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International audience ; In Innovating Development Strategies in Africa, Landry Signé examines the processes that have led to the development of institutions and public policy in sub-Saharan Africa in the almost sixty years that have passed since independence. Signé uses nine West African francophone countries to explore the key drivers of Africa's transformation, the differences between countries, and the roles of the international, regional, and national actors involved. He focuses on innovations at the level of processes, explored through the study of four independent variables: ideas, interests, institutions, and time. He uses these variables to structure the four chapters that make up the main body of the book, preceded by two chapters describing the theoretical and methodological context of studying innovation in African economic development strategies. The final chapter summarizes the key conclusions of his research and proposes new approaches to analyzing change in political science. The concept of innovation that informs this book is broader than the usual definition taken by African and international actors to describe their development strategies. By this term, Signé refers not only to a change in the content of development strategies, but also to "the manner in which these changes in content emerge and are transformed, regardless of whether they are modest or radical" (p. 2). His key interest is in how these innovations occur. He supports the hypothesis that, though at a normative level some have observed an apparent continuity of development strategies, important innovations in process require attention. The book does a remarkable job of highlighting the differences and similarities among the countries studied and putting them into a broader context. These countries tend to be overlooked by anglophone researchers, making their presence here especially important. They can be divided into countries that entered independence with socialist-leaning economies (Benin, Burkina Faso, Congo, Mali), and those ...

International audience ; In Innovating Development Strategies in Africa, Landry Signé examines the processes that have led to the development of institutions and public policy in sub-Saharan Africa in the almost sixty years that have passed since independence. Signé uses nine West African francophone countries to explore the key drivers of Africa's transformation, the differences between countries, and the roles of the international, regional, and national actors involved. He focuses on innovations at the level of processes, explored through the study of four independent variables: ideas, interests, institutions, and time. He uses these variables to structure the four chapters that make up the main body of the book, preceded by two chapters describing the theoretical and methodological context of studying innovation in African economic development strategies. The final chapter summarizes the key conclusions of his research and proposes new approaches to analyzing change in political science. The concept of innovation that informs this book is broader than the usual definition taken by African and international actors to describe their development strategies. By this term, Signé refers not only to a change in the content of development strategies, but also to "the manner in which these changes in content emerge and are transformed, regardless of whether they are modest or radical" (p. 2). His key interest is in how these innovations occur. He supports the hypothesis that, though at a normative level some have observed an apparent continuity of development strategies, important innovations in process require attention. The book does a remarkable job of highlighting the differences and similarities among the countries studied and putting them into a broader context. These countries tend to be overlooked by anglophone researchers, making their presence here especially important. They can be divided into countries that entered independence with socialist-leaning economies (Benin, Burkina Faso, Congo, Mali), and those that leaned more liberal (Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Niger, Senegal, Togo). By conducting a cross-national comparison that focuses on change, Signé highlights both the diversity of actors involved in creating political and economic policies and the speed at which these developments have occurred. African countries are often portrayed as receiving imposed external development strategies with little choice of how to implement them. Signé highlights the role that national actors have in shaping these strategies-one of the unique features of his analysis. Signé positions his approach to studying development strategies in Africa beyond what he sees as two dominant analytical visions: a political-technocratic, liberal vision, which

International audience ; In Innovating Development Strategies in Africa, Landry Signé examines the processes that have led to the development of institutions and public policy in sub-Saharan Africa in the almost sixty years that have passed since independence. Signé uses nine West African francophone countries to explore the key drivers of Africa's transformation, the differences between countries, and the roles of the international, regional, and national actors involved. He focuses on innovations at the level of processes, explored through the study of four independent variables: ideas, interests, institutions, and time. He uses these variables to structure the four chapters that make up the main body of the book, preceded by two chapters describing the theoretical and methodological context of studying innovation in African economic development strategies. The final chapter summarizes the key conclusions of his research and proposes new approaches to analyzing change in political science. The concept of innovation that informs this book is broader than the usual definition taken by African and international actors to describe their development strategies. By this term, Signé refers not only to a change in the content of development strategies, but also to "the manner in which these changes in content emerge and are transformed, regardless of whether they are modest or radical" (p. 2). His key interest is in how these innovations occur. He supports the hypothesis that, though at a normative level some have observed an apparent continuity of development strategies, important innovations in process require attention. The book does a remarkable job of highlighting the differences and similarities among the countries studied and putting them into a broader context. These countries tend to be overlooked by anglophone researchers, making their presence here especially important. They can be divided into countries that entered independence with socialist-leaning economies (Benin, Burkina Faso, Congo, Mali), and those that leaned more liberal (Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Niger, Senegal, Togo). By conducting a cross-national comparison that focuses on change, Signé highlights both the diversity of actors involved in creating political and economic policies and the speed at which these developments have occurred. African countries are often portrayed as receiving imposed external development strategies with little choice of how to implement them. Signé highlights the role that national actors have in shaping these strategies-one of the unique features of his analysis. Signé positions his approach to studying development strategies in Africa beyond what he sees as two dominant analytical visions: a political-technocratic, liberal vision, which

