International audience ; Ανάμεσα στην Ελλάδα και στην Τουρκία, σε μία λεπτή κατάσταση, οι μειονότητεςΟι μουσουλνάνοι της Δυτικής Θράκης και οι 'Ελληνες-ορθόδοξοι της Κωνσταντινόπολης απαλλάχτηκαν από την αναγκαστική ανταλλαγή πληθυσμών που αποφασίστηκε στη Λωζάννη το Ιανουάριο 1923 -με αργότερα τους Ρωμιούς της 'Ιμβρου και της Τενέδου. Βρέθηκαν σε μια δύσκολη κατάσταση αφού η αμοιβαιότητα που υποτίθεται από το άρθρο 45 της συνθήκης έγινε κάποτε μία ευκαιρία για αντιποίνες αφού οι δύο μειονότητες, ενισχυμένες στα χαρακτηριστικά τους, κρίθηκαν ενοχλητικές επειδή η αφομοίωσή τους ήταν αδύνατη σε δύο κράτη για τα οποία η αφομοίωση ήταν ο μόνος δρόμος προς την ενσωμάτωση. 'Ετσι πολλά μέτρα πάρθηκαν και στην Ελλάδα και στην Τουρκία, που όλα τους είχαν για σκοπό την μείωση της δημογραφικής, οικονομικής και πολιτισμικής ζωηκότητας των δύο μειονοτήτων. 'Ομως η πρόσφατη βελτίωση των ελληνο-τουρκικών σχεσέων και το καινούργιο ευρωπαϊκό πλαίσιο φέρνουν πραγματική αλλαγή στην γενική ατμόσφαιρα. ; Between Greece and Turkey: A Tricky Situation, the MinoritiesThe Muslims from West Thrace and the Orthodox Greek from Constantinople were excludedfrom the compulsory exchange of Greek and Turkish populations, decided in Lausanne in January 1923 (and later the Greeks from Imbros and Tenedos). They found themselves in a quite delicate situation as the reciprocity suggested by the article n° 45 became sometimes an occasion for a politics of reprisals, as, the two minorities, strenghened in their particularism, were considered "unassimilable" and cumbersome by the two States for which assimilation was the only way to integration. That's why so many measures were taken in Turkey as inGreece, all of them aiming at reducing the demographic, economic and cultural vitality of the two minorities ; however, the late improvement in the Greek-Turkish relations and the new European frame are really bringing a change in the general atmosphere. ; La Convention d'échange des populations grecques et turques signée le 30 janvier 1923 à Lausanne exclut ...
International audience ; Ανάμεσα στην Ελλάδα και στην Τουρκία, σε μία λεπτή κατάσταση, οι μειονότητεςΟι μουσουλνάνοι της Δυτικής Θράκης και οι 'Ελληνες-ορθόδοξοι της Κωνσταντινόπολης απαλλάχτηκαν από την αναγκαστική ανταλλαγή πληθυσμών που αποφασίστηκε στη Λωζάννη το Ιανουάριο 1923 -με αργότερα τους Ρωμιούς της 'Ιμβρου και της Τενέδου. Βρέθηκαν σε μια δύσκολη κατάσταση αφού η αμοιβαιότητα που υποτίθεται από το άρθρο 45 της συνθήκης έγινε κάποτε μία ευκαιρία για αντιποίνες αφού οι δύο μειονότητες, ενισχυμένες στα χαρακτηριστικά τους, κρίθηκαν ενοχλητικές επειδή η αφομοίωσή τους ήταν αδύνατη σε δύο κράτη για τα οποία η αφομοίωση ήταν ο μόνος δρόμος προς την ενσωμάτωση. 'Ετσι πολλά μέτρα πάρθηκαν και στην Ελλάδα και στην Τουρκία, που όλα τους είχαν για σκοπό την μείωση της δημογραφικής, οικονομικής και πολιτισμικής ζωηκότητας των δύο μειονοτήτων. 