graduate students and undergraduates of the department. Terms of the issues was broad: improvement of legislation on land reclamation, the problem of providing land rights, protection of wildlife, the development of fisheries management, forest management, nuclear energy development, land management and other issues. The round table was made certain conclusions about the need for further research on the issues discussed.
The cultural impact of information technologies is now being discussed outside the closed circles of academia and specialists and has acquired a national and international political dimension. For an organisation such as the Council of Europe, which since 1949 has defended democracy and safeguarded human rights, the relation between technology and culture and reflection on how the fundamental freedoms of the individual express themselves within the spaces of electronic communication are of primary importance. This is particularly true of the world of publishing. Publishers have benefited considerably from the diffusion of the new technologies. However, despite this, they are generally wary of electronic publishing for reasons which range from the costs to the lack of secure legal protection and the absence of a proper distribution circuit. In conclusion, even today, that amazing concentrate of pluralistic expression and democratic practice to be found in the catalogues of many publishers chooses the laborious and economically disadvantageous path of traditional production and distribution. There are many external factors which condition, to some extent, the development of electronic publishing. The "third revolution" of reading, after the transition from the volumen to the codex and, in the XVIII century, from an "intensive" to an "extensive" style, has still to take place. Reading, in reality, rhymes with writing: while the latter remains linear, continuous, a producer of texts, the former will faithfully follow the same course. The spread of electronic publishing therefore entails a new drive for literacy, which aims to revise the three fundamental skills (reading, writing and counting) and ensure the learning of a "minimum level" of computer knowledge, that minimum needed to prevent one drowning in the ocean of Internet. All the professional figures are changing their functions. Librarians offer a curious example of this repositioning on the book chain. Starting from the early 1970s, they have been involved in informatics and have hence found themselves experimenting avant-garde solutions in information processing, at a time when the other book professionals remained faithful to traditional work techniques and communication practices. Emboldened by this technological advantage, many libraries could be tempted to redefine themselves as economic players and producers of information. This confusion of roles between librarians and publishers does not, however, serve the interest of culture, above all in a historical period in which primary and functional illiteracy are further compounded by technological illiteracy. A recent survey by the OECD shows that adult illiteracy is on the increase. The first programmes, both Italian and international, for electronic publishing focused on content, with a distinct preference for optic technology. What is rather surprising is that electronic publishing is tending to exalt technological value-added - and, therefore, the capacity to combine text, image and sound - while neglecting the potential of communication - the possibility, for example, to generate texts whether on electronic or paper media, from an electronic source. Attention should therefore be paid to the entry strategies of small- and medium-sized publishers in the electronic environment and to the technological and econometric models which can define the steps necessary to adapt the traditional book chain to the network environment. The project "New Book Economy", inspired by the Council of Europe and financed by the EU structural funds (ADAPT programme), aims to address these problems. The project has been implemented in Italy, Germany and the Netherlands, respectively by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, the Internationale Buch Agentur and the Hogeschool van Amsterdam. The project shall run for two years and aims to involve the various players of the book chain in innovative projects and to initiate activities aimed at increasing awareness and the related training. This electronic publishing project envisages the involvement not only of the commercial players of the book chain but also of the non-commercial players (librarians, readers), and their co-operation. The final objective is to ensure that the migration of the melting pot of opinions, experiences and relations contained in texts published by small- and medium-sized publishers to the communication network environment is quick and takes place under the optimum conditions, before the various combined economic and socio-cultural factors make their public expression increasingly difficult. The New Book Economy is therefore also a democratic battle deserving of investment of energy and resources.
La problemática actual de las canteras en la cercanía de las grandes ciudades como Madrid debido a la escasez de reservas o a las restricciones medioambientales, están poniendo en graves problemas el abastecimiento de áridos naturales y subiendo su coste. El estudio realizado responde a la actual necesidad de los países del mundo desarrollado por buscar soluciones a los problemas de abastecimiento de materias primas para la construcción en las zonas urbanizadas. El desarrollo tecnológico y urbanístico de nuestra sociedad se ha de encaminar hacia nuestro bienestar y el de las generaciones venideras en lo que se ha venido a llamar desarrollo sostenible. La dependencia de nuestra sociedad hacia los recursos naturales y la consideración de su importancia hacen que se deban aprovechar al máximo, ya sea reciclando, reutilizando o revalorizando. Este trabajo está centrado en los residuos utilizados en el sector de la construcción y la viabilidad de su reutilización. Para que esta actividad se convierta en una realidad se han de dar las condiciones necesarias para que el aprovechamiento de estos residuos sea una actividad rentable para los empresarios que decidan entrar en el negocio. Por ello, el trabajo ha consistido en la elaboración de un método de evaluación dinámico, aplicable en cualquier área del mundo que sirva para evaluar la situación de la sociedad, los mercados, y la legislación acerca de la posibilidad de reciclar los materiales de la construcción para volverlos a introducir en el mercado; además, se ha llevado a cabo una aplicación práctica en la Comunidad de Madrid. El resultado se contrasta con el diseño y el estudio de viabilidad de una instalación de reciclaje de residuos de la construcción y demolición en este micromercado. La viabilidad técnica de los procesos necesarios para la separación y limpieza de los residuos está ampliamente demostrada por la experiencia de países europeos como Holanda y Dinamarca, sin embargo, la viabilidad económica depende de la legislación, concienciación y situación de los mercados en que se quiera aplicar. Para la elaboración del estudio económico se han tomado datos y parámetros económicos de plantas existentes en Europa y Estados Unidos, así como se han visitado varias plantas en Madrid, Asturias o Vitoria tomándolas como referencia para realizar dicho estudio, algunos parámetros como superficie, personal y energía se pueden extrapolar con gran fiabilidad. __________________________________________________________________________ ; The current situation of quarry sites near urban areas will provoke some changes in the near future. The exhaustion of existing localities as well as the restrictions to protect the environment will lead to a reduced supply of materials and an increase of the production costs. This thesis intends to find some solutions for the current lack of raw materials for the construction sector to allow a further technological and urban development of our society. In order to maintain or increase our living standard despite a decreasing supply of raw materials in the developed countries, the concept of sustainable development and use will become more and more important. This concept aims at encouraging the efficient use of our natural resources due to a maximal exploitation, recycling and reevaluation. Based on the sustainability concept this project explores the effectiveness and profitability of recycling the waste products in the construction sector under special circumstances. This project tries to define a method for a dynamic assessment of conditions. Among them, the situation of the society, the markets and the legal regulations on the recycling of wastes from the construction sector under the aspects of effectiveness and profitability. This general approach allows the execution of the dynamic assessment in any place in the world. As an example this method is applied for Madrid with concrete design of a RCD plant and the corresponding feasibility study. The feasibility technique of the necessary processes to separate and clean the material is demonstrated on the experience of other European countries like Holland or Denmark, although the economic feasibility depends on the concrete legislation and the stage of maturity of the markets. To consolidate the study, financial parameters have been taken from other installations in Europe or USA, and the quarries in Madrid, Asturias or Vitoria have been visited as a national reference. Some parameters like surface, workers or energy can be extrapolated with high reliability. ; Ingeniería Industrial
This report highlights the great potential of the agribusiness sector in Africa by drawing on experience in Africa as well as other regions. The evidence demonstrates that good policies, a conducive business environment, and strategic support from governments can help agribusiness reach its potential. Africa is now at a crossroads, from which it can take concrete steps to realize its potential or continue to lose competitiveness, missing a major opportunity for increased growth, employment, and food security. The report pursues several lines of analysis. First, it synthesizes the large body of work on agriculture and agribusiness in Africa. Second, it builds on a diagnosis of specific value chains. As part of this effort, the value chain for Africa's largest and fastest-growing food import, rice, is benchmarked in Senegal and Ghana against Thailand's rice value chain. Third, 170 agribusiness investments by the Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC) in Africa and Southeast Asia are analyzed to gain perspective on the elements of success and failure. Fourth, the report synthesizes perspectives from the private sector through interviews with 23 leading agribusiness investors and a number of other key informants. In conclusion, the report offers practical policy advice based on the experience of countries from within and outside Africa. The huge diversity of Africa's agro-ecological, market, and business environments, however, necessarily means that each country (and indeed regions within countries) will need to adapt the broad guidance provided here to the local context. Annex 1, concerning the rice value chain, was authored by John Orchard, Tim Chancellor, Roy Denton, Amadou Abdoulaye Fall, and Peter Jaeger. Annex 2, containing interviews with 23 leading agribusiness players in Africa, was authored by Peter White.