International audience ; In Innovating Development Strategies in Africa, Landry Signé examines the processes that have led to the development of institutions and public policy in sub-Saharan Africa in the almost sixty years that have passed since independence. Signé uses nine West African francophone countries to explore the key drivers of Africa's transformation, the differences between countries, and the roles of the international, regional, and national actors involved. He focuses on innovations at the level of processes, explored through the study of four independent variables: ideas, interests, institutions, and time. He uses these variables to structure the four chapters that make up the main body of the book, preceded by two chapters describing the theoretical and methodological context of studying innovation in African economic development strategies. The final chapter summarizes the key conclusions of his research and proposes new approaches to analyzing change in political science. The concept of innovation that informs this book is broader than the usual definition taken by African and international actors to describe their development strategies. By this term, Signé refers not only to a change in the content of development strategies, but also to "the manner in which these changes in content emerge and are transformed, regardless of whether they are modest or radical" (p. 2). His key interest is in how these innovations occur. He supports the hypothesis that, though at a normative level some have observed an apparent continuity of development strategies, important innovations in process require attention. The book does a remarkable job of highlighting the differences and similarities among the countries studied and putting them into a broader context. These countries tend to be overlooked by anglophone researchers, making their presence here especially important. They can be divided into countries that entered independence with socialist-leaning economies (Benin, Burkina Faso, Congo, Mali), and those ...

International audience ; Animal welfare is an area which receives more and more attention from media, NGOs, consumers and politicians. In order to meet the expectations from the surrounding society, animal industries must meet the public concerns openly, demonstrate transparency, and show a continued focus on improving animal welfare conditions. Overall, WelFur is designed to fulfil three purposes: 1) Provide a reliable and feasible system for animal welfare assessment based on scientifically proven measures. 2) Create consumer transparency about animal welfare standards on European fur farms. 3) Work as a toolbox for the individual fur farmer to point out and improve any areas on the fur farm where welfare standards potentially can be improved. With that in mind, the European Fur Breeders' Association started the WelFur project for fur farmed species (mink and fox) in 2009. The WelFur system is based on the methodology of the European Commission's Welfare Quality® project, which is widely recognized as the world's most comprehensive animal welfare assessment system. Animal welfare can be a difficult concept to pin down, and many people have their own personal views. Despite this, there is general agreement within the scientific community about what represents good animal welfare. This consensus has been expressed in the Five Freedoms which is a definition of ideal physical and mental states for animals. WelFur is largely inspired by the European Commission's Welfare Quality® project that established four principles essential to safeguard and improve animal welfare: Good Housing, Good Feeding, Good Health and Appropriate Behaviour. These principles complement and build on the Five Freedoms. Within the principles Good Housing, Good Feeding, Good Health and Appropriate Behaviour, the Welfare Quality® project defined 12 specific animal welfare criteria. Below the 12 criteria are a number of welfare measurements which are species-specific and must consider the biology of the animal species. The specific welfare ...

International audience ; Animal welfare is an area which receives more and more attention from media, NGOs, consumers and politicians. In order to meet the expectations from the surrounding society, animal industries must meet the public concerns openly, demonstrate transparency, and show a continued focus on improving animal welfare conditions. Overall, WelFur is designed to fulfil three purposes: 1) Provide a reliable and feasible system for animal welfare assessment based on scientifically proven measures. 2) Create consumer transparency about animal welfare standards on European fur farms. 3) Work as a toolbox for the individual fur farmer to point out and improve any areas on the fur farm where welfare standards potentially can be improved. With that in mind, the European Fur Breeders' Association started the WelFur project for fur farmed species (mink and fox) in 2009. The WelFur system is based on the methodology of the European Commission's Welfare Quality® project, which is widely recognized as the world's most comprehensive animal welfare assessment system. Animal welfare can be a difficult concept to pin down, and many people have their own personal views. Despite this, there is general agreement within the scientific community about what represents good animal welfare. This consensus has been expressed in the Five Freedoms which is a definition of ideal physical and mental states for animals. WelFur is largely inspired by the European Commission's Welfare Quality® project that established four principles essential to safeguard and improve animal welfare: Good Housing, Good Feeding, Good Health and Appropriate Behaviour. These principles complement and build on the Five Freedoms. Within the principles Good Housing, Good Feeding, Good Health and Appropriate Behaviour, the Welfare Quality® project defined 12 specific animal welfare criteria. Below the 12 criteria are a number of welfare measurements which are species-specific and must consider the biology of the animal species. The specific welfare ...