'Ομως η πρόσφατη βελτίωση των ελληνο-τουρκικών σχεσέων και το καινούργιο ευρωπαϊκό πλαίσιο φέρνουν πραγματική αλλαγή στην γενική ατμόσφαιρα. ; Between Greece and Turkey: A Tricky Situation, the MinoritiesThe Muslims from West Thrace and the Orthodox Greek from Constantinople were excludedfrom the compulsory exchange of Greek and Turkish populations, decided in Lausanne in January 1923 (and later the Greeks from Imbros and Tenedos). They found themselves in a quite delicate situation as the reciprocity suggested by the article n° 45 became sometimes an occasion for a politics of reprisals, as, the two minorities, strenghened in their particularism, were considered "unassimilable" and cumbersome by the two States for which assimilation was the only way to integration. That's why so many measures were taken in Turkey as inGreece, all of them aiming at reducing the demographic, economic and cultural vitality of the two minorities ; however, the late improvement in the Greek-Turkish relations and the new European frame are really bringing a change in the general atmosphere. ; La Convention d'échange des populations grecques et turques signée le 30 janvier 1923 à Lausanne exclut de l'obligation les musulmans originaires de Thrace occidentale et les orthodoxes grecs de la ville de Constantinople, puis ceux des îles d'Imbros et Ténédos. La situation ainsi créée est à l'origine de difficultés pour les populations concernées, car la réciprocité induite par l'article 45 se transforme parfois en politique de représailles et parce que, confortées dans leur particularisme, ces minorités, jugées inassimilables, deviennent encombrantes dans deux États qui se construisent sur le principe d'un strict État-Nation où intégrer, c'est assimiler. Ainsi s'expliquent les mesures prises dans les deux pays qui, dans un contexte différent, visent cependant toutes à réduire la vitalité démographique, économique et culturelle des minorités concernées ; cependant l'actuelle détente gréco-turque et l'insertion dans un cadre européen semblent pouvoir faire évoluer les données.
Η ακόλουθη μεταπτυχιακή διπλωματική εργασία, αποτελεί μια λεπτομερή ανάλυση των έξυπνων καρτών (smart cards), που χρησιμοποιούνται για ασφαλείς, αυθεντικοποιημένες συναλλαγές. Οι κάρτες αυτές έχουν το μέγεθος και το σχήμα πιστωτικών καρτών, αλλά επιπροσθέτως διαθέτουν μικροεπεξεργαστή, καθώς και ενσωματωμένη μνήμη. Η ανταλλαγή δεδομένων και πληροφοριών με τον εξωτερικό κόσμο γίνεται μέσω διεπαφών, ή μέσω ραδιοσυχνοτήτων RF. Οι κάρτες αυτές παρέχουν ένα περιβάλλον υψηλής ασφάλειας, στα δεδομένα τα οποία έχουν αποθηκευμένα εντός. Η παρεχόμενη ασφάλεια και η και η ευελιξία μεταφοράς τους, τις καθιστούν ευρέως διαδεδομένες, κατά το πρόσφατο παρελθόν, σε ένα σύνολο εφαρμογών, κυρίως στον οικονομικό/ τραπεζικό τομέα. Η παρούσα εργασία, περιλαμβάνει εκτενή περιγραφή των χαρακτηριστικών των έξυπνων καρτών, συμπεριλαμβανομένου των πρωτότυπων χαρακτηριστικών, των χαρακτηριστικών ασφαλείας, του προγραμματισμού και της διαχείρισής τους. Ακολούθως, επεκτείνεται στην λεπτομερή ανάλυση μεταβίβασης και ανάπτυξης πηγαίου κώδικα λειτουργικού συστήματος JavaCard, των καρτών αυτών από τις ήδη υπάρχουσες διαθέσιμες αρχιτεκτονικές βασισμένες σε μικροεπεξεργαστές MX51 8051, σε νέας γενιάς ARM Cortex M3. Η ανάλυση επικεντρώνεται κυρίως στον τομέα της διαχείρισης του λειτουργικού συστήματος Commmgr. Περιλαμβάνει επιπλέον, βασική περιγραφή και ανάλυση της ασφάλειας, της ανάπτυξης λειτουργικού κώδικα Java Card, της ατομικότητας των συναλλαγών, του τείχους προστασίας εφαρμογών, της