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<p>Σκοπός του άρθρου είναι η συγκρότηση μιας θεωρητικής προσέγγισης της διεθνούς πολιτικής με τη χρήση των εννοιών της ασφάλειας και της στρατηγικής, που να θεμελιώνεται στην υλική οντολυγική θεώρηση και στην επιστημολογική θέση ότι το υποκείμενο και το αντικείμενο δεν διαχωρίζονται το ένα από το άλλο.<br />Το άρθρο αποτελεί ένα σχέδιο οικοδόμησης της προσέγγισης του διαλεκτικού<br />ρεαλισμού, που, αν και εντάσσεται στο ρεαλισμό, θεμελιώνεται σε διαφορετική<br />οντολογία, επιστημολογία και ερευνητική μεθοδολογία. Η οντολογική, επιστημολογική και μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση πάνω στην οποία στηρίζεται ο διαλεκτικός ρεαλισμός έχει ονομαστεί ολιστική/διαλεκτική, κύριο γνώρισμα της<br />οποίας είναι το ότι υπερβαίνει τη διάκριση μεταξύ ολιστικής/συστημικής και<br />ατομικιστικής/μειωτικής προσέγγισης και το ότι επιτρέπει την με χωρίς "αθροιστική λογική» σύνθεση διαφορετικών επιπέδων ανάλυσης.<br />Η θέση του άρθρου είναι ότι το διεθνές σύστημα και τα κράτη προϋποθέτουν το<br />ένα το άλλο και διαλεκτικά παράγουν τη δυναμική της διεθνούς πολιτικής. Η ασφάλεια αποτελεί την απαραίτητη, αλλά όχι επαρκή συνθήκη, ενώ η στρατηγική την απαραίτητη και σε συνδυασμό επαρκή συνθήκη των διεθνών εξελίξεων.</p>

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Summary The aim is to briefly present three streams of selective realism in relation to scientific realism in general, namely structural realism, explicationism and entity realism. First, philosophical realism is defined and scientific realism and selective realism are characterised. It is assumed that the main result of selectivism is to be able to respond to the problem of unobservable institutions in science and to the problem of historical metaineering of theories, which connects them with other realistic proposals. This assumption is corroborated by the sections devoted to these currents, which have the same structure: first, it sets out the answer they give to the problem of institutions, followed by the answer to the theoretical problem involved in the metainorisation argument. Following this, there are also some criticisms open to each current. ; Resumen El objetivo es presentar brevemente tres corrientes del realismo selectivo en su relación con el realismo científico en general, a saber, el realismo estructural, el explicacionismo y el realismo de entidades. Primeramente, se define el realismo filosófico y se caracterizan el realismo científico y el realismo selectivo. Se parte de la hipótesis de que la principal virtud del selectivismo es poder responder al problema de las entidades inobservables en ciencia y al problema de la metainducción histórica de las teorías, algo que las conecta con otras propuestas realistas. Se corrobora esta hipótesis en los apartados dedicados a estas corrientes, que poseen una misma estructura: primero se expone la respuesta que dan al problema de las entidades, seguida por la respuesta al problema teórico que implica el argumento de la metainducción. Tras todo ello, se presentan también algunas críticas abiertas a cada corriente.

Von Italien ausgehende, von der Literatur auf die Oper übertragene naturalistische Stilrichtung im späten 19. und frühen 20. Jh. (von ital. vero = wahr), die – im Unterschied zu den Musikdramen Rich. Wagners und seiner Nachfolger mit ihren mythologischen Themen – zeitgenössische Stoffe, v. a. sozialkritische Milieuschilderungen, Alltagsprobleme und politisch-revolutionäre Sujets in realistisch-drastischer Weise auf die Bühne brachte (Realismus).

