Suchergebnisse

Представлены результаты теоретической работы по осмыслению концепта политической картины мира. ; Development of modern political science demands the appeal to the analysis of microlevel of policy. For development of this direction there were the philosophical and gnoseological preconditions, allowing to describe a concept of a political world view. The author allocated some directions of conceptualization of a political world view. The first direction is connected with the analysis of the vital world and the philosophical bases of essence of the political. The author refers philosophical and gnoseological interpretations of a world view to the second direction. The third direction judgment of a world view in separate social and the humanities. Basic for creation of a theoretical concept of a political world view of steel political H.Arendt's communicative and activity treatment, phenomenology A. Schutz and E. Husserl, theories of "a sensual and semantic kernel" M.Merlo-Ponti. The political world view is defined as mobile system of images and ideas of the power and policy, its structure, mechanisms and a configuration in the surrounding reality, reflecting the political world. The political world view grows out of an interiorization of the political world as parts of the vital world in individual and collective consciousness. The structure of a political world view is made by the visual and cognitive images organized in multilevel system in system of coordinates of space and time: ontologic level (kernel of a political world view) contains symbolical images of the power and the state (Homeland); basic level images of elements of the political world and idea of ways of communication between them; the tool includes ideas of possible models for the subject of political behavior. Problems of conceptualization of a political world view are allocated.

International territorial administration (ITA), a phenomenon which evolved from classical peacekeeping and peacebuilding activities under the auspices of the United Nations, represents direct or less direct involvement of international actors (the United Nations, the European Union and other international organizations and institutions) in governing a post-conflict country. The aim of such an engagement is restoration of peace, establishment of rule of law, respect for human rights, creating social stability and setting the foundations for economic development. This paper gives insight into and an assessment of the results of more recent cases of international administration following the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Eastern Slavonia in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo) by presenting circumstances in which the missions were established, the legal basis for their establishment, as well as the content of authority entrusted to the missions. However, the author focuses on the most recent mission in Kosovo, the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), the complexity and uniqueness of which is manifested, among other things, in the distribution of governmental and supervisory powers on not just one, but several international actors (the United Nations, the European Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the NATO and other). Moreover, the author expresses concern about the continuing prolongation of the duration of UNMIK and the European Union Rule of Law Mission's (EULEX) mandates and explains that the international presence could have a negative effect manifesting itself as the reduction in responsibility of local institutions for their role in developing a society based on the rule of law. Key words: peacebuilding, international territorial administration, UNTAES, Erdut Agreement, Dayton Agreement, UNMIK, EULEX

El objetivo de este trabajo bibliográfico y documental es hacer un recuento histórico de lo que ha sido hasta ahora la educación bilingüe en los Estados Unidos. La autora plantea la importancia de la educación bilingüe a la luz de las nuevas políticas educativas y de los sentimientos de xenofobia de algunas organizaciones anti-inmigrantes. La educación bilingüe no sólo beneficia al inmigrante sino también al nativo, puesto que le imparte, además del conocimiento de aprender una lengua diferente, la posibilidad de expandir su horizonte en el entendimiento de otras culturas, sus valores y diferentes formas de ver e interpretar el mundo. Finalmente, la autora señala las características de los diferentes modelos de programas bilingües y en particular enfatiza los beneficios de la educación bilingüe basada en un lenguaje dual o programa de inmersión de dos vías donde se benefician estudiantes tanto de lengua minoritaria como mayoritaria.Abstract The aim of this bibliographical and documentary study is to briefly summarize historically what the bilingual education has been in the United States. The author points out the importance of being bilingual in light of the new educational politics and the xenophobic feelings of some anti-immigrant organizations. Bilingual education benefits not only the immigrant but also the native speaker. In addition, bilingual education provides the opportunity to acquire a new language, the possibility to extend horizons for appreciating and understanding other cultures and cultural values, and it expands the boundaries for seeing, perceiving and interpreting the world. Finally, the author points out the different programs in bilingual education, and in particular, emphasizes the Dual language Programs or Two- way immersion programs where students from either minority or majority language benefit each other.

