International audience ; In the last décade, wind energy has expericnced a substantial growth in Europe with an increase in génération capaciiy from 2,5 GW in 1995 to 34 GW at (lie end of 2004 This incTease has raised new probîems and constraints which led System opéra tors, electric utilities, governments or regulatory boards to define lechnical requirements for the grid connection of wind farms and more generaily of distributed génération (DG) units. At flrst, the requirements for wind fanns were rather "soft" (at least softer than for other DG units) and were mainîy intended to limit the "disturbances" caused by wind energy on power quality and grid opération. But with the ever increasing developmenl of wind power, the impacts on the grids become more and more significant leading to the définition of more and more "scvcrc" requiremcnts, In parltcular, wind farms (WF) arc now more and more often askcd to provide some son of anciilary services such as contribution to voltage/réactive power control and rrequency/active power control. This paper focuscs on the possible provision of such anciilary services by wind faims. Regarcling réactive power and voltage contTOl:-Doubly-fed Induction GÊaerarors (DFIG) and Synchronous or Induction GeneratoTS with full power électron ics interfaces (SIG) can liave réactive power control capabilities (both in production and absorption) depending on the rating of their power electronics converters. Thèse capabilities {characterized by a fast dynamie respon.se) can be used to perform voltage control. Moreover, if required, extemal reactive power compensation device.s niay also be installed.-Classical Induction G encrât ors (OG) do not hâve such réactive power control capahilities and therefore require externat devices for reactive power and voltage control.-Simulations carried oui show that WFs with voltage control capabilîties can significantly sustaîn the network voltage in case of grid events and mus may efficiently support the power System stability.Regard ing frequency ...
International audience ; In the last décade, wind energy has expericnced a substantial growth in Europe with an increase in génération capaciiy from 2,5 GW in 1995 to 34 GW at (lie end of 2004 This incTease has raised new probîems and constraints which led System opéra tors, electric utilities, governments or regulatory boards to define lechnical requirements for the grid connection of wind farms and more generaily of distributed génération (DG) units. At flrst, the requirements for wind fanns were rather "soft" (at least softer than for other DG units) and were mainîy intended to limit the "disturbances" caused by wind energy on power quality and grid opération. But with the ever increasing developmenl of wind power, the impacts on the grids become more and more significant leading to the définition of more and more "scvcrc" requiremcnts, In parltcular, wind farms (WF) arc now more and more often askcd to provide some son of anciilary services such as contribution to voltage/réactive power control and rrequency/active power control. This paper focuscs on the possible provision of such anciilary services by wind faims. Regarcling réactive power and voltage contTOl:-Doubly-fed Induction GÊaerarors (DFIG) and Synchronous or Induction GeneratoTS with full power électron ics interfaces (SIG) can liave réactive power control capabilities (both in production and absorption) depending on the rating of their power electronics converters. Thèse capabilities {characterized by a fast dynamie respon.se) can be used to perform voltage control. Moreover, if required, extemal reactive power compensation device.s niay also be installed.-Classical Induction G encrât ors (OG) do not hâve such réactive power control capahilities and therefore require externat devices for reactive power and voltage control.-Simulations carried oui show that WFs with voltage control capabilîties can significantly sustaîn the network voltage in case of grid events and mus may efficiently support the power System stability.Regard ing frequency control: the resuits show that when the Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) is full y loaded (maximum active power génération], appre-priate use or the pitch control may enabic the WTG (DFIG, SIG or CIG) to contribute to frequency control. In case of partial toad. the contribution to frequency conlrol can be achieved either by "disoplimizing'" the wind energy conversion by mcans of aie pitch control. or by setting a non-optimal rotor speed for DFIG or SIG. However, a judicious way to use variable speed ge&eratCffS may also be looperate them as mertial flywheels
National audience ; The Renewable Marine Energy (RME) is a challenge and an opportunity for the very next decades. For many years France has been delaying its involvement in this industrial area but is now aiming to install 6 GW of electrical power produced at sea by 2020. To keep in line with these international and European commitments, France encourages many stakeholders to join their efforts towards a fast and efficient development of these technologies within the French waters. This paper introduces the industrial background and the outstanding actions – from government and regional authorities. The Pôle Mer Bretagne (Brittany Maritime Competitiveness Cluster) is dealing with to help developing the RME industry in France. It is foreseen that this industry will represent by 2020 an overall market of 30 billion euros and 10 000 jobs. To achieve such a goal, several actions have been launched these last years. Among those, the best financial tool is the "Investment for the Future" ("Investissements d'avenir") initiative which offers a proper framework to develop ambitious projects such as:• The five R&D projects dedicated to the design of innovative offshore energy harnessing devices:- Two floating wind turbines (WINFLO & VERTIWIND)- Two tidal turbines (ORCA & SABELLA)- And one wave converter (S3)• The Institute of Excellence in Carbon-free Energy "France Energie Marine" aiming at aggregating all the French research efforts dedicated to RME and to manage the test sites that already exist or that will be installed soon.• The selection of the contractors for the four first French wind farms to be installed in the Channel and the Atlantic Ocean for a total power of 1 728 MW.The paper introduces the various devices to be designed in the next future, highlighting the critical aspects where R&D is still needed, and the specificities of such systems from an electrical engineering point of view. Finally it concludes with an overviewof the supporting initiatives, such as education and infrastructures, ...