National audience ; Meeting the issues related to sustainable development of livestock farming requires innovations in genetics. In every sector, this is all about improving the robustness of animals by enhancing their abilities to adapt by including numerous efficiency traits in the breeding goals of selection programs particularly regarding health and adaptability to less standardized feed resources and of fluctuating nutritional value, changing and varied environments, and climate change. This leads to consider genotype-by-environment interactions within genetic evaluation procedures and to assess the performances of animals in low input systems, especially regarding feed and drug use. Since the end of the 2000s, the method that has been progressively used in all livestock breeding sectors is genomic selection, which, by disconnecting the computation of genetic values of selection candidates from phenotype recordings, makes it easier to select new traits and to take into account genotype-by-environment interactions. In the relatively near future, it will be technically possible to use strategies of targeted modification and selection of genomes that could substantially increase genetic gains, in comparison with those obtained with current genomic selection programs. However, the use of these new breeding techniques raises numerous issues on scientific, operational, ethical, and political levels. ; Les objectifs et méthodes d'amélioration génétique doivent évoluer pour répondre aux enjeux du développement durable des filières d'élevage. Dans toutes les espèces, il s'agit désormais d'améliorer la robustesse des animaux en promouvant leurs capacités d'adaptation, en intégrant dans les objectifs des programmes de sélection de nombreux caractères d'efficience, en particulier de santé et d'adaptation à des ressources alimentaires moins standardisées et de qualité fluctuante, à des environnements changeants et variés, et au changement climatique. Cela amène à considérer les interactions génotype x environnement dans ...

National audience ; Meeting the issues related to sustainable development of livestock farming requires innovations in genetics. In every sector, this is all about improving the robustness of animals by enhancing their abilities to adapt by including numerous efficiency traits in the breeding goals of selection programs particularly regarding health and adaptability to less standardized feed resources and of fluctuating nutritional value, changing and varied environments, and climate change. This leads to consider genotype-by-environment interactions within genetic evaluation procedures and to assess the performances of animals in low input systems, especially regarding feed and drug use. Since the end of the 2000s, the method that has been progressively used in all livestock breeding sectors is genomic selection, which, by disconnecting the computation of genetic values of selection candidates from phenotype recordings, makes it easier to select new traits and to take into account genotype-by-environment interactions. In the relatively near future, it will be technically possible to use strategies of targeted modification and selection of genomes that could substantially increase genetic gains, in comparison with those obtained with current genomic selection programs. However, the use of these new breeding techniques raises numerous issues on scientific, operational, ethical, and political levels. ; Les objectifs et méthodes d'amélioration génétique doivent évoluer pour répondre aux enjeux du développement durable des filières d'élevage. Dans toutes les espèces, il s'agit désormais d'améliorer la robustesse des animaux en promouvant leurs capacités d'adaptation, en intégrant dans les objectifs des programmes de sélection de nombreux caractères d'efficience, en particulier de santé et d'adaptation à des ressources alimentaires moins standardisées et de qualité fluctuante, à des environnements changeants et variés, et au changement climatique. Cela amène à considérer les interactions génotype x environnement dans ...

National audience ; Meeting the issues related to sustainable development of livestock farming requires innovations in genetics. In every sector, this is all about improving the robustness of animals by enhancing their abilities to adapt by including numerous efficiency traits in the breeding goals of selection programs particularly regarding health and adaptability to less standardized feed resources and of fluctuating nutritional value, changing and varied environments, and climate change. This leads to consider genotype-by-environment interactions within genetic evaluation procedures and to assess the performances of animals in low input systems, especially regarding feed and drug use. Since the end of the 2000s, the method that has been progressively used in all livestock breeding sectors is genomic selection, which, by disconnecting the computation of genetic values of selection candidates from phenotype recordings, makes it easier to select new traits and to take into account genotype-by-environment interactions. In the relatively near future, it will be technically possible to use strategies of targeted modification and selection of genomes that could substantially increase genetic gains, in comparison with those obtained with current genomic selection programs. However, the use of these new breeding techniques raises numerous issues on scientific, operational, ethical, and political levels. ; Les objectifs et méthodes d'amélioration génétique doivent évoluer pour répondre aux enjeux du développement durable des filières d'élevage. Dans toutes les espèces, il s'agit désormais d'améliorer la robustesse des animaux en promouvant leurs capacités d'adaptation, en intégrant dans les objectifs des programmes de sélection de nombreux caractères d'efficience, en particulier de santé et d'adaptation à des ressources alimentaires moins standardisées et de qualité fluctuante, à des environnements changeants et variés, et au changement climatique. Cela amène à considérer les interactions génotype x environnement dans ...