Contemporary criminal procedure legislation has been characterized by intensive legislative activity followed by significant reforms of criminal proceedings in order to increase efficiency. One of the main results of these reforms is that many civil-law countries accept and to some extent assume criminal proceeding elements originating in Anglo-Saxon legal system and characteristic for the accusatory system. In this paper, the author considers implementation of some criminal adversarial proceedings elements adopted by some civil-law countries, but also a number of practical implementation issues. The author also gives some suggestions related to implementation of some criminal adversarial proceeding elements in Continental Europe. In that sense, special attention is paid to marginalization of the principle of the truth, i.e. to elimination of the court 's duty to determine the truth in a main hearing, introduction of a parallel inquiry, as well as to plea bargaining. ; Savremeno krivično procesno zakonodavstvo karakteriše pojačana zakonodavna aktivnost koja za posledicu ima značajne reforme krivičnog postupka u cilju povećanja njegove efikasnosti. Jedna od glavnih karakteristika tih reformi se ogleda u tome da mnoge zemlje evropsko kontinentalne pravne tradicije prihvataju i u određenom obimu preuzimaju krivičnoprocesne institute koji dolaze iz anglosaksonske pravne tradicije i koji su karakteristični za akuzatorski krivični postupak. Imajući to u vidu, u ovom radu autor se bavi analizom primene pojedinih adversarijalnih krivičnoprocesnih instituta koje su usvojile neke zemlje evropsko kontinentalne pravne tradicije i problemima koji su se pojavili u njihovoj praktičnoj primeni. Takođe, dati su i određeni predlozi u odnosu na implementaciju pojedinih instituta adversarijalnog krivičnog postupka u kontinentalnoj Evropi. U tom smislu, posebna pažnja će biti posvećena marginalizaciji načela utvrđivanja istine, odnosno ukidanju dokazne aktivnosti suda na glavnom pretresu, uvođenju stranačke (paralelne) istrage ,kao i sporazumu o priznanju krivice.

Recent research has examined the role of negative emotion norms and elite athletes' decisions to continue to train in sport when they are not physically healthy enough to do so. According to Lee Sinden ((2010) The normalization of emotion and the disregard of health problems in elite amateur sport. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 4: 241–256; (2012) The elite sport and Christianity debate: Shifting focus from normative values to the conscious disregard for health. The Journal of Religion and Health), athletes are persuaded to accept negative perceptions of emotions through a process called "normalization of emotion". The author draws on Foucault ((1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books) and Shogan ((1999) The Making of High-Performance Athletes: Discipline, Diversity, and Ethics. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press), to show how normalization works through an athlete's emotions using methods of normalizing, including hierarchical observation, normalizing judgment, and the examination (Lee Sinden, 2010, 2012). The author discusses how negative perceptions of emotion, described as "technologies of emotion" (Lee Sinden, 2010, 2012), are a collection of historical myths that continue to work in elite sport to homogenize athletes' outward emotional expressions. The consequence of normalization of emotion is the disassociation of athletes with their thoughts and feelings, and the potential subsequent suppression of concerns, such as training intensities and health. The following paper explores the theories of "normalization of emotion" and "technologies of emotion" in more detail. Through understanding how negative perceptions of emotions are socialized in sport, and the consequences of socializing emotions in this way, researchers and sport advocates may realize the need for a paradigm shift in the way elite sport understands and celebrates athletes' diverse emotionalities.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how human and social capital assist in the development of clustered and non‐clustered firms in the wooden furniture industry in Sri Lanka. The study resulted in three major findings: the most experienced and educated entrepreneurs played an important role to secure their market introducing brand name for the product; human capital acquired through formal education and experience is highly significant for the performance of clustered firms than that of non‐clustered firms; and irrespective of clustered or non‐clustered, performance of the firms in the wooden furniture industry in Sri Lanka is significantly relying on social capital.Design/methodology/approachBoth cross‐sectional and time series data of 96 active firms related to the wooden furniture industry in Sri Lanka are used in this study. The data were collected through questionnaires which were distributed by visiting wooden furniture firms in Sri Lanka in the year 2010. To test the hypotheses, two dependent variables, namely, brand name dummy and the size of the firm (in value added revenue) were used.FindingsThe number of years of schooling of the managers and their operational experience within their own business have a positive and highly significant effect on the introduction of a brand name for the products in both type of wooden furniture firms (clustered and non‐clustered). Formal education and prior work experience as managers are more significant in the case of clustered wooden furniture firms than non‐clustered firms.Originality/valueThe author visited these firms personally and interviewed the managers. From this, the author tried to see how both human and social capital contribute to the firms' performance. According to the author's knowledge, this type of study has never been done before in Sri Lanka.