Introduction -- Part I. Historical Perspectives -- Vertebrates of Upper Mesopotamia: Present Evidence and Archaeological Data -- Fishing Gears and Methods: A Comparison of Ancient Mesopotamia and Other Ancient Worlds -- Ichthyological Characteristics Available in the Fish Images Existed in the Art of the Ancient Mesopotamia -- The Effectiveness of Ancient Mesopotamian Medical Practices: The Example of šūšu-Licorice -- Part II. The Abiotic Aspects of the Tigris–Euphrates River System -- Management of Water Resources Using Storage Reservoirs -- Estimation of Irrigated Agricultural Area and Water Consumption in Iraq -- The Nature of Tigris–Euphrates Rivers Flow: Current Status and Future Prospective -- Streamflow Alteration Impacts with Particular Reference to the Lower Zab River, Tributary of the Tigris River -- Ecohydrology in Iraq: Challenges and its Future Pathways -- Oil Pollution in the Shatt Al-Arab River and its Estuary 1980–2018 -- Pesticides in the Waters, Sediments, and Biota of the Shatt Al-Arab River for the Period 1980–2017 -- Surface Water Salinity of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt al-Arab Rivers -- Renewable Energy for Water–Energy Nexus in Euphrates and Tigris River Basin: A Literature Review -- Impacts of Dams on Aquatic Biodiversity, Fisheries, Fishes and Their Environment: Problems that Could Be Present in Iraq with Recommendations -- Water, Politics and Dams in the Mesopotamia Basin of the Northern Middle East: How Turkey Instrumentalises the South-Eastern Anatolia Project for Political, Military and Strategic Interests -- Dams and their Impacts on Fishes in Iran -- Part III. The Biotic Aspects of the Tigris–Euphrates River System -- Preliminary Review of the Aquatic Biodiversity in Al-Kahla River, Missan Province, Iraq -- Freshwater Fish Biodiversity in Iraq: Importance, Threats, Status, and Conservation Challenges -- Effect of Climate Changes on the Freshwater Biodiversity in the Mesopotamian Plain: Recommendations for Avoidance and Plans for the Future -- River Corridors as a Refuge for Freshwater Biodiversity: Basic Information and Recommendations to the Policymakers for Possible Implications in Iraq -- Biodiversity of Fungi in Aquatic Environment of Iraq -- Potability of Drinking Water in Basra-Iraq -- Algal Studies in Iraqi Inland Waters. A Review -- The Distribution of Epilitic Diatoms in the Turkish Part of the Tigris-Euphrates River Basin -- Plant Biodiversity in Shatt Al-Arab Estuary and Ecological Variations -- Medicinal Plants of Shatt al-Arab River and Adjacent Area -- The Role of Plants as a Canopy in the Inland Waters: Basic Information for Application in Iraq -- The Zooplankton Fauna of the Turkish Part of the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin -- Kinds and Distribution of Icthyoplankton in Shatt Al-Arab River -- Rotifer Diversity in Iranian Waters: A Review -- Biodiversity of the Freshwater Amphipods in Iran -- The Freshwater Molluscs of the Mesopotamian Plain -- Freshwater Annelida of Iraq -- A Critical Checklist of the Inland Fishes Native to the Euphrates and Tigris Drainages -- Fish Fauna of Shatt al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq: A More than Quarter a Century of Changes -- The Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio: Effect on the Environment and the Indigenous Fish Species in Iraq -- The Good and the Bad in Releasing the Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in the Freshwater System: Recommendations for the Policymakers in Iraq -- The Avifauna of Tigris and Euphrates River Basin -- The Feasible Approaches to Assist Migratory Birds Visiting the Southern Reaches of Mesopotamia -- A Proposal for Establishing Bird Observatory Centre in the South of Iraq -- The Potential Role of Waterbirds as a Vector in Dispersing Invertebrates and Plants in the South of Iraq -- The Wild Mammals of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Basin -- The Amphibians and Reptiles of Euphrates and Tigris Basin -- A Preliminary Pictorial Guide to the Herpetofauna of Tigris and Euphrates River Basin -- Policy Guidance for Sustainable Aquaculture in the Inland Waters of Iraq -- How Possible to Use the Desert Area in Iraq for Aquaculture Industry: Basic Facts and Recommondations -- Aquaculture Industry in Iraq: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives -- Towards an Improved Tilapia Farming in Iraq: Recommendations for Future Application -- Information and Recommendations of Aquaculture Stress and its Source in Hatcheries: The Iraqi Aquaculture Industry Investors -- Exotic and Invasive Freshwater Fishes in the Tigris-Euphrates River System -- Part IV. Water Resources -- The Ecology and Modelling of the Freshwater Ecosystems in Iran -- Enhancing Rural Women's Participation in Fisheries in Iraq -- The Impact of Destructive Fishing Gear on the Fish Biodiversity in the Inland Waters of Iraq -- Evaluating Variations in Fisheries by Means of Fishers' Information: Suggested Methodology to Improve Small-Scale Fisheries in Rivers in Iraq -- A Possibility to Apply a Traditional Fisheries Enforcement Programme in the Inland Waters of Iraq -- Market-Resource Relations and Fish Seller Livelihood as Seen in Inland Waters of Iraq -- The Potential Impact of Deformities in Fishes upon Aquatic Production: Case of Iraq -- The Impact of some Social Taboos on Fisheries in Iraq -- Inland Water Fishes and Fisheries in Iran -- The Possibility of Introducing an Inland Fisheries Education in Iraq -- The Marine and Diadromous Fisheries of Iraq -- Part V. Stress of the Environment of the Two Rivers -- Fish Deformities in the Freshwater Fishes of Iraq: A Short Review and a Study Case on the Indian Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis -- The Phenomenon of Fluctuating Asymmetry: As Fish Welfare Indicator Represented by Case Study from the Freshwater Fishes of Iraq -- The Studies on Sediments Pollution by Different Types of Metals in Turkey -- Macroplastic and Microplastic in the Freshwater Environment of Southern Iraq: Evidences Obtained from Freshwater Fish Species -- Heavy Metals in Freshwater Invertebrates of Iran: A Review on the Bioaccumulation and Effects -- Fish Parasites of Tigris and Euphrates River Systems -- The Parasites of Fishes of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers: Iraq and Turkey -- Ornamental Fishes: A Looming Danger for Inland Fish Diversity of Iraq -- Part VI. The Health of the Human Community Inhabiting Freshwater Zones -- Aquatic Snails as a Vector of Diseases to the Human in Iran -- Death by Drowning in Rivers in Iraq -- The Dangerous Catfish Species in the Freshwater System of Iraq: First Time Reports on Cases of Envenomation -- Fish Species of the Order Cypriniformes as a Source of Ichthyootoxin and Ichthyogallotoxin in Iraq: Cases Reports -- First Reports on Cases of Hallucinatory Fish Poisoning (Ichthyoallyeinotoxism) and Scombrotoxic Fish Poisoning in Iraq -- Part. VII. Conservation -- Freshwater Management and Conservation in Iran: Past, Present, and Future -- The Need of Biodiversity Conservation Strategies in Iraq: The State of Protected Areas -- Benthic Macroinvertebrates of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Turkey -- Freshwater Ecosystem Conservation in Iraq: Recommendations for Management -- Utilising Phenotypic Difference to Regulate Protection Value: A Scheme for Application of a Novel Approach to the Inland Water of Iraq -- Hatchery-Reared Fish Stocks Released into the Wild: A Conservation Problem as Seen in a Case Study from Iraq -- Part VIII. Social Perspectives -- Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full? An Appraisal of the Four Decades of Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) -- Part IX. Food Security -- How Possible to Build Rice–Fish Farming in Iraq in order to Support Food Security Plan: Positive and the Negative Aspects -- The Importance of Non-commercial and Small-Sized Fish Species: A Proposal for an Additional Revenue to Iraq -- Sociocultural Aspects Influence Food Consumption Habits in Iraq: Management of Food Security -- A Preliminary Investigation of Determinants of Food Security in Rural Areas of Basrah Province, Iraq.