National audience ; The Renewable Marine Energy (RME) is a challenge and an opportunity for the very next decades. For many years France has been delaying its involvement in this industrial area but is now aiming to install 6 GW of electrical power produced at sea by 2020. To keep in line with these international and European commitments, France encourages many stakeholders to join their efforts towards a fast and efficient development of these technologies within the French waters. This paper introduces the industrial background and the outstanding actions – from government and regional authorities. The Pôle Mer Bretagne (Brittany Maritime Competitiveness Cluster) is dealing with to help developing the RME industry in France. It is foreseen that this industry will represent by 2020 an overall market of 30 billion euros and 10 000 jobs. To achieve such a goal, several actions have been launched these last years. Among those, the best financial tool is the "Investment for the Future" ("Investissements d'avenir") initiative which offers a proper framework to develop ambitious projects such as:• The five R&D projects dedicated to the design of innovative offshore energy harnessing devices:- Two floating wind turbines (WINFLO & VERTIWIND)- Two tidal turbines (ORCA & SABELLA)- And one wave converter (S3)• The Institute of Excellence in Carbon-free Energy "France Energie Marine" aiming at aggregating all the French research efforts dedicated to RME and to manage the test sites that already exist or that will be installed soon.• The selection of the contractors for the four first French wind farms to be installed in the Channel and the Atlantic Ocean for a total power of 1 728 MW.The paper introduces the various devices to be designed in the next future, highlighting the critical aspects where R&D is still needed, and the specificities of such systems from an electrical engineering point of view. Finally it concludes with an overviewof the supporting initiatives, such as education and infrastructures, ...
National audience ; The Renewable Marine Energy (RME) is a challenge and an opportunity for the very next decades. For many years France has been delaying its involvement in this industrial area but is now aiming to install 6 GW of electrical power produced at sea by 2020. To keep in line with these international and European commitments, France encourages many stakeholders to join their efforts towards a fast and efficient development of these technologies within the French waters. This paper introduces the industrial background and the outstanding actions – from government and regional authorities. The Pôle Mer Bretagne (Brittany Maritime Competitiveness Cluster) is dealing with to help developing the RME industry in France. It is foreseen that this industry will represent by 2020 an overall market of 30 billion euros and 10 000 jobs. To achieve such a goal, several actions have been launched these last years. Among those, the best financial tool is the "Investment for the Future" ("Investissements d'avenir") initiative which offers a proper framework to develop ambitious projects such as:• The five R&D projects dedicated to the design of innovative offshore energy harnessing devices:- Two floating wind turbines (WINFLO & VERTIWIND)- Two tidal turbines (ORCA & SABELLA)- And one wave converter (S3)• The Institute of Excellence in Carbon-free Energy "France Energie Marine" aiming at aggregating all the French research efforts dedicated to RME and to manage the test sites that already exist or that will be installed soon.• The selection of the contractors for the four first French wind farms to be installed in the Channel and the Atlantic Ocean for a total power of 1 728 MW.The paper introduces the various devices to be designed in the next future, highlighting the critical aspects where R&D is still needed, and the specificities of such systems from an electrical engineering point of view. Finally it concludes with an overviewof the supporting initiatives, such as education and infrastructures, and of the perspectives.