αρχιτεκτονική διαχείρισης λογισμικού Commmgr των καρτών αυτών, έτσι ώστε να παρέχει το απαραίτητο υπόβαθρο στον αναγνώστη. Τα δύο κύρια χαρακτηριστικά των smart cards είναι η ασφάλεια και η ευελιξία που παρέχουν στον χρήστη. Σχεδόν το σύνολο των εφαρμογών που χρησιμοποιούν smart cards, βασίζονται στο ότι είναι πολύ δύσκολο να πλαστογραφηθούν ή στο να κάνουν προσβάσιμα τα προστατευμένα δεδομένα που είναι αποθηκευμένα μέσα σε αυτές. Αν για κάποιο λόγο η ασφάλεια των smart cards τεθεί σε κίνδυνο, είναι σχεδόν αδύνατο να τεκμηριωθεί/ αποδειχθεί η χρήση τους. Οι smart cards χρησιμοποιούνται σε ένα πλήθος εφαρμογών, όπως: αυτόματη συγκομιδή εισιτηρίων σε λεωφορεία, τρένα και αερομεταφορές, τραπεζικές συναλλαγές, ηλεκτρονικό πορτοφόλι, βιομετρικές εξακριβώσεις, έλεγχο πρόσβασης, κινητή τηλεφωνία, έλεγχο αποθεμάτων/ εμπορευμάτων, προγράμματα πιστότητας. Κυβερνητικές, οικονομικές υπηρεσίες, μεταφορές, τηλεπικοινωνίες, υπηρεσίες υγείας, εκπαίδευσης, λιανικής πώλησης, και πολλές ακόμη υπηρεσίες/ βιομηχανίες σκοπεύουν ή ήδη έχουν υιοθετήσει την χρήση smart cards, ως ένα μέσω παροχής μεγαλύτερης ασφάλειας και παροχής βελτιωμένων υπηρεσιών στους χρήστες. ; The following master thesis, it is a case study analysis of smart cards (Secure element devices), used for security based, authentication, and payment transactions. These cards have the size and shape of credit cards, but contain microprocessor and memory. They interchange data with the outside world through contacts or radio frequency. These cards provide a great deal of security for the data stored inside them. The security and mobility inherent in these cards have made them grow in popularity in the recent past for a number of applications, mainly in the financial area. This thesis includes description of the basic characteristics of a smart card, including standards, security features, programming and management of the cards. It goes through the process of implementing a detailed analysis for porting java card operating system source code, from existing java cards, based on SMART MX51 8051 microcontroller to ARM Cortex M3 family based. It includes also a basic analysis- overview of smart card security, Java Card programming language, transaction atomicity, applet firewall, secure element Commmgr software architecture, to provide reader a good basic background. The two main characteristics of a smart card are its security and mobility. Almost all the applications that use a smart card are based on the fact that it is very difficult to forge the card or to access protected data on the card. If for some reason or other the security of the smart card could be compromised, it would be almost impossible to justify its use. Smart cards are used in a wide variety of applications: automatic fare collection in buses, trains and airline travel, financial transactions, electronic purse, biometric identification, access control, phones, warehouse and inventory control, loyalty programs. Government, financial services, transportation, telecommunications, healthcare, education, retail, and many other industries are planning to or already using smart cards as a means of providing better security and improved services to its customers and users.