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Financial aid to Ukraine is the subject of heated discussion in the U.S. Congress, which makes the timing and amount of future funding uncertain. National security advisers warn that such delay can lead to Russia winning the war soon. Even though there is high bipartisan agreement to help Ukraine, some members of Congress express doubts as the deal linking the provision of wartime aid with southern U.S. border security stalls.Some of the concerns raised by aid doubters in the U.S. government have to do with the state of the Ukrainian economy. Ukraine's use of Western-supplied funds to help stabilize the country's economy over the past two years, which has helped it confront Russia more effectively, should assuage doubters' concerns.The State of Ukraine's Economy The outbreak of war devastated the country's economy. In 2022, Ukraine suffered a staggering loss of up to 33 percent of GDP, resulting in the worst recession in its history. This led to a drastic increase in poverty from 5.5 percent to 24.2 percent of the population, forcing 7.1 million people into impoverishment. The war-related loss of breadwinners further worsened this state: between February 2022 and September 2023, 9,701 civilians lost their lives and 17,748 were injured.With the displacement of 9.1 million people and the start of a second wave of conscription, aiming to recruit up to 500,000 more soldiers, the labor market was left understaffed and unprovided for. According to a recent World Bank report, some 15 percent of firms "had to cancel sales as a result of worker displacement, battlefield casualties, and conscription." The total amount of direct documented infrastructure damage caused by war as of April 2023 was $147.5 billion (replacement cost), with 1.5 million homes destroyed. Such devastation affects the personal finances of Ukrainians. According to a Rating Group survey conducted in September 2023, 60 percent of Ukrainians felt a deterioration in their economic situation, for 35 percent it hadn't changed, and only 5 percent felt an improvement.Given the circumstances, the World Bank's forecasts for 2023 were quite grim, predicting a growth of not more than 0.5 percent for that year.But in 2023, Ukraine's real GDP grew by over 5 percent, and the Ministry of Economy forecasts a 4.6 percent GDP growth in 2024. The unanticipated economic resilience can be attributed solely to foreign financial assistance.How Foreign Investments Have Helped UkraineForeign investments have helped Ukraine in a couple of major ways.First, investments and loans have played a crucial role in sustaining the economy by mitigating inflation, thereby bolstering the labor market and reducing unemployment.With major damage inflicted on businesses, amounting to a total of U.S. $3.6 billion by March 2023 and affecting 84 percent of firms, businesses' income was halved compared to 2021. To help the enterprises recover, Ukraine provided major financial assistance through monetary financing (through excessive hryvnia issuance) of the budget, which led to staggering inflation.Such a dire situation would have left the economy shattered for decades if unparalleled financial support in that year ($42.5 billion in 2023 versus $31.1 billion in 2022) had not been received. This influx of money reduced inflation to 5.1 percent from 20.1 percent in 2022 and increased Ukraine's foreign exchange reserves to an all-time high in 2023.As a result, according to the World Bank's survey (2023), most firms proved resilient and continued operating, with 59 percent of prewar firms fully open and 21 percent closed (only 3 percent closed permanently), which helped Ukraine decrease the unemployment rate to 16.1 percent as of December 2023, compared to 29.5 percent in January 2022.Second, support has helped secure the Ukrainian sea corridor, since agricultural exports are the most reliable source of its GDP. Before the war, Ukraine was one of the world's biggest exporters of crops, with arable farmland constituting 55 percent of Ukraine's landmass and with 14 percent of the population engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture made up 45 percent ($22.2 billion) of its export earnings, according to the International Trade Administration. However, the Russian blockade of the Black Sea ports and destruction of critical infrastructure drastically cut supplies. Damage to the agricultural sector alone is estimated to be around $80 billion, making Ukraine one of the most food-insecure countries in the world. By the close of 2023, however, exports of grains and oilseeds through the Ukrainian Black Sea corridor had attained the highest levels outlined in the Grain Agreement, with a 9.0 percent growth in the value of goods and services exports projected for 2024. Hence, in 2024, the corridor must continue to operate to facilitate the return to prewar indicators, when 80 percent of the industry's output was exported, a level unattainable through domestic consumption alone.Ukraine's economic recovery depends on foreign investments and loans. A UN-backed study estimates the reconstruction and recovery costs for war-torn Ukraine at $486 billion over the next decade. Immediate funding is crucial to sustain businesses, compensate for war damages, and stabilize employment. Without such support, another wave of migration is inevitable, exacerbating military understaffing and labor shortages. The construction sector is already facing a 50 percent increase in the shortage of skilled labor.Ukraine Offers a Conducive Environment for InvestmentsThe recent adoption of draft law No. 9015 on the insurance of investments in Ukraine against war risks and a significant decrease in corruption, as indicatedby Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, provides a secure environment for both international and Ukrainian companies to invest. Historically, Ukraine's economy relied heavily on such sectors as mining, energy, steel production, mechanical engineering, and chemicals. The investment landscape remains promising across these sectors. With Ukraine's strategic positioning at the intersection of major transportation routes and its pivotal role as a primary grain exporter, agro-enterprises offer compelling prospects. Additionally, steel production presents notable opportunities, given Ukraine's resurgence among the top twenty global manufacturers of iron and steel. Furthermore, the mining sector presents favorable investment avenues, as was showcased by the Turkish Onur Group's $50 million investment in a graphite deposit in the northern region of Khmelnytsky, and BGV Group Management intensified mining endeavors, with plans for sand mining in Zhytomyr and uranium exploration in Mykolaiv, culminating in investments exceeding $100 million. Ukraine's recent improvements in its investment environment and economic conditions should encourage the United States and other Western allies to continue supporting Ukraine, including through foreign investments, and should quell any hesitation of the part of the U.S. Congress in this regard.The opinions expressed in this article are those solely of the author and do not reflect the views of the Kennan Institute
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Herausgeber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie diese Quelle zitieren möchten.