If there are peculiarities in the energy consumption of sites, our project is characterized by a certain homogeneity between its sites. These commonalities facilitate the implementation of a management aggregate energy .The project becomes necessary because of the increased volumes and costs,and partly because of its recent construction, the project has not yet integrated management for a global reading and mapped energy. Energy policy is summarized by technical management (maintenance and daily supplies) and is followed partially, it is not yet the subject of a management strategy. In terms of energy issues, energy policy is needed at hospitals. This policy depends on the willingness of management. It must be operated with the aim of mobilizing all stakeholders of the hospital. A strategy that articulates multi-years of plans so that a stock, Indicators, a state of total energy, necessary places, and regular checkups should be adopted. Staff awareness on good practices in the hospital, help reducing the energy consumption. Working communication and supervision is an important condition to achieve this goal. Energy consumption can be reduced by inexpensive investments, especially for electricity expenses needs heavier investments. Energy is an area of great complexity, whose analysis is difficult to quantify and mapped. The cost of energy as well as environmental and regulatory considerations, justify the implementation of a proactive policy in hospitals.,In a complex international environment, hospitals must develop an energy policy. A strategic choices must be defined by hospitals. Identification of goals, plans adaptation to actions ,and evaluation must be included. Staff should be in a complete awareness of the needed investment amount that meets the energy challenges perfectly in the preparation of hospitals. Thus the project's aim, is to track possible amount of investment with an awareness of eco-gestures staff investment. For this, in addition to the commitment and efforts of a direction, it is necessary that public authorities accompany and support hospitals, including the granting of aid to investment, in addition to the commitment and efforts of a direction. In the other side, Authorities must punish hospitals who neglect the implementation of their legal obligations on the energy issue. In our project in Hiram hospital, we made the diagnosis, measures and studies of each device to make an estimate of the expected consumption of electricity, and according to the measures by a recording system 24 hours, we see the highest consumption of electricity is in the period between 9: 00 am and 14: 00 pm especially in the summer. This high energy consumption, is the reason to launch a comprehensive study on energy saving in the hospital. Air conditioners in the hospital consume 40% of the total energy consumed. After investments we found that they are not installed according to relevant standards. After measuring the current in hospital lighting lamps ,we find that its best to replace LED lamps to save energy, in the same time ,we looked for another solutions without changing the lamps ,such as remote systems ,lighting (timer, sensor .) .Shifting to the harmonic signals in the hospital, after investments, we found that the three harmonics are presented through the influence of his lamps ,clinical appliances and air conditioners, for this we realize a passive filter to eliminate these harmonics. The compliance of electrical NF 211 is more interesting to be performed in the hospital, the administration of the Hiram hospital suggests that applying this project is possible to improve the normative quality of the hospital. ; S'il existe des particularités dans les consommations énergétiques des sites, notre projet se caractérise par une certaine homogénéité entre ses sites. Ces points communs favorisent la mise en œuvre d'une gestion de l'énergie agrégée au niveau du projet qui devient nécessaire compte tenu des hausses en volumes et en coûts. En effet, notamment en raison de sa construction récente, le projet n'a pas encore une gestion intégrée permettant une lecture globale et cartographiée de l'énergie. La politique énergétique est résumée à une gestion par des techniciens (maintenance et approvisionnement quotidien) et elle est suivie de manière partielle, elle ne fait pas encore l'objet d'une stratégie managériale. Au regard des enjeux énergétiques, une politique énergétique est nécessaire dan les hôpitaux. Cette politique dépend de la volonté de la direction. Elle doit être pilotée dans l'objectif de mobiliser l'ensemble des acteurs de l'hôpital. Une stratégie, articulée en plans pluriannuels