The changes of axiological approaches to state property in different stages of Ukrainian independent state development are studied. State property is seen as national public thing which must be used by a state to achieve common goals and purposes. Statistic data about the structure of state property in Ukraine are given.The author notes a big importance of the Ukrainian law "About property" and other laws adopted in this area in the beginning of the 90's. Also the changes in legal regulations of property relationships are studied. With them the axiological importance of state property is changed too, notes the author.In the way of Ukrainian independent state development the bodies of central and local executive power, which had main functions in state property management, were changing; the authorities of official functionaries were getting larger of smaller; new objects of management were created and other objects were cancelled. Some of these changes can be said positive, but some were lame. Regardless of social and political structure changes the state property remains a public sphere. Thats why its management needs rational use, firstly, especially administrative means, notes the author.So, very essential in this area are the questions of keeping the state property objects on the exploiting organisations' balance, effective control of its presence and proper use, questions of administrative and legal protection of state property.The author notes that social imortance of the objects of the state property right cases public character of the state property management.The absence of property forms list in Ukrainlian law is seen as a defect in legal regulation. ; Досліджуються зміни аксіологічних підходів до державної власності на різних етапах розвитку незалежної української держави. Державна власність розглядається як всенародне надбання, що повинне використовуватися державою для досягнення загальних цілей тазадач.

Promocijas darbā " Latviešu nacionālā pretošanās kustība unRietumu sabiedrotie (1941-1945)" ir pētīti nacionālsociālistiskās Vācijas okupācijas laikā Latvijā darbojošās pretošanās kustības sakari ar Rietumu sabiedroto - ASV un Lielbritānijas ārlietu un militārās izlūkošanas dienestiem. Ir analizēta Latvijas Centrālās padomes un bijušā Latvijas sūtņa Stokholmā V.Salnā savāktā un ASV un Lielbritānijai nosūtītā informācija par stāvokli nacistu okupētajā Latvijā, un ir izsekots LCP politisko deklarāciju nonākšanai dažādās Rietumu valstu institūcijās. Ir atklātas LCP organizētās un zviedru, amerikāņu un britu izlūkdienestu atbalstītās slepenās bēgļu laivu akcijas uz Zviedriju, un ir parādīti LCP un ģenerāļa J.Kureļa grupas mēģinājumi atjaunot Latvijas neatkarību, sagaidot Rietumu sabiedroto atbalstu šo politisko centienu īstenošanā. Atslēgvārdi: pretošanās kustība, nacistu okupētā Latvija, Latvijas diplomāti Rietumos, Rietumu sabiedrotie. ; Annotation Doctoral thesis "Latvian National Resistance Movement and Western Allies (1941- 1945)" studies the relations of the Resistance movement in Latvia during the Nazi occupation with the Western Allies - the U.S. and British foreign and military intelligence services. Author has analyzed the information on the situation in Nazioccupied Latvia collected by the Latvian Central Council and the former Latvian ambassador in Stockholm V. Salnais that had been sent to the United States and Great Britain, and has tracked the ways of arrival of the LCC political declarations in various Western institutions. Author has described the secret refugee boat traffic to Sweden organized by the LCC and supported by the Swedish, American and British intelligence services, and has shown the attempts of the LCC and General J. Kurelis group to restore the Latvian independence, in anticipation of the Western Allies' support for their political efforts. Keywords: Resistance movement, Nazi occupied Latvia, Latvian diplomats in West, Western Allies.