Financial aid to Ukraine is the subject of heated discussion in the U.S. Congress, which makes the timing and amount of future funding uncertain. National security advisers warn that such delay can lead to Russia winning the war soon. Even though there is high bipartisan agreement to help Ukraine, some members of Congress express doubts as the deal linking the provision of wartime aid with southern U.S. border security stalls.Some of the concerns raised by aid doubters in the U.S. government have to do with the state of the Ukrainian economy. Ukraine's use of Western-supplied funds to help stabilize the country's economy over the past two years, which has helped it confront Russia more effectively, should assuage doubters' concerns.The State of Ukraine's Economy The outbreak of war devastated the country's economy. In 2022, Ukraine suffered a staggering loss of up to 33 percent of GDP, resulting in the worst recession in its history. This led to a drastic increase in poverty from 5.5 percent to 24.2 percent of the population, forcing 7.1 million people into impoverishment. The war-related loss of breadwinners further worsened this state: between February 2022 and September 2023, 9,701 civilians lost their lives and 17,748 were injured.With the displacement of 9.1 million people and the start of a second wave of conscription, aiming to recruit up to 500,000 more soldiers, the labor market was left understaffed and unprovided for. According to a recent World Bank report, some 15 percent of firms "had to cancel sales as a result of worker displacement, battlefield casualties, and conscription." The total amount of direct documented infrastructure damage caused by war as of April 2023 was $147.5 billion (replacement cost), with 1.5 million homes destroyed. Such devastation affects the personal finances of Ukrainians. According to a Rating Group survey conducted in September 2023, 60 percent of Ukrainians felt a deterioration in their economic situation, for 35 percent it hadn't changed, and only 5 percent felt an improvement.Given the circumstances, the World Bank's forecasts for 2023 were quite grim, predicting a growth of not more than 0.5 percent for that year.But in 2023, Ukraine's real GDP grew by over 5 percent, and the Ministry of Economy forecasts a 4.6 percent GDP growth in 2024. The unanticipated economic resilience can be attributed solely to foreign financial assistance.How Foreign Investments Have Helped UkraineForeign investments have helped Ukraine in a couple of major ways.First, investments and loans have played a crucial role in sustaining the economy by mitigating inflation, thereby bolstering the labor market and reducing unemployment.With major damage inflicted on businesses, amounting to a total of U.S. $3.6 billion by March 2023 and affecting 84 percent of firms, businesses' income was halved compared to 2021. To help the enterprises recover, Ukraine provided major financial assistance through monetary financing (through excessive hryvnia issuance) of the budget, which led to staggering inflation.Such a dire situation would have left the economy shattered for decades if unparalleled financial support in that year ($42.5 billion in 2023 versus $31.1 billion in 2022) had not been received. This influx of money reduced inflation to 5.1 percent from 20.1 percent in 2022 and increased Ukraine's foreign exchange reserves to an all-time high in 2023.As a result, according to the World Bank's survey (2023), most firms proved resilient and continued operating, with 59 percent of prewar firms fully open and 21 percent closed (only 3 percent closed permanently), which helped Ukraine decrease the unemployment rate to 16.1 percent as of December 2023, compared to 29.5 percent in January 2022.Second, support has helped secure the Ukrainian sea corridor, since agricultural exports are the most reliable source of its GDP. Before the war, Ukraine was one of the world's biggest exporters of crops, with arable farmland constituting 55 percent of Ukraine's landmass and with 14 percent of the population engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture made up 45 percent ($22.2 billion) of its export earnings, according to the International Trade Administration. However, the Russian blockade of the Black Sea ports and destruction of critical infrastructure drastically cut supplies. Damage to the agricultural sector alone is estimated to be around $80 billion, making Ukraine one of the most food-insecure countries in the world. By the close of 2023, however, exports of grains and oilseeds through the Ukrainian Black Sea corridor had attained the highest levels outlined in the Grain Agreement, with a 9.0 percent growth in the value of goods and services exports projected for 2024. Hence, in 2024, the corridor must continue to operate to facilitate the return to prewar indicators, when 80 percent of the industry's output was exported, a level unattainable through domestic consumption alone.Ukraine's economic recovery depends on foreign investments and loans. A UN-backed study estimates the reconstruction and recovery costs for war-torn Ukraine at $486 billion over the next decade. Immediate funding is crucial to sustain businesses, compensate for war damages, and stabilize employment. Without such support, another wave of migration is inevitable, exacerbating military understaffing and labor shortages. The construction sector is already facing a 50 percent increase in the shortage of skilled labor.Ukraine Offers a Conducive Environment for InvestmentsThe recent adoption of draft law No. 9015 on the insurance of investments in Ukraine against war risks and a significant decrease in corruption, as indicatedby Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, provides a secure environment for both international and Ukrainian companies to invest. Historically, Ukraine's economy relied heavily on such sectors as mining, energy, steel production, mechanical engineering, and chemicals. The investment landscape remains promising across these sectors. With Ukraine's strategic positioning at the intersection of major transportation routes and its pivotal role as a primary grain exporter, agro-enterprises offer compelling prospects. Additionally, steel production presents notable opportunities, given Ukraine's resurgence among the top twenty global manufacturers of iron and steel. Furthermore, the mining sector presents favorable investment avenues, as was showcased by the Turkish Onur Group's $50 million investment in a graphite deposit in the northern region of Khmelnytsky, and BGV Group Management intensified mining endeavors, with plans for sand mining in Zhytomyr and uranium exploration in Mykolaiv, culminating in investments exceeding $100 million. Ukraine's recent improvements in its investment environment and economic conditions should encourage the United States and other Western allies to continue supporting Ukraine, including through foreign investments, and should quell any hesitation of the part of the U.S. Congress in this regard.The opinions expressed in this article are those solely of the author and do not reflect the views of the Kennan Institute
Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine monographische Untersuchung des Gesamtwerkes von Theodor Schmuz-Baudiß. Den Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildet die Erfassung der keramischen Werke und ihre wissenschaftliche Aufbereitung im Werkverzeichnis. Schmuz-Baudiß beginnt mit einer Ausbildung zum Maler in München. Er gehört zu der Gruppe jener Künstler, die den Jugendstil in München hervorbringen. So ist er einer der ersten Illustratoren der Zeitschrift die "Jugend". Trotz einer vielversprechend beginnenden Karriere als Maler, wendet er sich schon im Jahr 1896 von der Malerei völlig ab und beginnt sich intensiv mit der Töpferei zu beschäftigen - und engagiert sich für die Gründung der Vereinigten Werkstätten in München. Er experimentiert mit Ton, Steinzeug und Porzellan, beginnt für die Werkmaterialien Bronze, Stoff, Holz und Glas zu entwerfen. Daraus ergibt sich für diese Untersuchung, die Arbeiten von Schmuz-Baudiß in dieser Periode nach Werkgruppen der verschiedenen Materialien, die sich auch chronologisch überzeugend gliedern lassen, darzustellen. Auf der Pariser Weltausstellung hat Schmuz-Baudiß mit seinen Porzellanen großen Erfolg. Die Königliche Porzellanmanufaktur Berlin, auf ihn in Paris aufmerksam geworden, bietet ihm einen Arbeitsvertrag für eine "künstlerische Tätigkeit" an. Wenig später wird er der Leiter der Unterglasurabteilung der KPM. Schmuz-Baudiß ist der künstlerische Motor der Manufaktur. Es soll aber sechs Jahre dauern, bis die Stelle des künstlerischen Leiters frei wird und der Kaiser ihn zum "artistischen Direktor" der KPM ernennt. Sein Konzept für die Manufaktur ist vielschichtig aufgebaut: Zum einen bewahrt er die Kontinuität des traditionsbewussten Betriebes des preußischen Kaiserhauses, zum anderen kauft er avantgardistische Entwürfe von Künstlern an. - Schmuz-Baudiß' eigene Entwurfstätigkeit für die KPM setzt kontinuierlich deutliche Akzente im Gesamterscheinungsbild der KPM dieser Zeit. Die Darstellung der künstlerischen Tätigkeit von Schmuz-Baudiß ist von seiner Leitungsfunktion bei der KPM nicht sinnvoll zu trennen. Schmuz-Baudiß sorgt von Anfang an dafür, dass die KPM an den bedeutendsten Ausstellungen in dieser Zeit teilnimmt. Die Ausstellungen ermöglichen innerhalb der kontinuierlichen Produktion der KPM einen kurzen Einblick in einen punktuellen Stand der Entwicklung zu nehmen. Sie lassen vor allem den Kurs, den Schmuz-Baudiß vorgibt, deutlich erkennen. Schmuz-Baudiß arbeitet sowohl in der täglichen, künstlerischen Arbeit der Manufaktur als auch mit seiner Ankaufspolitik zielgerichtet auf Ausstellungen hin. Er kuratiert die Ausstellungen regelrecht und er ist es, der für die Ausstellungen einen inhaltlichen Schwerpunkt setzt, auf den er die Ausstellung ausrichtet. Daraus ergibt sich für diese Untersuchung eine inhaltliche Gliederung, die dem chronologischen Ablauf der Ausstellungen folgen kann. Gleichzeitig, im Zusammenhang mit der Ausstellung kann der Schwerpunkt als Akzent gesondert beleuchtet werden. Der Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges unterbricht die künstlerische Entwicklung tiefgreifend. Während des Krieges ist Schmuz-Baudiß gezwungen, die Produktion annähernd einzustellen. Außerdem finden in Deutschland und den kriegführenden Staaten keine Ausstellungen statt. Nach dem Krieg kommt der Betrieb nur schleppend in Gang. Trotz aller wirtschaftlichen und politischen Probleme zeigt sich, dass Schmuz-Baudiß die Manufaktur nicht nur an die künstlerische Avantgarde, wie z.B. an das Bauhaus heranführt, sondern auch Paul Scheurichs und Gerhard Schliepsteins Entwürfe ankauft. Gegen alle kriegsbedingten, außenpolitischen Feindseligkeiten kooperiert er mit der Wiener Werkstätte. Schmuz-Baudiß' eigene Arbeiten demonstrieren hingegen zunehmend seine romantische Sehnsucht nach einem Rückzug in die Natur und wieder hin zur Malerei. Im April 1925 geht er in Pension und zieht mit seiner Frau nach Oberbayern an den Nordrand der Alpen. Schmuz-Baudiß' künstlerische Möglichkeiten bei der KPM waren immer begrenzt. An erster Stelle ist es seine Aufgabe, die Manufaktur in ihrer Wirtschaftlichkeit zu unterstützen, zugleich ist sie dem Kaiserhaus und dem Handelsministerium unterstellt. Oft bedeutet diese Aufgabe für Schmuz-Baudiß eine heikle Gratwanderung zwischen seinen Idealen und den äußeren Zwängen. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, das Werk von Schmuz-Baudiß wissenschaftlich auszuleuchten. Diese erstmalige Katalogisierung sowie ihre kunsthistorische Bearbeitung im Kontext zum zeitgenössischen kunsthistorischen Diskurs ermöglicht eine Überprüfung der bisherigen Beurteilung von Schmuz-Baudiß. ; This is a monographic paper on the artist Theodor Schmuz-Baudiss. By tracing his biographic line, his complete life's works are illuminated. Born in Herrnhut, a village in Saxony, Schmuz-Baudiss grew up in a traditional religious family. He started his career in Munich at the Königliche Kunst-Gewerbeschule. After the exam he matriculated at the Royal Academy of Art in Munich. In this epoch the leading style was historism and he also participated in the glorious exhibitions in the Münchener Glaspalast. However in 1896 he got in contact with the artists who worked for the magazine 'Jugend' and already in the same summer, he started to work with pottery and turned away from academicism and painting. Schmuz-Baudiss learned to work with clay on the pottery wheel and renounced exhibiting his paintings. The pottery activated all his creative energy, blending his own glazes, developing new techniques and building his own furnace, finding new styles. He was one of the early members of the Vereinigte Werkstätten München. Schmuz-Baudiss participated from the early beginning in the Art Nouveau movement with its strong orientation towards arts-and-craft, belonging to the group of artists of the European vanguard. In the following years Schmuz-Baudiss started experimenting with glass, embroidery, and furniture, he also began to design. Essentially influenced by Japanese and Chinese art and pottery he was also interested in Japanese coloured bronze. In experimenting with porcelain, Schmuz-Baudiss followed the ideas of the leading artists working in the porcelain manufacturers in Copenhagen and Stockholm as well as in East Asia. He exposed a complete porcelain set at the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1900 and won the silver medal. In February 1902 Schmuz-Baudiss was offered to work for the Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Berlin (KPM). Specialising in the painting under the glaze, he was expected to modernise the workshop for decoration in the royal institute. He was responsible for the innovation of new styles. His success during the following years, especially at the Universal Exhibition in Saint Louis/USA and in 1906 in Dresden, the German Emperor Wilhelm II offered him the chance to fill the position of art director of the manufacturer. Now his role changed. Schmuz-Baudiss was no longer mainly responsible for his own porcelain, he was from this point on responsible for the direction of the manufacturer at an artistic level and his own work was hard to distinguish from the necessities of the royal manufacturer. He indeed set aside his own designs and cared for the production of forms and decors. From the beginning on - in his vanguard attitude - he was in opposition to the Emperor's traditional and retro ideas of art. The monarch expected the celebration of Prussia to be a blaze of glory in means of historical styles. But on the contrary Schmuz-Baudiss was interested in the "Deutschen Werkbund" and in 1914 he initiated the cooperation of the Deutsche Werkbund with the royal manufacturer and exposed a profile of the production, but the exhibition was cut short because of the sudden beginning of World War I. - During the war Schmuz-Baudiss had to struggle hard for the survival of the manufacturer. After the end of World War I the German Emperor had to abdicate and Schmuz-Baudiss was, for the first time, free in his decision-making concerning the artistic orientation. However, the inflation, the grave economic situation and the destroyed reputation of Germany fraught the manufacturer with serious problems. Nevertheless Schmuz-Baudiss immediately contacted the best artists and designers for porcelain in this period. Schmuz-Baudiss also got in touch with artists of the 'Bauhaus' and again with the "Wiener Werkstätte" - to stay in connection with the international vanguard to overcome the German political isolation. Schmuz-Baudiss' own porcelain also changed. The round formats of his paintings were substituted by square forms and he removed himself from the derivative dependence to pretend to produce a plate - no, now it was a painting with the format of canvas. Also the themes changed - his new motifs were landscapes of mountains. He also created a new palette. His attitude towards nature turned out to be more radical - the loneliness of the human soul in front of the eternity and infinitude as well as the force and power of nature. Since 1902 Schmuz-Baudiss was mainly the one who was in charge of the royal manufacturer, but in September 1924 Schmuz-Baudiss requested to enter into his pension at the age of 64 and planned to move to southern Bavaria.