according to Julien Rault and Stéphane Bikialo, the word realism is a word of power and a 'motto' that perpetuates the world as it is. Against this imposed reality, they call to be idealistic by asking for the reality. We need to be realistic, let's be realistic, it is not realistic. ubiquitous today in dominant narratives, the word realism comes from a rengaine, an imperium, at the very least agitating. While it has traditionally been recognised as the emblematic term of the right, combined with the status quo, immobilised (as Emmanuel Terray described very well in Penser on the right), it is now massively used in the rhetoric of whole-by-strategy or indiscriminate politically-speaking still saying themselves in the left-hand side, a sign of a certain drift, not to say a decomposition. Realism: a point of order. ; International audience ; according to Julien Rault and Stéphane Bikialo, the word realism is a word of power and a 'motto' that perpetuates the world as it is. Against this imposed reality, they call to be idealistic by asking for the reality. We need to be realistic, let's be realistic, it is not realistic. ubiquitous today in dominant narratives, the word realism comes from a rengaine, an imperium, at the very least agitating. While it has traditionally been recognised as the emblematic term of the right, combined with the status quo, immobilised (as Emmanuel Terray described very well in Penser on the right), it is now massively used in the rhetoric of whole-by-strategy or indiscriminate politically-speaking still saying themselves in the left-hand side, a sign of a certain drift, not to say a decomposition. Realism: a point of order. ; Selon Julien Rault et Stéphane Bikialo, le mot réalisme est un mot de pouvoir et un « mot d'ordre » qui permet de perpétuer le monde tel qu'il est. Contre cette réalité imposée, ils appellent à être idéaliste en demandant le réel. Il faut être réaliste, soyons réaliste, ça n'est pas réaliste… Omniprésent aujourd'hui dans les discours dominants, le mot réalisme ...

Based on various characteristics of Aristothecian ethics (moral realism, internalist fundamentaalism and contextual universalism), the article defines the aims of economic development as an open and incomplete set of different incalculable components. This incompleteness and inrecoverability poses serious problems in terms of choice and evaluation of these purposes in terms of international justice. These problems, far from being overcome by a quantitative reduction in the components of quality of life and the universalisation of these measures, must be addressed by a deliberative approach to rationality, leaving room for a contextual and normative assessment of the objectives to be pursued. The article proposes an Aristothecian approach to human development, that is to say, economic development geared towards a plurality of incalculable purposes defined on the basis of human nature and driven by practical rationality involving contextual perception and legislative deliberation as to the aims to be pursued, with a view to achieving the potential of human nature. ; Se basant sur diverses caractéristiques de l'éthique aristotélicienne (réalisme moral, essentialisme internaliste et universalisme contextuel), l'article définit les finalités du développement économique comme un ensemble ouvert et incomplet de différentes composantes incommensurables. Cette incomplétude et incommensurabilité posent de sérieux problèmes en matière de choix et d'évaluation de ces finalités en termes de justice internationale. Ces problèmes, loin d'être surmontés par une réduction quantitative des composantes de la qualité de vie et une universalisation de ces mesures, se doivent d'être abordés par une approche délibérative de la rationalité, laissant place à une évaluation contextuelle et normative des finalités à poursuivre. L'article propose une approche aristotélicienne du développement humain, c'est-à-dire un développment économique orienté vers une pluralité de finalités incommensurables définies à partir de la nature humaine, et ...

Indian Literatures, from Vedas to Diasporas Anne Castaing, Livres Hebdo, 14/02/2020 Firstly unimpeachable, it is in the plurality of Indian literatures, great sanskrites and heroes' stories of Hindu mythology to Nobel Rabindranath Tagore's poems and the magic realism of the very cosmopolite Salman Rushdie. The Indian subcontinent (which includes India, but also states bordering Pakistan to the west, Bangladesh to the east, Nepal and Bhutan to the north, and Sri Lanka and the Maldives to the south) is an area where literary is cohesive, protracted and even fed into history, politics and society, since its first formulations in the second millennium of JC. Although the French editorial landscape gives great weight to modernity, which is itself a foisonant and, moreover, largely diasporic, it is a reflection, whether voluntary or not, of sometimes millennial traditions, rich as well as iconoclastes. A few clarifications are therefore not unnecessary. Multilingualism European comparison is not inappropriate, although it largely minimises the contemporary Indian linguistic reality: the Indian Constitution recognises 2 national languages, 22 official languages and more than 400 minority languages, some of which (such as bhojpuri or rajasthani) have tens of millions of speakers. The former (English and Hindi) and the latter (bengali, telougou, sindhi, etc.) and the third produced fertile literature, often unfamiliar to the French reader: the English speakers Salman Rushdie, Amitav Ghosh and Arundhati Roy, or their predecessors R.K. Narayan or Raja Rao, the great romancier hindi Premchand (1880-1936), gandhien and father of social realism in India, remain ignored despite his major role in the nationalist movement and in the development of the Hindi prose. Authors such as Mahasweta Devi for Bengali, Saadat Hasan Manto for Urdou, Amrita Pritam for panjabi, Girish Karnad dramaturge for kannada or KSatchidanandan poet for Malayalam have, however, marked the modern literary history of the Sous-continent, both in terms of ...