et en actions doit être adoptée. Des indicateurs et un état des lieux énergétiques somme nécessaires, ainsi que des bilans réguliers. La sensibilisation du personnel sur les bonnes pratiques, et de tous les acteurs de l'hôpital, favorise la réduction des consommations d'énergie. Pour ce faire, un travail de communication et d'encadrement est important. Des investissements peu onéreux réduisent les consommations d'énergie, en particulier pour les dépenses d'électricité. Des investissements plus lourds. L'énergie est un domaine d'une grande complexité, dont l'analyse est difficilement quantifiable et cartographiée. Or le coût des énergies, ainsi que des considérations environnementales et réglementaires, justifient la mise en œuvre d'une politique volontariste dans les hôpitaux. Dans un contexte international complexe, les hôpitaux doivent développer une politique énergétique. Les hôpitaux doivent définir des choix stratégiques, fixer des objectifs, adopter des plans et des actions et les évaluer. Les personnels doivent être sensibilisés et les investissements somme nécessaires afin de préparer les hôpitaux à relever les défis énergétiques. Pour le projet, plusieurs pistes somme possibles aussi bien pour une sensibilisation du personnel aux éco-gestes que des investissements. Pour cela, en plus de l'engagement et des efforts menés par une direction, il est nécessaire que les autorités publiques accompagnent et soutiennent les hôpitaux, y compris dans l'octroi d'aides à l'investissement. En contrepartie, il est aussi important que les autorités sanctionnent les hôpitaux qui négligent la mise en œuvre de leurs obligations légales sur la question énergétique. Dans notre projet de l'hôpital Hiram, nous avons fait le diagnostic, les mesures et les études de chaque appareil pour faire une estimation attendue de la consommation d'énergie électrique, et d'après les mesures par un système d'enregistrement en 24 heures, on remarque des consommations d'énergie électrique plus élevées dans la période entre 9 :00 am et 14 :00 pm notamment dans l'été. Cette consommation élevée d'énergie a été le motif pour lancer une étude détaillée sur l'économie d'énergie dans l'hôpital. Les climatiseurs dans l'hôpital consomment 40% de l'énergie totale consommée, et nous avons cherché toutes les solutions de ce problème car les systèmes de climatisation dans l'hôpital ne sont pas installés selon les normes correspondantes. On étudie et on mesure les courants des lampes d'éclairages de hôpital et on constate que le meilleur de se remplacer par des lampes à LED pour économiser l'énergie mais on cherche des solutions si ses lampes ne changent pas comme les systèmes de télécommande d'éclairage (minuterie, capteur….) et en plus, on relève les signaux d'harmonique dans l'hôpital et on trouve que les harmoniques de rang trois sont présents par l'influence de ses lampes et des appareils cliniques et des climatiseurs, pour cela on réalise un filtre passif pour éliminer ces harmoniques. La conformité de la norme électrique NF 211 est plus intéressante pour être réalisée à l'hôpital, l'administration de l'hôpital Hiram trouve qu'appliquer ce projet est possible pour améliorer la qualité normative de l'hôpital.
International audience ; Laboratory environments for experimenting on infrastructures are often challenging both technically, politically and economically. The situation is further complicated when the interaction between infrastructures is in focus rather than the behaviours of a singular one. Since ICT often has a key role in experiment management, data gathering and experiment upkeep - controlled experimentation becomes even more difficult when some of the interactions studied are between ICT and another infrastructure. The work described herein concerns design, implementation and lessons learned from the construction of a jointeffort experiment environment for, essentially, experimenting with infrastructures.
International audience ; Laboratory environments for experimenting on infrastructures are often challenging both technically, politically and economically. The situation is further complicated when the interaction between infrastructures is in focus rather than the behaviours of a singular one. Since ICT often has a key role in experiment management, data gathering and experiment upkeep - controlled experimentation becomes even more difficult when some of the interactions studied are between ICT and another infrastructure. The work described herein concerns design, implementation and lessons learned from the construction of a jointeffort experiment environment for, essentially, experimenting with infrastructures.
