Suchergebnisse

International audience ; With increasing social awareness, concerning impacts of climate change, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is gaining traction on a world scale. It is being pushed forward by the European Union as one of the important levers to mitigate its greenhouse gases emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and its derived carbon footprint method, is thus becoming a crucial point of support to provide a strategic political vision. However, these guidelines rely on current LCA standards and practices and are not adapted to provide a strategic vision. System modelling of environmental impacts of valorization technologies with LCA use substitution scenarios and/or consequential LCA. Consequential LCA only considers unconstrained markets: every product issued from a valorization or CCU process is always considered as a substitute for a determining product. However, this is not always what is observed, especially in the construction and demolition sector. Valorization technologies are always developed according to a given state of external constraints defined by waste composition and amounts as well as existing regulations and their amounts and nature is constantly changing. Thus, the first focus of waste treatment industries is thus to find possible technological means to "get rid of" undesirable amounts of waste or carbon dioxide, but the fact that it can replace existing and determining products is by and large ignored. To reflect actual situation, there is a need to introduce the possibility of constrained markets in the models. With constrained markets, price elasticity cannot be used as the basic relationship between price, demand and produced amounts. Thus, for constrained markets, the product scale is not adapted. To overcome the abovementioned obstacles, we propose a transdisciplinary approach described in this paper. This approach is currently being developed through its application to valorization of New Caledonia nickel slags by CCU, in the CARBOSCORIES 2 and CARBOVAL projects.

International audience ; With increasing social awareness, concerning impacts of climate change, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is gaining traction on a world scale. It is being pushed forward by the European Union as one of the important levers to mitigate its greenhouse gases emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and its derived carbon footprint method, is thus becoming a crucial point of support to provide a strategic political vision. However, these guidelines rely on current LCA standards and practices and are not adapted to provide a strategic vision. System modelling of environmental impacts of valorization technologies with LCA use substitution scenarios and/or consequential LCA. Consequential LCA only considers unconstrained markets: every product issued from a valorization or CCU process is always considered as a substitute for a determining product. However, this is not always what is observed, especially in the construction and demolition sector. Valorization technologies are always developed according to a given state of external constraints defined by waste composition and amounts as well as existing regulations and their amounts and nature is constantly changing. Thus, the first focus of waste treatment industries is thus to find possible technological means to "get rid of" undesirable amounts of waste or carbon dioxide, but the fact that it can replace existing and determining products is by and large ignored. To reflect actual situation, there is a need to introduce the possibility of constrained markets in the models. With constrained markets, price elasticity cannot be used as the basic relationship between price, demand and produced amounts. Thus, for constrained markets, the product scale is not adapted. To overcome the abovementioned obstacles, we propose a transdisciplinary approach described in this paper. This approach is currently being developed through its application to valorization of New Caledonia nickel slags by CCU, in the CARBOSCORIES 2 and CARBOVAL projects.

International audience ; Le plan de gestion des déchets est la transcription, en actions locales, d'une législation européenne environnementale globale. L'évaluation environnementale est une procédure réglementaire qui assure les acteurs (citoyens, entreprises, institutions) que les incidences du plan sur l'environnement ont bien été prises en compte dans les décisions. Le plan, étant censé apporter un « plus » environnemental, à quoi sert l'évaluation environnementale ? Cet article propose quelques pistes de réflexion qui débordent largement le cadre de la gestion des déchets.

International audience ; Le plan de gestion des déchets est la transcription, en actions locales, d'une législation européenne environnementale globale. L'évaluation environnementale est une procédure réglementaire qui assure les acteurs (citoyens, entreprises, institutions) que les incidences du plan sur l'environnement ont bien été prises en compte dans les décisions. Le plan, étant censé apporter un « plus » environnemental, à quoi sert l'évaluation environnementale ? Cet article propose quelques pistes de réflexion qui débordent largement le cadre de la gestion des déchets.

International audience ; Le plan de gestion des déchets est la transcription, en actions locales, d'une législation européenne environnementale globale. L'évaluation environnementale est une procédure réglementaire qui assure les acteurs (citoyens, entreprises, institutions) que les incidences du plan sur l'environnement ont bien été prises en compte dans les décisions. Le plan, étant censé apporter un « plus » environnemental, à quoi sert l'évaluation environnementale ? Cet article propose quelques pistes de réflexion qui débordent largement le cadre de la gestion des déchets.