Introduction. This article examines the theoretical and practical principles of institutional and institutional prerequisites for ensuring the development of regional natural gas distribution operators in modern economic conditions. The author's position on the substantiation of the high level of importance and relevance of the role of the institutional environment in the structure of ensuring the maximum level of efficiency of the process of development of regional gas distribution networks was also reflected. All possible manifestations of maximum efficiency in the main and additional activities of gas distribution network operators in the Western region of Ukraine are outlined. It was proved that it is the developed form of institutional support and the environment that covers the presence of the required institutions, as well as mutually harmonizes them. This aspect affects the internal business processes that take place in the activities of regional gas distribution companies, their organizational and technical development, as the formation of the image at the interregional and international levels, as well as increasing the quality and reliability of distribution services among natural gas consumers. As a result of the study of the institutional basis, as well as the nature of institutions and their possible impact on the efficiency of gas distribution organizations in the western region, the latter was conditionally divided into basic and related activities. The purpose of the article. Research of institutional preconditions for ensuring the development of regional gas distribution network operators. Results. It is known that today the level of stability of the environment of gas distribution companies in Ukraine is insufficient, at the same time their regional position is unbalanced, which in turn implies the need to find new directions and mechanisms to help overcome various crises and trends on the way to highly efficient and unhindered their development. It is the aspect that Ukrainian regional gas distribution companies are an important component of national energy security and independence, including the stable and continuous supply of consumer demand in the natural gas distribution market, at the same time have almost always a monopoly position and is the center for the implementation of speculative decisions at the highest state level, necessitates large-scale development of institutional support to regulate their activities with the obligation to the delineation of the boundaries of potential development. An important aspect of the future development of regional gas distribution companies in a rather unstable operating environment is the creation of a broad-based institutional environment that will ensure balance and regulate relations between the consumer sector, government institutions, and the gas distribution companies themselves. At the same time, it will create appropriate conditions for the constant increase in the level of competitiveness of the latter. From this, we can conclude that institutional efficiency is directly dependent on the aspect - who exactly ensures their creation and further control of their functioning. After all, the degree of functional efficiency and further successful development of regional gas distribution network operators in Ukraine will depend on how skillfully the country will create equal conditions for absolutely all participants of the natural gas distribution market by implementing institutional incentives and restrictions. Thus, it is the institutional form of the approach to ensuring the further development of regional gas distribution organizations that is focused on the study of institutions and institutions that contribute to the regulation of their activities. In other words, the institutional form of regulating the activities of regional gas distribution network operators is a directed activity of natural gas distribution market participants, which to some extent affects the functioning and further development of gas distribution companies in the region towards continuous improvement of their structure, overall strategy, and management system. , common values, etc .; including taking into account the impact of social, economic, legal, and political institutions in the face of various kinds of instability. Quite important in the process of institutionalization of the process of functioning of gas distribution companies are market institutions and institutes, including: financial, infrastructural, legal and functional; private property; competition. We offer a study of the prospects for the introduction of possible changes in the activities of regional gas distribution companies because of established institutional dogmas. Today, it is not effective enough, and in some regions of Ukraine there is no form of state support for the implementation of relevant programs of innovation and scientific and technological progress has led to a significant deterioration in the distribution of natural gas consumers. After all, there is still a high level of wear of gas distribution networks and their significant resource and energy consumption, there are no innovative solutions. Among the reasons that led to such a market position of regional gas distribution companies is the lack of institutional support, which is the lack of proper foundations for the implementation of innovative solutions, lack of necessary material and financial support to update technological solutions in production, corruption, etc. Today, due to the lack of normal and functional institutional support, there are no proper contractual processes that would be established between suppliers and consumers of natural gas in the regions based on transparency. In our opinion, the formation of institutional approaches and tools for their implementation will increase the efficiency of gas distribution companies in the region, improve the quality of services provided, and will stimulate all participants in the distribution market among natural gas consumers in the region. It is also worth noting that the vast majority of regional gas distribution companies are part of a rather complex "vertical" structure. In turn, as is known from the course of institutional theory, under the conditions of the vertical form of structural construction of the enterprise, there is also a fairly high level of possible costs for its management. Conclusions. It is important to note that the institutional environment, which will be expressed in the presence of all necessary institutions, as well as their coherence with each other today, is a significant and dominant entity in terms of ensuring maximum efficiency and further development of gas distribution companies in the western region of Ukraine. We believe that the most effective and functioning institutional environment will create conditions for maximizing the level of internal processes at gas distribution companies; the most effective organizational and technological development; harmonizes mutual relations between all market participants. ; В зазначеній статті було досліджено теоретичні та практичні засади інституціональних та інституційних передумов забезпечення розвитку регіональних операторів розподілу природного газу в сучасних умовах господарювання. Також було відображено позицію автора щодо обґрунтування високого рівня важливості та актуальності ролі інституціонального середовища в структурі забезпечення максимального рівня ефективності процесу розвитку регіональних газорозподільних мереж. Окреслено усі можливі прояви максимальної ефективності в основній та додатковій діяльності операторів газорозподільних мереж Західного регіону України. Було доведено, що саме розвинена форма інституційного забезпечення та середовища охоплюють присутність потрібних інституцій, а також взаємно узгоджує їх. Даний аспект впливає на внутрішні бізнес-процеси, що мають місце в діяльності регіональних газорозподільних підприємств, на їх організаційно-технічний розвиток, як формування іміджу на міжрегіональному та міжнародному рівнях, а також збільшення рівня якості та надійності послуг по розподілу серед споживачів природного газу. В результаті дослідження інституціонального базису, а також природи інституцій та їх можливого впливу на ефективність діяльності газорозподільних організацій західного регіону, останню було умовно поділено базову та дотичну діяльність.