National audience ; Meeting the issues related to sustainable development of livestock farming requires innovations in genetics. In every sector, this is all about improving the robustness of animals by enhancing their abilities to adapt by including numerous efficiency traits in the breeding goals of selection programs particularly regarding health and adaptability to less standardized feed resources and of fluctuating nutritional value, changing and varied environments, and climate change. This leads to consider genotype-by-environment interactions within genetic evaluation procedures and to assess the performances of animals in low input systems, especially regarding feed and drug use. Since the end of the 2000s, the method that has been progressively used in all livestock breeding sectors is genomic selection, which, by disconnecting the computation of genetic values of selection candidates from phenotype recordings, makes it easier to select new traits and to take into account genotype-by-environment interactions. In the relatively near future, it will be technically possible to use strategies of targeted modification and selection of genomes that could substantially increase genetic gains, in comparison with those obtained with current genomic selection programs. However, the use of these new breeding techniques raises numerous issues on scientific, operational, ethical, and political levels. ; Les objectifs et méthodes d'amélioration génétique doivent évoluer pour répondre aux enjeux du développement durable des filières d'élevage. Dans toutes les espèces, il s'agit désormais d'améliorer la robustesse des animaux en promouvant leurs capacités d'adaptation, en intégrant dans les objectifs des programmes de sélection de nombreux caractères d'efficience, en particulier de santé et d'adaptation à des ressources alimentaires moins standardisées et de qualité fluctuante, à des environnements changeants et variés, et au changement climatique. Cela amène à considérer les interactions génotype x environnement dans ...

International audience ; BACterial Hosts for production of Bioac-tive phenolics from bERRY fruits (BacHBerry) was a 3-year project funded by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) of the European Union that ran between November 2013 and October 2016. The overall aim of the project was to establish a sustainable and economically-feasible strategy for the production This article is written by the BacHBerry consortium (www. bachberry.eu) and represents the collective effort of all participating institutions. The authors are therefore listed in alphabetical order. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

International audience ; BACterial Hosts for production of Bioac-tive phenolics from bERRY fruits (BacHBerry) was a 3-year project funded by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) of the European Union that ran between November 2013 and October 2016. The overall aim of the project was to establish a sustainable and economically-feasible strategy for the production This article is written by the BacHBerry consortium (www. bachberry.eu) and represents the collective effort of all participating institutions. The authors are therefore listed in alphabetical order. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

International audience ; BACterial Hosts for production of Bioac-tive phenolics from bERRY fruits (BacHBerry) was a 3-year project funded by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) of the European Union that ran between November 2013 and October 2016. The overall aim of the project was to establish a sustainable and economically-feasible strategy for the production This article is written by the BacHBerry consortium (www. bachberry.eu) and represents the collective effort of all participating institutions. The authors are therefore listed in alphabetical order. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

International audience ; BACterial Hosts for production of Bioac-tive phenolics from bERRY fruits (BacHBerry) was a 3-year project funded by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) of the European Union that ran between November 2013 and October 2016. The overall aim of the project was to establish a sustainable and economically-feasible strategy for the production This article is written by the BacHBerry consortium (www. bachberry.eu) and represents the collective effort of all participating institutions. The authors are therefore listed in alphabetical order. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

National audience ; Component of animal welfare is now more than ever the object of observation and recurrent criticisms that bring the legislature to increase drastically the requirements and recommendations of livestock management. This test was developed to compare the behavior and performance of livestock ducks ready to stuff (PAG) on route under forest and meadow paths with fixed points provided by shady old trees in summer. The study focused on two batches each consisting of mule ducks 200 ducks 4 floors respectively with access to a course in meadow with trees and a path in the woods. Measures of activity and occupation of space ducks have been carried out at the ducks after the opening of doors and closing them up in a farming system in semi outdoors. In addition zoo technical measures on growth performance, measures the state of the footpads (pododermatitis), the feathering and degrees of soiling of the animals were also performed. The first results show that rearing conditions appear to be paramount for healthy growth of the animals, especially during summer stress related to high temperatures. These results emphasize the importance of providing immediate vicinity of livestock buildings shaded environment capable of providing all the animals the conditions necessary for their proper development and better use of space outside. ; La composante du bien être des animaux est aujourd'hui plus que jamais l'objet d'observations et de critiques récurrentes, qui amèneront le législateur à accentuer de manière drastique les impératifs et les préconisations de conduite d'élevage. Cet essai a été mis en place afin de comparer le comportement et les performances zootechniques des canards prêts à gaver (PAG) élevés sur parcours sous couvert forestier et sur parcours fixes en prairie avec des points ombragés procurés par des vieux arbres, en période estivale. L'étude a porté sur 2 lots de canards mulards composés chacun 4 parquets de 200 canards ayant accès respectivement à un parcours en prairie avec arbres et à un ...