Abstract: In this paper we analyze the impact of exchange rate uncertainty on export flows among a panel of 27 countries throughout the 1994/01-2014/12 period. In order to do this, we apply a panel vector autoregressive model approach. By dividing the panel into two subgroups that involve manufacturing-exporting and commodity-exporting economies, we observe a different effect of exchange rate uncertainty on exports. This has a negative impact in manufacturing-exporting countries, but does not affect commodity exporting countries. This result appears to be explained by countries' economics characteristics, involving the flexibility or rigidities of the export adjustment arising exchange rate uncertainty.
under the leadership of Professor André Lucas The study aims to determine the feasibility of a mechanism for remunerating authors and holders of related rights for the non-commercial exchange of their works on the internet. ; sous la direction du professeur André Lucas L'étude a pour objet de déterminer la faisabilité d'un dispositif permettant de rémunérer les auteurs et titulaires de droits voisins en contrepartie de l'échange non marchand de leurs oeuvres sur internet.
A contract providing for an exchange of services falls within the concept of public procurement even where the remuneration provided for is limited to the partial reimbursement of the costs incurred in providing the agreed service. A two-stage evaluation of the tenders only during the award phase of the contract is admissible under an open procedure. If the evidence provided by the economic operator is considered sufficient in terms of corrective measures, the economic operator shall not be excluded from the procurement procedure. ; Un contrat prévoyant un échange de prestations relève de la notion de marché public même lorsque la rémunération prévue est limitée au remboursement partiel des frais encourus pour fournir le service convenu. Une évaluation en deux temps des offres au cours de la seule phase d'attribution du marché est admissible dans le cadre d'une procédure ouverte . Si en matière de mesures correctrices, les preuves fournies par l'opérateur économique sont jugées suffisantes, celui-ci n'est pas exclu de la procédure de passation de marché.
4270 4276 196 9 ; S ; [EN] The influence of different application-oriented factors on the electrochemical activity and stability of TbBaCo3ZnO7+delta when used as a solid oxide fuel cell cathode has been studied. Calcination at temperatures above 900 degrees C (e.g. 1000 degrees C) leads to a significant increase in the electrode polarization resistance. The effect of the sintering temperature of the TbBaCo3ZnO7+delta cathode seems to be more important than the effect produced by the Tb substitution as observed when compared with 900 degrees C-sintered YBaCo3ZnO7+delta; and ErBaCo3ZnO7+delta electrode performances. The presence of CO2 in the air flow leads to an increase of roughly 10% in the polarization resistance for the whole studied temperature range (500-850 degrees C) while this effect is reversible. Analysis of the impedance spectroscopy measurements shows that the exchange rate constant (k(G) from Gerischer element) is significantly affected by CO2 at temperatures below 700 degrees C, while the diffusion coefficient related parameter is slightly influenced at low temperatures. Electrode degrades with a low constant rate of 1 m Omega cm(2) h(-1) after 60h. This cathode material exhibits high CO2 tolerance, as shown by temperature programmed treatment under a continuous gas flow of air with 5% CO2, and a relatively low thermal expansion coefficient. Financial support by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Grant UPV-2007-06), the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (Project ENE2008-06302), the EU through FP7 NASA-OTM Project (NMP3-SL-2009-228701), and the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres through the Helmholtz Alliance MEM-BRAIN (Initiative and Networking Fund) is kindly acknowledged. The revision of this paper was funded by the Politecnica de Valencia. The authors wish to thank S. Jimenez for material preparation. Vert Belenguer, VB.; Serra Alfaro, JM. (2011). Study of CO2 stability and electrochemical oxygen activation of mixed conductors with low thermal expansion coefficient ...