ATHOS, for "Analysis of Technical, Human and Organisational Safety" is a hybrid method for assessment of industrial safety that has been applied in empirical researches in the chemical industry. This research had the purpose of producing safety assessment of plants by taking into account organisational dimensions. One of the key principles of the project was to move beyond traditional audits as practiced in this industry in order to introduce insights from various disciplinary traditions such as engineering, ergonomic, sociology or political sciences. Based on several steps involving technical risk assessment, identification of technical and human barriers, evaluation of safety management system, description of real practices at shop floor and managerial levels as well as interactions with safety oversights (including regulator), the method attempts to capture the dynamical and systemic properties of industrial safety. The results are very encouraging. The three companies which participated to the research reacted for most of them very positively to this new way of assessing safety, beyond 'technically' and 'audit' oriented approaches. These researches demonstrate that it is possible today to better prevent technological risks by including human and social sciences into a still dominantly engineering based perspective. ; La méthode ATHOS, pour l'analyse technique, humaine et organisationnelle de la sécurité, est une méthode visant à intégrer plusieurs points de vue venus de disciplines diverses sur le fonctionnement de systèmes à risques à des fins d'évaluation globale. Historiquement la méthode ATHOS se situe dans le sillon des évolutions réglementaires européennes à la fi n des années 1990, vers une prise en compte de la dimension de l'organisation, au-delà des dispositions techniques, par l'intermédiaire des systèmes de gestion de la sécurité (traduit en droit français dans l'arrêté du 10 mai 2000). Toutefois, l'analyse ATHOS a souhaité dès le départ aller au-delà de l'exercice parfois formel de l'approche par les systèmes de management de la sécurité, et prendre en compte les travaux et connaissances en provenance de disciplines telles que l'ergonomie ou la sociologie, appliquées aux questions de sécurité. Une diffi culté de l'exercice réside dans la mobilisation de connaissances et pratiques qui appartiennent à des domaines différents, en particulier des univers distants les uns des autres, comme les sciences pour l'ingénieur et les sciences sociales. Cet article a pour but de présenter succinctement comment se met en oeuvre cette méthode, qui se déroule en 6 étapes

ATHOS, for "Analysis of Technical, Human and Organisational Safety" is a hybrid method for assessment of industrial safety that has been applied in empirical researches in the chemical industry. This research had the purpose of producing safety assessment of plants by taking into account organisational dimensions. One of the key principles of the project was to move beyond traditional audits as practiced in this industry in order to introduce insights from various disciplinary traditions such as engineering, ergonomic, sociology or political sciences. Based on several steps involving technical risk assessment, identification of technical and human barriers, evaluation of safety management system, description of real practices at shop floor and managerial levels as well as interactions with safety oversights (including regulator), the method attempts to capture the dynamical and systemic properties of industrial safety. The results are very encouraging. The three companies which participated to the research reacted for most of them very positively to this new way of assessing safety, beyond 'technically' and 'audit' oriented approaches. These researches demonstrate that it is possible today to better prevent technological risks by including human and social sciences into a still dominantly engineering based perspective. ; La méthode ATHOS, pour l'analyse technique, humaine et organisationnelle de la sécurité, est une méthode visant à intégrer plusieurs points de vue venus de disciplines diverses sur le fonctionnement de systèmes à risques à des fins d'évaluation globale. Historiquement la méthode ATHOS se situe dans le sillon des évolutions réglementaires européennes à la fi n des années 1990, vers une prise en compte de la dimension de l'organisation, au-delà des dispositions techniques, par l'intermédiaire des systèmes de gestion de la sécurité (traduit en droit français dans l'arrêté du 10 mai 2000). Toutefois, l'analyse ATHOS a souhaité dès le départ aller au-delà de l'exercice parfois formel de l'approche ...

International audience ; This paper is an overview of the current approach of resource conservation and environment protection in 16 Asian countries such as Bangladesh, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. Hong Kong is not included. However, the Hong Kong Government made great efforts for the last decade to improve urban sanitation, urban air pollution, industrial pollution and solid waste management. After the return of Hong Kong to China, the new Government keeps efforts. Many other countries of Asia are not included such as China. Resource conservation and environmental protection approaches are different among them according to the stage of development. ; Cet article est une synthèse de l'approche actuelle de la conservation des ressources et de la protection de l'environnement des seize pays d'Asie, tels que le Bangladesh, le Fidji, l'Inde, l'Indonésie, l'Iran, le Japon, la Corée, la Mongolie, le Népal, le Pakistan, les Philippines, Singapour, Le Sri Lanka, Taiwan, la Thailande et le Vietnam. Hong Kong n'est pas inclus. Cependant, depuis 10 ans, le Gouvernement de Hong Kong a fait des efforts importants pour améliorer les conditions sanitaires urbaines, la pollution de l'air urbaine, la pollution industrielle et la gestion de déchets solides. Depuis le retour de Hong Kong à la Chine, le nouveau gouvernement maintient ces efforts. Beaucoup d'autres pays d'Asie, ne sont pas inclus, tel que la Chine. La politique de conservation des ressources et de la protection de l'environnement est différente parmi ces pays selon leurs niveaux de développement.