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Lakkipur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 342 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during the north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soils, 26 per cent by forest and 3 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 11 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 27 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 71 per cent area is suitable for agriculture. About 27 per cent of soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 26 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 2 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 4 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 30 per cent are very deep (>150 cm). About 29 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 60 per cent area loamy soil. About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 38 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) soils. About 27 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity. An area of about 59 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands, 12 per cent is gently sloping (3-5% slope), 9 per cent is moderately sloping (5-10%) and 9 per cent is strongly sloping (10-15% slope). An area of about 33 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 56 per cent soils are moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 14 per cent is strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 16 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 23 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 32 per cent has soils that are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and an area of about 3 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in organic carbon. About 17 per cent of soil are low (23 kg/ha), 36 per cent of the soils are medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 37 per cent are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 29 per cent are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 60 per cent are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. About 3 per cent of the soils are low in available sulphur and 87 per cent are medium (10-20 ppm). Available boron is low (1.0 kg/ha). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 52 per cent. The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1 ) Moderately suitable(S2 ) Highly suitable(S1 ) Moderately suitable(S2 ) Sorghum 103 (30) 56 (16) Sapota 46 (13) 20 (6) Maize 53 (15) 48 (14) Guava 60 (18) - Redgram 53 (15) 74 (22) Banana 33 (10) 78 (23) Horsegra m 53 (15) 115 (34) Jackfruit 46 (13) 14 (4) Field bean 33 (10) 126 (37) Jamun 46 (13) 14 (4) Groundnut 20 (6) 81 (24) Musambi 103 (30) 14 (4) Sunflower 25 (7) 86 (25) Lime 103 (30) 14 (4) Cotton 83 (24) 68 (20) Cashew 46 (13) - Onion 33 (10) 126 (37) Custard apple 118 (34) 145 (42) Potato 33 (10) 69 (20) Amla 118 (34) 153 (45) French Beans 33 (10) 126 (37) Tamarind 46 (13) 14 (4) Beetroot 33 (10) 68 (20) Marigold 53 (15) 106 (31) Turmeric 33 (10) 68 (20) Chrysanthemu m 33 (10) 126 (37) Mango 46 (13) 14 (4) - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Lakkipur 1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11044' – 11045' North latitudes and 76033' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 342 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Maddinahalli and Lakkipur villages with a length of growing period LGP of 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Lakkipur 1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 47.1 to 52.9 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 50.0 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 44.1 per cent. Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC)/scheduled tribes (ST) were around 20.0 per cent. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 80.0 per cent. About 40.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (70.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system of having all sample households. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40.0 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 8.8 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 47.2 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 1.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 67.7 % and irrigated land 32.3 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 6.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 87.5 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 11970 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 30383 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers own plough and sprayer (10 %). The average value of livestock is around Rs.19625 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 690.8 grams (1494.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs.54221 per household. Thirty per cent of sample households on above poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1269. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1078 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.328649 per year for the total area of 342.0 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 50726/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in turmeric (Rs.132852) followed by cotton (Rs. 124561), garlic (Rs. 101751), onion (Rs. 63229), maize (Rs. 36649), cowpea (Rs. 35235), sunflower (Rs. 31093), horse gram (Rs. 18747), ragi (Rs. 14441), marigold (Rs.3179) and groundnut is negative returns. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2286/ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs.3952) followed by maize (Rs. 2653), cowpea (Rs.2506), ragi (Rs.1300) and horse gram (Rs. 1300). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 3 274528) followed by turmeric (Rs. 54978), maize (Rs. 54775), sunflower (Rs. 49884), horse gram (Rs. 31878), groundnut (Rs. 27486), onion (Rs. 16796), garlic (Rs. 15587), ragi (Rs. 13238) and cowpea (Rs. 12042). Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is maize (27.5 %) followed by maize (27.5 %), horse gram (18.0 %), cowpea (8.4%), groundnut (8.4 %), onion (8.4 %), sunflower (8.4 %), turmeric (5.5 %), ragi (4.8 %), garlic (4.7 %), marigold (4.7 %) and cotton (1.2 %). In Lakkipur 1 micro-watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Kallipura (KLP) series is having deep soil depth cover around 4.2% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing garlic. Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) are also having very deep soil depth cover 6.0 % of area, the crops are cotton (7.4 %), maize (7.4 %), onion (51.0 %) and turmeric (34.2 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 17.2 % of areas, crops are maize. Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 12.1 % of area, crops are cowpea (18.2 %), horse gram (31.8 %), maize (18.2 %) and sunflower (31.8 %). Magoonahalli (MGH) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 11.9 % of area; the major crops grown are cowpea (37.9 %), groundnut (18.9 %) and horse gram (21.6 %). Shivapura (SPR) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 14.7 % of area, the major crop grown is maize (64.1%) and marigold (35.9 %). The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.78831/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 27873/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.61). In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 27542/ha in MGH soil (with of 1.51) and Rs. 14192/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 2.65). In cowpea the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 33083/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.57) and Rs. 11497/ha in MGH soil (with BCR of 4.3). In cotton the cost of cultivation in MLR soil is Rs.202501/ha (with BCR of 1.62). In onion the cost of cultivation in HGH soil is Rs 60271/ha (with BCR of 2.05). In sunflower the cost of cultivation in HPR soil is Rs 28187/ha (with BCR of 2.1). In ragi the cost of cultivation in MGH soil is Rs 29976/ha (with BCR of 1.53). In garlic the cultivation in KLP soil is Rs.57035/ha (with BCR of 2.78) and turmeric cultivation in HGH soil is Rs.115992/ha (with BCR of 2.15). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil 4 and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (42.9 to76 %), cowpea (0 to 53.7%), cotton (26.5 %), ragi (90 %), garlic (71.1%) and turmeric (36.7%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanekal-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Kanekal-3 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk of Yadgir district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 13 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. About 99 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 1 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, mining, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife. About 150 cm) soils. About 72 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 18 per cent loamy soils and 9 per cent sandy soils at the surface. An area of about 84 per cent has non-gravelly and 15 per cent are gravelly. About 6 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 78 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) in organic carbon. An area of 21 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 5 per cent low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in about 9 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 11 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm). Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc. The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kanekal-3 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 97 (18) 259 (47) Sapota 35 (6) 185 (34) Maize 97 (18) 228 (42) Guava 35 (6) 185 (34) Red gram - 251(46) Pomegranate 35 (6) 216 (39) Bajra - 251(46) Jackfruit 31 (6) 168 (31) Ground nut 35 (6) 307 (56) Jamun 31 (6) 95 (17) Sunflower - 234 (43) Musambi 35 (6) 216 (39) Cotton 31 (6) 325 (59) Lime 35 (6) 216 (39) Bengalgram 31 (6) 325 (59) Cashew 35 (6) 121 (22) Chilli - 373 (68) Custard apple 132 (24) 224 (41) Tomato 97 (18) 245 (45) Amla 132 (24) 224 (41) Drumstick 35 (6) 216 (39) Tamarind 35 (6) 95 (17) Mulberry 35 (6) 168 (31) Marigold - 373 (68) Mango 35 (6) 47 (9) Chrysanthemum - 373 (68) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the seven identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible, ecological and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the micro watershed. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kanikal 3 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district is located in between 16035' – 16036' North latitudes and 770 18' – 77020' East longitudes, covering an area of about 547.22 ha, bounded by Gudalagunta, Samabara, Kanikal and Balacheda villages. Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 6.2: Central and Western Maharashtra Plateau and North Karnataka Plateau and North Western Telangana Plateau, hot moist semi-arid ESR with shallow and medium loamy to clayey black soil (medium and deep clayey Black soil as inclusion), medium to high AWC and LGP 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal 3 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 55.6 to 44.4 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.7 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 39.8 per cent. Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 13.0 per cent. Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 100 per cent. About 39.1per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (26.1 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments. Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 100 per cent. Swatch bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 17.4 per cent. Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 2.3 per cent of farm households. Women participation is decisions making are around 39.2 per cent of were found. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 12.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to large farmers. The dry land account for 91.8 % and irrigated land 5.8 % of total cultivated land of sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.4 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 91.3 per cent. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.31009 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media. The average farm assets a value is around Rs.72963 per household, about 36.1 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough. The average livestock value is around Rs.20721 per livestock; about 77.8 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 891.9 grams (2030 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60.9 per cent of sample farmers are consuming more than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs 40315 per household. About 8.7 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 2333.9 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 1768.9 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.956979 per year for the total area of 547.2 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around (Rs 9011/ ha/year). Per hectare food production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 8287) followed by sorghum (Rs. 7408), redgram (Rs.6098), cotton (Rs. 5411), maize (Rs. 2465), green gram (Rs. 2258) and groundnut (Rs.1307). The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around (Rs 2961/ ha/year). Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 4482) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2964), groundnut (Rs.2477) and paddy (Rs.1919). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum green gram (Rs.70127) followed by sorghum (Rs.56464), red gram (Rs.52576), cotton (Rs.42847), maize (Rs.32384) groundnut (Rs.29424), and onion (Rs.10078). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is red gram (50.6%) followed by groundnut (15.5 %), cotton (7.9 %), maize (6.5 %), paddy (9.3 %), green gram (4.6 %), onion (1.8 %) and sorghum (3.7%). In Kanikal 3 micro watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Badiyala (BDL) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 13.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (15.4%), maize (46.2 %), groundnut (23.1%) and red gram (15.4 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Sambara (SBR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 12.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (40.7 %), cotton (7.4 %), groundnut (29.6 %), paddy (14.8 %) and green gram (7.4 %). Baddeppalli (BDP) series are having moderately soil deep cover around 0.6 % of area. Yalleri (YLR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 8.9% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing. Cotton (10.9 %), groundnut (14.5 %), paddy (7.2 %) and red gram (60.2 %), Pogalapur (PGP) series are having moderately deep soil deep cover around 17.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing paddy (25.9%) and red gram (22.2 %), groundnut (29.6 %). Yadgir (YDR) series are having Deep soil deep cover around 3.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (28.6%) paddy (21.4%) and red gram (50.0 %). Bhimanahalli (BMN) series are having very deep soil deep cover around 5.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (70.0%) and sorghum (30.0 %) on Belagundi (BGD) series are having Deep soil deep cover around 0.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (42.9), paddy (28.6%) and red gram (28.6%). Balichakra (BCL) series are having moderately deep soil deep cover around 4.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, Bomraldoddi (BMD) series are having Very deep soil deep cover around 6.3 of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Gundedagi (GDG) series are having moderately soil deep cover around 8.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Vanakanahalli (VNK) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 3.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (25.0 %) and redgram (75.0 %). Duppali (DPL) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 14.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (4.8%), onion (4.8 %), paddy (4.8%) and red gram (85.7%). The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut ranges between Rs.75191/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs.25460ha in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.52). In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs 52541/ha in SBR soil (with of 1.06) and Rs.24517/ha in BGD soil (with BCR of 1.34). 4 In green gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 46066/ha in PGP soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 22949/ha in GDG and BMD soil (with BCR of 1.0). In maize cost of cultivation range between is Rs.53030/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs.20504 in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.28). In red gram cost of cultivation range between is Rs 52680/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 9514/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.3). In paddy cost of cultivation in DPL soil is Rs.53387/ha (with BCR of 1.6) and PGP soil in Rs.30141/ha (with BCR of 1.29) and onion cultivation in DPL soil is Rs 62108/ha (with BCR of 1.13). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (34.8 to 72.8%), cotton (32.5to 66.3 %), red gram (2.4 to 79.8 %), groundnut (0 to 7.4 %), paddy (12 to 67.8%) and green gram (0 to 6.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