Over the past decade, African agriculture sectors have been the object of numerous initiatives advancing a 'new' Green Revolution for the continent. The low productivity of African small-holders is attributed to the low use of modern, improved agricultural inputs. In short, African countries are expected to catch up with the Green Revolution in other parts of the world. This paper is a contribution to the debate on the new African Green Revolution. We analyse the Rwandan Crop Intensification Program (CIP) as a case-study of the application of the African Green Revolution model. The paper is based on research at the macro, meso and micro level. We argue that the CIP fails to draw lessons from previous Green Revolution experiences in terms of its effects on social differentiation, on ecological sustainability, and on knowledge exchange and creation. ; Pendant les dernières dix années, les secteurs agricoles des pays Africains ont connu un nombre important d'initiatives pour la promotion d'une 'nouvelle' Révolution Verte pour le continent. A cause de la faible productivité de leurs activités agricoles, en fait, il est demandé aux petits producteurs africains de rattraper leur désavantage par rapport aux pays de la Révolution Verte. Cet article est une contribution au débat sur la nouvelle Révolution Verte en Afrique. L'article analyse le Programme d'Intensification des Cultures rwandais (Crop Intensification Program, CIP) en tant qu'étude de cas de l'application du modèle de la Révolution Verte. La discussion présentée dans cet article dérive d'un effort de recherche à trois niveaux : macro, meso et micro. L'analyse révèle que le CIP ne prend pas en considérations les résultats des expériences précédentes de Révolution Verte, en particulier pour ce qui concerne des questions de différentiation sociale, de durabilité environnementale et de création et diffusion des connaissances.
[ES] This article describes the CYTMAR I and II field campaigns carried out in spring and summer 1997 in order to study the physical, biological and chemical processes and flows in the Ebro Delta area, both in the estuarine section of the river and in the freshwater plume formed near the mouth. Here the study has focused on the estuarine area, presenting some preliminary results and analysing the seasonal differences observed. This work is part of the FANS project (contract No. MAS3-CT95-0037) of the European Union's MAST-III programme and of the MAR96-1856 project of the CYTMAR programme of the Interministerial Commission on Science and Technology (CICYT). The contribution of all those who participated in the field campaigns is also appreciated. Finally, it is worth noting the collaboration of the Ebro Hydrographic Confederation, which provided the river flow data and CEDEX's Centre for Ports and Coastal Studies (CEPYC), which provided some of the equipment used in the campaigns. Sierra Pedrico, JP.; González Del Rio Rams, J.; Flos Bassols, J.; Sánchez-Arcilla Conejo, A.; Movellán Mendoza, E.; Knee, M.; Mösso Aranda, C. (2001). Measurement of physical, biological and chemical parameters in the estuarine section of the river Ebro. Water engineering. 8 (4): 459-468. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2001.2879 Ibáñez, C. (1993). Hydrological dynamics and ecological functioning of the estuarine section of the river Ebro. Doctoral thesis, University of Barcelona, 196 pp. Velasco, M.J. (1998). Description of hydro-biogeochemical processes in the Ebro Delta. Graduation tesine. Universitat Politècía de Catalunya, 133p. ; 459 468 8 4 ; [ES] This article describes the CYTMAR I and II field campaigns carried out in spring and summer 1997 in order to study the physical, biological and chemical processes and flows in the Ebro Delta area, both in the estuarine section of the river and in the freshwater plume formed near the mouth. Here the study has focused on the estuarine area, presenting some preliminary results and analysing ...