International audience ; In 1995, Cetih proposed a research on the recycling of clothing waste in France. From a general observation (ecology, government's role, environment within companies, etc.), the following assumption was made: clothing industries can manage their waste providing that they implement a specific management system. The development of such an assumption makes us wonder how to endow not well-known waste with a value of exchange. In the first place, it is necessary to know clothing waste qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Therefore, to carry out a study of the economic, technical and regular constraints is essential. As a result, a tool of diagnosis has been developed and applied to 12 companies to get environmental data on this sector. In the second place, to move from an initial situation (waste eliminated in refuse tip) to a deeper recycling, it is necessary to determine the available or future opportunities of recycling. An analysis of recycling procedures with a technical and economic determination of their conditions of acceptance is proposed. Finally, a general method to help companies implement a waste management is forecast. It will allow companies to determine the most adapted solution among different possibilities of improvement. This method is based on the application of the tools previously mentioned and on a decision-making algorithm. This method is validated in the field within a clothing company.To conclude, the advantages and limits of the use of this method are questioned. A solution based on a unique model seems unrealistic. Moreover, if our method can help companies make a choice, it cannot exempt from an anticipation of the risks and breaking regarding environment in the future. ; En 1995, le Cetih propose une recherche sur la valorisation des déchets de l'habillement en France. A partir d'un constat général (écologie, rôle de l'État, environnement dans les entreprises, etc.) une problématique de recherche est définie : les industries de l'habillement peuvent maîtriser ...

International audience ; Regulation and control of hazardous waste in the U.S. is administered at the national level by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, or EPA), with support by the 50 states. The EPA develops national rules and regulations, under the authority of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). RCRA requires the identification and control of wastes which, if improperly managed, may damage human health or the environment. The hazardous waste regulations establish rules to classify waste as hazardous (or not), and to require the proper storage, transportation, treatment, recycling, and final disposal of hazardous waste. Within the EPA, the national rules are developed by the Office of Solid Waste (OSW), with the help and cooperation of other EPA Offices, in particular the Office of Research and Development (ORO). The public is involved through scientific peer review and comment on the proposed program, and also through the legislature. The 50 states adopt laws and regulations as stringent as the national regulations (or at state discretion, more stringent), and perform day-to-day administration and enforcement of the regulations.Under the U.S. system, materials must first be identified as a waste to come under the authority of RCRA; hazards from products are regulated under other laws. All discarded materials, including waste waters, contaminated soils and debris, and most recyclables are classified as wastes. Once identified as a waste, the generator must apply the regulations to determine whether it is a hazardous waste. If classified as hazardous, handling of the waste is controlled; if it is not a hazardous waste, few national controls apply, and individual states decide what handling is proper. The hazardous waste management requirements focus to a large degree on risk of groundwater contamination for both classifying waste as hazardous and controlling management and disposal of hazardous waste. In developing the U.S. system going into the future, the EPA is refining its ...

International audience ; Sustainable development requires a rational use of resources and an efficient management of waste. Consequently, waste management should be both economically and environmentally sustainable. Until recently, no tools were available to evaluate the sustainability of municipal solid waste systems. This gap is now being filled, and this article presents one tool that can be of use: life cycle inventory (LCI) for solid waste management. Several versions of this tool are now available; this paper focuses on the book and software created by Procter & Gamble. We will describe the methodology used, define the objectives and limitations of the inventory, and apply it to a couple of real-life examples. Both municipalities and the waste industry will now be able to make an overall economic and environmental evaluation of waste management systems, to support their choices and policy in this area. lt will also be possible to propose improvements for existing systems, by identifying their weaknesses. ; Le développement durable requiert une utilisation rationnelle des ressources et une gestion efficace des déchets. Cette dernière doit être durable d'un point de vue économique, mais également d'un point de vue environnemental. Jusqu'à très récemment, nous ne disposions pas d'outils pour quantifier ou évaluer ce caractère durable. Cette lacune est aujourd'hui comblée, et cet article présente un outil qui répond à ce besoin : l'inventaire du cycle de vie des déchets ménagers. Ce logiciel, créé et développé par Procter & Gambie, est aujourd'hui disponible et nous nous proposons ici d'en présenter la méthodologie, d'en préciser les objectifs et les limites et de l'appliquer à quelques exemples concrets. Collectivités locales, industriels du déchet vont à présent être en mesure de fournir des diagnostics précis et fiables pour justifier leurs choix et leur politique en la matière, mais aussi proposer des améliorations des systèmes existants en mettant en évidence leurs points faibles.

International audience ; The legislation introduced in 1982, prohibiting the use of tributyltin (TBT)-containing paints on vessels under 25 meters lengths, did not totally eliminate this biocide, toxic to aquatic life, in marine environment. TBT, preferably absorbed on finest particles in mud and sediments, is a potential source of contamination during civil engineering works such as dredgings. The results of an analytical study, realised during the dredging of the port of Audenge, has pointed out that the sludge treatment process, including both air oxidation and light exposure, minimizes organotin contents of the water effluent. ; L'arrêté promulgué en 1982 interdisant l'utilisation du tributylétain (TBT) dans les peintures antisalissures pour les bateaux de moins de 25 mètres et les structures immergées n'a pas fait totalement disparaître du milieu marin ce biocide à haut risque pour le biotope. Durablement fixé aux vases et aux sédiments, il est susceptible d'être libéré dans l'eau au cours de travaux de génie civil, tels que les dragages. Les résultats d'une étude analytique effectuée au cours du dragage du port d'Audenge montrent que la technique employée, basée sur une oxydation et une exposition à la lumière des boues au moyen d'une série de bassins de décantation, permet de réaliser une décontamination efficace des rejets.