Данное исследование посвящено избранию предпринимателей в состав законодательных собраний регионов. Переход из бизнеса в политику без отказа от ведения предпринимательской деятельности рассматривается как рационально обусловленная стратегия поведения экономического агента. Автор исходит из положения о том, что для предпринимателя депутатский мандат это эффективный инструмент реализации экономических интересов. На примере Законодательного собрания Санкт-Петербурга изучены возможности и ресурсы, которые доступны собственникам с депутатским мандатом. Также показаны ограничения, с которыми предприниматели сталкиваются в ходе реализации экономических интересов посредством использования политического, административного и иных ресурсов. В работе уделено внимание и масштабам прихода представителей бизнеса в законодательные собрания регионов Северо-Западного федерального округа. В ходе исследования был сделан вывод о том, что депутатский мандат следует рассматривать как «окно возможностей», позволяющих предпринимателю оптимизировать положение на рынке. В то же время такие возможности не являются безграничными, а отношения бизнеса и власти имеют форму обмена. ; The article is devoted to the election of businessmen into regional legislatures. Transition from business to politics without withdrawing the entrepreneurial activity is considered as a rationalized behavior of economic actors. The author supposes that mandate of a legislator serves as an effective tool for pursuing business interests. Legislature Assembly of Saint-Petersburg is a case for studying opportunities and resources which are available to business people becoming its memebers. The study demonstrates the barriers faced by entrepreneurs pursuing their interests through accumulation of political, administrative, and other resources. The author focuses on the scale of the business people elections to regional legislatures of North-Western Federal Okrug. The research findings show that a new political status presents a «window of opportunities», widening entrepreneurs capacities to optimize their market positions. At the same time, limitations of these opportunities are examined.

Resumen: El artículo analiza la situación actual de la empresa, reflejando que existen dos ideas opuestas en el modo en que ésta es concebida: una tendencia ética, y una tendencia maximizadora. Como consecuencia de este antagonismo, la ética empresaria y la RSE han perdido prestigio o han sido politizadas. Frente a este diagnóstico, el autor propone redefinir el concepto de empresa desde su sentido y responsabilidad dentro del tejido social, para luego poder replantear el concepto de ética empresarial y de RSE. El primer paso para volver a plantear la noción de empresa es analizar cuál es la finalidad de la misma en la sociedad, y en segundo lugar, pensar cuáles son los fines de los stakeholders. Finalmente, el autor hace referencia a la importancia de la dimensión subjetiva de la actividad del líder empresarial, quien posee una responsabilidad fiduciaria hacia su empresa y también hacia la sociedad ; Abstract: The article analyzes the current situation of the company, reflecting that there are two opposed ideas in the way it is conceived: an ethical tendency and a maximizing tendency. As a result of this antagonism, business ethics and CSR have lost prestige or have been politicized. The author proposes to redefine the concept of business from its true meaning and responsibility within the social fabric, and to rethink the concept of business ethics and CSR. The first step to revisit the notion of business is to analyze its purpose in society, and secondly, to think about the aims of the stakeholders. Finally, the author refers to the importance of the subjective dimension of the business leader's activity, who has a fiduciary responsibility towards the company and also towards society