10036 10043 22 29 ; S ; Incorporation of germanium in zeolites is well known to confer static flexibility to their framework, by stabilizing the formation of small rings. In this work, we show that the flexibility associated to Ge atoms in zeolites goes beyond this static effect, manifesting also a clear dynamic nature, in the sense that it leads to enhanced molecular diffusion. Our study combines experimental and theoretical methods providing evidence for this effect, which has not been described previously, as well as a rationalization for it, based on atomistic grounds. We have used both pure-silica and silico-germanate ITQ-29 (LTA topology) zeolites as a case study. Based on our simulations, we identify the flexibility associated to the pore breathing-like behavior induced by the Ge atoms, as the key factor leading to the enhanced diffusion observed experimentally in Ge-containing zeolites. We thank the contribution from the European Research Council through an ERC Starting Grant (ERC2011-StG-279520-RASPA), the MINECO (CTQ2013-48396-P), the Andalucia Region (FQM-1851) and the Royal Society (International Exchange Scheme grant REA004). We thank Centro Informatico Cientifico de Andalucia (CICA) for providing computing resources. M.P., F.R. and S.V. thank the financial support by the Spanish Government (MAT2015-71842-P, Consolider Ingenio 2010-Multicat CSD-2009-00050 and Severo Ochoa SEV-2012-0267). Gutierrez-Sevillano, JJ.; Calero, S.; Hamad, S.; Grau-Crespo, R.; Rey Garcia, F.; Valencia Valencia, S.; Palomino Roca, M. (2016). Critical Role of Dynamic Flexibility in Ge-Containing Zeolites: Impact on Diffusion. Chemistry - A European Journal. 22(29):10036-10043. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201600983
cited By 11 International audience Background: Metal contamination is widespread and results from natural geogenic and constantly increasing anthropogenic sources (mainly mining and extraction activities, electroplating, battery and steel manufacturing or metal finishing). Consequently, there is a growing need for methods to detoxify polluted ecosystems. Industrial wastewater, surface water and ground water need to be decontaminated to alleviate the contamination of soils and sediments and, ultimately, the human food chain. In nuclear power plants, radioactive metals are produced; these metals need to be removed from effluents before they are released into the environment, not only for pollution prevention but also for waste minimization. Many physicochemical methods have been developed for metal removal from aqueous solutions, including chemical coagulation, adsorption, extraction, ion exchange and membrane separation; however, these methods are generally not metal selective. Bacteria, because they contain metal transporters, provide a potentially competitive alternative to the current use of expensive and high-volume ion-exchange resins.Results: The feasibility of using bacterial biofilters as efficient tools for nickel and cobalt ions specific remediation was investigated. Among the factors susceptible to genetic modification in Escherichia coli, specific efflux and sequestration systems were engineered to improve its metal sequestration abilities. Genomic suppression of the RcnA nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) efflux system was combined with the plasmid-controlled expression of a genetically improved version of a specific metallic transporter, NiCoT, which originates from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans. The resulting strain exhibited enhanced nickel (II) and cobalt (II) uptake, with a maximum metal ion accumulation of 6 mg/g bacterial dry weight during 10 min of treatment. A synthetic adherence operon was successfully introduced into the plasmid carrying the improved NiCoT transporter, conferring the ability to ...
Benveniste's thesis (1966) on the nominal sentence, which highlights the typical association of averbal syntax with sensory shapes, has given rise to various developments showing that the averbal shape is not frivolous or elliptical, but brings together a series of structures with their own organisational rules. An examination of a corpus of 6 000 contemporary English proverbs reveals a high frequency of averbal statements, distributed according to eight productive syntax diagrams, which typically include the protase/apodose implicative structure analysed by Kleiber 1999 for French and, typically, universal quantum or path markers compatible with paremic genericity. This contribution defends the idea that, far from being 'unwavering', the averbal shape, in so far as it semiotises a minimal relationship by removing the explicit anchoring of the writer (i.e. the word combination) in the present case and now from the interloctive exchange, inscribed in its syntax itself, iconically, the constituent haemonomy of proverbial expression in general. In other words, we call the proverbs in our speech because they do not belong to us in their own right, but the absence of a conjugated form in the warning sentence is also a means for the writer to distance himself (or to imagine distancing himself, depending on the pragmatic purpose) from explicitly taking care of his statement, which is the property of fixed forms of signage or works titles. ; International audience ; Benveniste's thesis (1966) on the nominal sentence, which highlights the typical association of averbal syntax with sensory shapes, has given rise to various developments showing that the averbal shape is not frivolous or elliptical, but brings together a series of structures with their own organisational rules. An examination of a corpus of 6 000 contemporary English proverbs reveals a high frequency of averbal statements, distributed according to eight productive syntax diagrams, which typically include the protase/apodose implicative structure analysed by ...