International audience ; In ships, materials of different electrochemical potentials - the steel of the hull and the bronze of the propellers - coexist. Once bathed in the sea water and electrically connected by the internal structures, phenomena of corrosion induced by galvanic coupling appear. These phenomena create currents in the water around the ship and induce, in the conducting sea water, a static electric field called "Underwater Electric Potential Field (UEP)" and a static magnetic field associated called "Corrosion Related Magnetic Field (CRM)", harmful to the electromagnetic silencing of the ship. In order to protect the hull and the other sensitive anodic parts of the ship against corrosion, cathodic protection systems are installed on the hull. This paper describes a response surface methodology to optimize the design of cathodic protection systems of military ships with respect to the double constraint: cathodic protection and electromagnetic silencing.
International audience ; In ships, materials of different electrochemical potentials - the steel of the hull and the bronze of the propellers - coexist. Once bathed in the sea water and electrically connected by the internal structures, phenomena of corrosion induced by galvanic coupling appear. These phenomena create currents in the water around the ship and induce, in the conducting sea water, a static electric field called "Underwater Electric Potential Field (UEP)" and a static magnetic field associated called "Corrosion Related Magnetic Field (CRM)", harmful to the electromagnetic silencing of the ship. In order to protect the hull and the other sensitive anodic parts of the ship against corrosion, cathodic protection systems are installed on the hull. This paper describes a response surface methodology to optimize the design of cathodic protection systems of military ships with respect to the double constraint: cathodic protection and electromagnetic silencing.
International audience ; Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is a means of increasing energy security whilst reducing the negative externalities of fossil fuel dependence. Programs, such as feed-in-tariffs (FITs) implemented in many countries for on-grid PV, provide economic incentives for investment. On the other hand, off-grid PV systems reduce energy poverty and increase both entrepreneurial productivity and return in rural isolated areas. Despite these social and economic justifications, there is still limited access to capital and appropriate financing mechanisms for the upfront cost, resulting in the slow uptake of solar PV under government programs, especially for poorer individuals. Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending networks represent an abundant untapped financial resource for accelerating the deployment of PV technology. This paper considers an innovative P2P lending framework for A) financing solar PV on-grid under a FIT program and B) off-grid for a small business, whilst distributing both the environmental and economic advantages throughout the entire population. The requirements and limitations of the proposed funding mechanisms are analyzed and conclusions are drawn.
International audience ; The European Union (EU) has recently recognized the relevance of green hydrogen (H2) to achieve the targets agreed under the Paris Agreement. Some of the member countries have released their strategies on how to incentivize the development of their internal markets. These plans seek to increase demand for hydrogen, that will be supplied not only by the local production in Europe, but also by imports. In this context, some countries with favourable conditions for becoming exporters of green hydrogen to the EU can be listed, such as Brazil. Local advantages include: (i) firm supply of economical renewable, (ii) high potential to expand renewable capacity at low integration cost; (iii) political stability; (iv) existence of a regulatory framework that supports this expansion, such as auctions that award long-term contract to winning-bid suppliers; (v) well established renewable industry developed over several years, including an established supply chain and specialized workforce. The production of green H2 in Brazil can also induce the internal demand that could competitively reduce emissions in the transport sector and in some industries.
European Union (EU)Horizon 2020 ; International audience ; The development of electric vehicles has been spectacular over the last 20 years, so the automotive industry has started to shift mass production of electrified vehicles. However, new electrified vehicles are required to face the needs of the users. Simulation is a key step for development of new vehicle. Organization tools, such as Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR), have therefore been developed to improve and speed-up the development of virtual electric vehicle models. The paper presents a comparison between functional and a structural representation on EV simulation under Simcenter Amesim. This paper studies the impact of the two representations on the simulation results and time. For this purpose, an EMR library for the Simcenter Amesim simulation tool has been developed.
European Union (EU)Horizon 2020 ; International audience ; The development of electric vehicles has been spectacular over the last 20 years, so the automotive industry has started to shift mass production of electrified vehicles. However, new electrified vehicles are required to face the needs of the users. Simulation is a key step for development of new vehicle. Organization tools, such as Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR), have therefore been developed to improve and speed-up the development of virtual electric vehicle models. The paper presents a comparison between functional and a structural representation on EV simulation under Simcenter Amesim. This paper studies the impact of the two representations on the simulation results and time. For this purpose, an EMR library for the Simcenter Amesim simulation tool has been developed.