Поднята проблема несоответствия современного среднего образования требованиям времени и задачам реформы образования, поставленным в наши дни Правительством РФ, что вызвало необходимость новых подходов к проектированию и разработке новой образовательной модели школы будущего. На основе изучения и обобщения отечественного и зарубежного опыта проектирования и строительства новых школ и новых образовательных программ автором предлагается образовательная модель школы, названная «идеальным городом детей». «Идеальный город детей» как воплощение мечты «о возрождении общества посредством нравственной или «говорящей» архитектуры, волнующей и воспитывающей восприятием образов, построенных форм, и осмысленного пространства». Идеальная образовательная модель – это «Дом братства», «Дом добродетели», «Дом воспитания», «Храм Согласия» и, конечно, «Храм Науки», что, по мнению автора, должно стать одним из главных критериев формирования архитектуры новых детских образовательных учреждений. ; The article touches upon the problem of modern high education discrepancy to the nowadays requirements and tasks of the education reforms presented by the Government of the Russian Federation. This problem makes necessity of new approaches to projecting and elaboration of a new educational model of the future. Studying and summarizing national and foreign experience of projecting and creating new schools and educational programs the author suggests the educational model of a school titled «an ideal child city». «An ideal child city» as a realization of a dream about «a society renewal by means of moral and «talking» architecture, exciting and educative with the help of images perception, forms designing and space interpretation». The ideal educational model represents «House of brotherhood», «House of virtue», «House of education», «Temple of harmony» and of course «Temple of Science». The author states that such a model should become one of the principal criteria of architectural formation of new child educational institution.

Статья посвящена анализу источников и механизмов финансирования культуры в зарубежных странах в современныхусловиях финансового кризиса. Обосновывается значимость и актуальность поддержки культуры и искусства для создания инновационной экономики, предусматривающей совершенствование образовательного и интеллектуального потенциала людей. Сокращение государственных расходов на культуру ставит перед правительствами новые задачи по созданию условий появления дополнительных возможностей формирования финансовых ресурсов культурных проектов и учреждений. Цель статьи проанализировать и выявить основные тенденции в области финансирования культуры в европейских странах.Основными итогами работы являются предложения по применениюв России ряда финансовых инструментов в исследуемой области,используемых в экономически развитых странах. К подобным инструментам в первую очередь следует отнести налоговое стимулирование участников культурной деятельности, позволяющее расширить каналы финансирования культуры и привлечь для ее дальнейшего развития негосударственные средства. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы государственными органами законодательной и исполнительной власти в сфере культуры. ; The paper analyzes the sources and mechanisms of financingof culture in foreign countries in the context of the financial crisis. The author substantiates the importance and relevance of supporting culture and art in order to create an innovative economy which is needed to improve educational and intellectual potential. Reducing government spending on culture poses new challenges for creating conditions and additional possibilities of funding cultural projects and institutions. The purpose of the paper is to analyze and identify the main trends in the financing of culture in European countries.The author suggests using in Russia of a number of financial instruments in the developed countries. These tools should include tax incentives for people who work in cultural areas, broadening financing channels of culture and attracting nonstate funds for its further development. The results can be used by government agencies of legislative and executive power in the sphere of culture.

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag betrachtet die Entwicklung des Generationenverhältnisses unter der normativen Perspektive der Gerechtigkeit und Solidarität zwischen den Generationen. Der Fokus liegt auf sozialpolitischen Fragestellungen. Der Autor bezieht sich kritisch auf die in der Öffentlichkeit vertretene These zunehmender Konflikte zwischen den Generationen und einer Benachteiligung der Jüngeren durch die Älteren. Die Generationenbeziehungen in den Familien sind durch eine positive Entwicklung und ein hohes Solidaritätsniveau gekennzeichnet. Die sozialen Sicherungssysteme werden durch die demographische Entwicklung zwar belastet, jedoch sind die Herausforderungen lösbar. Scheinbare Verletzungen der Gerechtigkeit zwischen den Generationen im sozialpolitischen Kontext erweisen sich bei genauerer Analyse als intragenerationelle Gerechtigkeitsprobleme zwischen Familien und Kinderlosen sowie zwischen Arm und Reich. Der Autor sieht allerdings die Gefahr, dass das Schlagwort »Generationengerechtigkeit« zum Abbau sozialstaatlicher Solidarität missbraucht werden könnte. Erforderlich wäre aber mehr Engagement insbesondere zugunsten der jungen Generation und ihrer Familien. Eine lebenslaufsensible Politik ist aus der Perspektive der Generationenbeziehungen wichtig; dennoch scheint das Konzept der Lebenslaufpolitik für die Gefahr neuer sozial- und familienpolitischer Normalitätsdefinitionen anfällig zu sein.AbstractFocussing on socio-political issues, this paper looks at the development of generation relations from the normative perspective of justice and solidarity between generations. The author critically examines the publicly championed thesis of increasing conflicts between the generations and of the old placing the young at a disadvantage. However, generation relations in families are marked by a positive development and a high level of solidarity. While it is true that the demographic development puts a strain on the social security systems, these challenges can be met. Ostensible socio-political violations of cross-generation justice prove on closer inspection to be intra-generational justice issues between families and the childless and between rich and poor. The author however fears that the catchphrase »generation justice« could be misused to justify further cuts in social services. What is needed, on the contrary, is more commitment, particularly for the benefit of the young generation and their families. From the perspective of generation relations, politics which is sensitive to the course of life is material; the concept of life-course politics, however, seems to be vulnerable to socio- and family political definitions of normality.