Short food supply chains have remained unrecognised until recently. The renewed interest in them today is linked in particular to the social virtues given to them, sometimes in an idealised way. As part of the Casdar Short Circuit References (RCC) project, which aims to improve knowledge of the holdings and producers involved in these circuits, the study presented here sought to deepen the social dimension associated with sales in short supply chains at farm level, without a priori positive or negative. It was based on two complementary approaches, guided by a review of previous work and an exchange between project partners: (I) the processing of data specific to social aspects collected in a broad questionnaire survey on 6 product families, (ii) the deepening of certain aspects through interviews with a variety of stakeholders. This work led to the identification of different models of short supply chains, based on their marketing practices and demonstrating different values and entries in professional networks. They show producers who are generally satisfied with their activity in short supply chains, in particular because they increase their autonomy, but also reveal strong constraints, linked to the complexity of the profession and the mental burden, which collective work or integration into networks often help to improve their lives and management. Moreover, while support for employment is confirmed as one of the main social impacts of short supply chains, the study also highlights the contribution of these channels to territorial development and social cohesion. These results open up concrete ways of improving the support and training of farmers, employees and project promoters. ; Les circuits courts alimentaires sont restés peu reconnus jusque dans la période récente. Le regain d'intérêt qu'ils suscitent aujourd'hui est lié notamment aux vertus sociales qui leur sont accordées, de manière parfois idéalisée. Inscrite dans le cadre du projet Casdar "Références en circuits courts" (RCC) visant à mieux ...
France is currently embarking on the path of personalized advertising on television. The idea is to give traditional media access to a financing model that is very common online and is considered much more lucrative than traditional "contextual" advertising. It requires a precise knowledge of the recipients' interests: it is a complete and individualized profile that is sold to the advertiser. At the same time, however, a number of decisions handed down by personal data protection authorities on the basis of the GDPR raise doubts as to whether this business model can continue. Although it is not expressly prohibited by European texts, it is caught in the vice by successive decisions rendered on the lawful basis of processing. It seems difficult to continue to base personalized advertising on the "consent" of Internet users or viewers. "Legitimate interest" also seems to be a dead end. What about "necessity for the performance of the contract"? The answer is complex and uncertain. Thus, in small steps, without much ado, we risk ending up with a de facto ban on a business model that is now titanic. Perhaps it would have been preferable to reach this result at the end of a frontal political and social debate, rather than as a result of a pile of apparently technical decisions.
This article consists of an ethnographic survey conducted between 2015 and 2017 on a mailing list named échanges. Inaugurated in September 2012 by the Réseau francophone des biens communs (RFBC), this list was intended to serve as support for the constitution of a "movement of the commons", which claimed to be "intercultural". The authors question the effective role of the digital tool with regard to this goal of "unity in diversity". On the one hand, they show that the digital tool has largely contributed to the deployment of a "movement of the commons" intersecting different fields. It has notably supported a wide activity of networking, exchange of information and reflection but also by allowing a large community to concretely experience this "movement". On the other hand, they put into perspective the enthusiasm that this tool has generated. Indeed, the list does not allow the flourishing of a broad community of action and intercultural reflection. Its advent is conditioned by a set of practices that goes beyond the technical tool (openness, regulation of exchanges, etc.). Moreover, the use of a mailing list is not a neutral choice. The survey shows that it is part of a broader dynamic, characterized by the ascendancy exercised by the "digital world" (or "free culture") on the list. In this sense, the article concludes on the need for greater reflexivity of commoners towards their own frames. ; Cet article consiste en une enquête ethnographique conduite entre 2015 et 2017 sur une liste de diffusion électronique nommée échanges. Inaugurée en septembre 2012 par le Réseau francophone des biens communs (RFBC), cette liste avait pour ambition de servir d'appui à la constitution d'un « mouvement des communs », que ses initiateurs voulaient « interculturel ». Les auteurs interrogent ici le rôle effectif de l'outil numérique au regard de cet objectif d'« unité dans la diversité ». D'un côté, ils montrent que l'outil numérique a largement contribué au déploiement d'un « mouvement des communs » transverse à différents ...