The thermal zone is one of the key model to understand for energy management in buildings. Its model is described by detailing a specific process of calibration using a sensitivity analysis, two different models and two modules of prediction. This step at building scale validates the genericity and potential of the architecture. Coupling results with a simulation show its efficiency.Last part consider a case study, which consists in a small district of ten buildings. All of them are connected to a photovoltaic production central considering self-consumption approach. We described the automatic process of MPC creation, based on a set of optimization models. The influence of configuration parameters are tested, which consists in a concept proof.Finally, we consider the perspectives for the tool such as a upscaling of MPC complexity or a real case study considering its connection with real systems. ; Le changement climatique en œuvre est un enjeu crucial de notre siècle. Face à ses conséquences sur nos écosystèmes et notre société, les pouvoirs publics n'ont cessé de promulguer des réglementations en faveur d'une transition énergétique. Le secteur du bâtiment est un des principaux secteurs industriels émetteurs de gaz à effet de serre et son action est importante dans cette transition. Cela s'est traduit à l'échelle du bâtiment avec la mise en œuvre d'équipements à haute performance énergétique, mais l'impact de cette politique est surtout visible à l'échelle du quartier. De nouveaux systèmes de production d'énergie apparaissent, de nouveaux acteurs sont impliqués, des systèmes de stockage de l'énergie se diffusent. Ces changements amènent à reconsidérer les systèmes de gestion de l'énergie au niveau du quartier, les systèmes classiques, souvent réactifs, peinant à soutenir les nouvelles spécificités de ces réseaux. De plus, les systèmes de mesure se démocratisant, de nombreux flux de données deviennent exploitables et intégrables dans des méthodes de prédiction et de calibration de modèles physiques représentatifs des systèmes contrôlés. Dans ces conditions, les contrôleurs prédictifs à base de modèle ou MPC (Model Predictive Controller) deviennent envisageables et constituent une approche innovante et performante de gestion de l'énergie. Cependant, en dépit des nombreuses solutions développées à l'échelle de bâtiment ou du quartier, on observe un certain manque de généricité de cette approche.C'est dans ce contexte que les bases d'une plateforme de création de MPC a été créée dans le cadre de ces travaux de thèse. Basée sur une architecture générique orienté objet, cette plateforme a pour but à terme de pouvoir proposer des stratégies de gestion optimisées pour n'importe quelle typologie de quartier, même si dans ces travaux, nous nous limiterons à montrer son efficacité à l'échelle d'un quartier d'une dizaine de bâtiments.Tout d'abord, les méthodes employées sont décrites à travers un exemple simple mais suffisamment représentatif pour intégrer des notions de prédictions, d'identification de modèle et des logiques de formulation différentes : il s'agit de la gestion de l'eau chaude sanitaire avec un ballon solaire thermique dans un logement d'habitation. Cet exemple permet alors de considérer les spécificités d'un MPC pour ensuite pouvoir proposer une architecture générique. Composée de différentes classes d'objets permettant la configuration du MPC, son initialisation, sa modélisation ou encore sa connexion avec le système contrôlé, elle permet alors de générer une stratégie de gestion optimale via l'orchestration des différents composants.Dans cette bibliothèque de modèles, la zone thermique est un composant essentiel. Son fonctionnement est décrit, en détaillant une procédure d'identification spécifique à base d'analyse de sensibilité, avec des variantes de modèles et des méthodes de prédiction différentes. Cette étape de test à l'échelle du bâtiment permet de valider la généricité et le potentiel de cette architecture. Des résultats de couplage avec un simulateur sont présentés afin d'en montrer l'efficacité.La dernière partie est consacrée à un cas d'étude démonstratif consistant en un quartier de petite taille composé d'une dizaine de bâtiments avec des utilisation différentes (logements et bureaux) alimentés en électricité par une centrale de production photovoltaïque en autoconsommation collective. On y décrit le processus de création automatique, basé sur un ensemble de modèles, permettant d'obtenir le MPC. L'influence des paramètres de configuration est testée, et ce modèle a valeur de preuve de concept.