Статья посвящена созданию резервов на предприятиях в условиях риска и неопределенности. Рассмотрены различные подходы к понятию «резервы». Автор предложил свое определение понятия «резервы». Проведен анализ истории развития резервов, начиная с первое упоминание о резервах в бухгалтерских балансах, встречающиеся в исторических ссылках конца XIV вв., до сегодняшних дней. Проанализировано действующие законодательно-нормативные документы, касающиеся понятия, учета и представления учетной информации в отчетности о резервах. Законодательно сейчас разрешено создание следующих резервов на предприятии: 1) резервный капитал; 2) оценочные резервы (резервы по сомнительным долгам; резервы под обесценение вложений в ценные бумаги; резервы под снижение стоимости материальных ценностей); 3) резервы предстоящих расходов. Показан процесс создания резервов на предприятии на счетах бухгалтерского учета. Автором предложены новые резервы для предприятий общественного питания, которые позволят снизить производственные и коммерческие риски. ; The article is devoted to the creation of reserves in enterprises under risk and uncertainty. The different approaches to the concept of "reserves". The author offered his definition of "reserves". The analysis of the history of the reserves, since the first mention of the reserves in the balance sheets, found in historical references of the late XIV century., Until today. Analyzed the existing legislative and regulatory documents related to the concepts of accounting and presentation of accounting information in the reporting of reserves. The legislation is now permitted the creation of these reserves in the enterprise: 1) a capital reserve, and 2) estimates of reserves (provisions for doubtful debts, provisions for impairment of investments in securities, provisions for impairment of property), and 3) reserves for future expenses. The process of provisioning in the enterprise in the accounts. The author offers new resources for public supply, which will reduce operational and commercial risks.

The work focuses on the connections of strain localization modeling of material failure and discrete fracture mechanics. It is an attempt to give an answer to the old question of whether the finite element solutions of material failure problems based on strain localization techniques, using standard continuum stress–strain constitutive models equipped with strain softening, have physical sense as solutions of de-cohesive fracture mechanics problems. Based on some well-established links of the Continuum Strong Discontinuity Approach (CSDA) to material failure and cohesive fracture mechanics, some objective indicators are proposed to assess the quality of strain localization results. These indicators are simply derived on the basis of the inelastic strain distribution provided by the strain localization solutions and the direction of propagation of the localization band. They can be computed without knowledge of the exact fracture mechanics solution of the problem, and used as error indicators in a large variety of material failure situations. The proposed indicators are assessed, by means of their application to evaluation of a number of strain localization solutions of benchmark problems. Issues as the influence of the mesh structure and alignment, type of constitutive model and considered finite element techniques are examined. On the light of the obtained results, classical flaws in strain localization solutions, as mesh bias dependence and stress-locking are reinterpreted. ; The Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and the Catalan Government Research Department, are gratefully acknowledged by the first author for their financial support to this research under grants BIA2011-24258 and 2009 SGR 1510, respectively. The second author acknowledges the financial support from the Argentinean CONICET trough project PIP-2009 No. 0341. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)