Palaces as military expenditure and sale of weapons in the field of international security and political realism, seem once again to have a prominent place in international politics. This seems to be reflected in one of the latest reports by the prestigious independent international institution in the field, known as SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Reaserch Institute), which shows a growth of the main exporters (USA and Russia) and arms importers (India and Saudi Arabia). Department of International Security and Defence Institute for International Relations ; Palabras como gasto militar y venta de armas propias del campo de la seguridad internacional y de la vertiente del realismo político, parecen nuevamente ocupar un lugar de preeminencia en la política internacional. Así parece reflejarlo uno de los últimos informes dados por la prestigiosa institución internacional independiente en la materia, conocida con las siglas SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Reaserch Institute), la cual muestra un crecimiento de los principales exportadores (Estados Unidos y Rusia) e importadores de armas (India y Arabia Saudita). Departamento de Seguridad Internacional y Defensa Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

The only truth is reality, Aristotle said. And the sentence was chosen only to start making a comparison using the analogy between the most influential theories around the international relations that govern the international community. On the one hand, there is the theory of realism that has dominated the academic study of international relations since the end of the Second World War. Realists claim to provide both the most accurate explanation of the behaviour of the State and a set of policy provisions, especially the balance of power between them, in order to improve the destabilising elements of international affairs by emphasising the role of the State, national interest and military power in global politics. On the other hand, there is the liberalism which emphasises the broad links between the Esta-dos, which have made it difficult to define the national interest and have diminished the usefulness of myth-littering power. For this vision of R.R.II., the world is a harsh and dangerous place, but the consequences of using military power often outweigh the benefits. International cooperation is therefore in the interest of all States. The rise in globalisation, the rapid rise in communications technology and international trade demonstrated to states that they could no longer rely on a policy of simple power to decide. Institute for International Relations ; La única verdad es la realidad, dijo Aristóteles. Y la frase fue elegida adrede solo para empezar a realizar en tiempos actuales, y bajo la situación que están viviendo los Estados, una comparación utilizando la analogía entre las teorías más influyentes en torno a las relaciones internacionales que rigen a la comunidad internacional. Por un lado, existe la teoría sobre el realismo que ha dominado el estudio académico de las relaciones internacionales desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Los realistas afirman ofrecer tanto la explicación más precisa del comportamiento del Estado como un conjunto de disposiciones de políticas, especialmente el ...

In 1934, when Aragon began writing the 'Cloches de Basel' and then the 'Monde Real', expressing his willingness to offer socialist realism a French version, and aimed at a wider readership, he had popular models which he would not hesitate to grasp. Aimed at as many people as possible, Belle's popular literature, which he knows through his childhood readings, then by his own mother's writer, and journalistic writing, which he practises between 1933 and 1934, appear to be possible sources of regeneration of Roman art. Articles dealing with various bloody faitts, whether or not written by Aragon in these years ('L'Humanité'), predict a trend towards spectacular dramatisation of the Roman intrigue, and reveal a taste of bloody and passional murder. Aragon uses the various facts to induce narrative bifurcations or uses them as parenthesis for the purpose of political denunciation. 'The Beaux quarters' is the novel most marked by the leaf aesthetic: short chapters, theatre cups and outstanding effects located at the end of chapters, alternating between intrigues, amalgam and recognition scenes, melodramatic figures. The story of Jeanne Cartuywels appears to be a variant of the 'novel of the victim' of the Belle Époque, where Jeanne herself enrolled in a long parentage of attractive, deceptive or raped women, while colombin, his aggressor and his tyran revived the type of red, malicious and sensuel character, praised by popular literature. Aragon thus walks in the traces of the great popular romanciers, themselves heirs of the mellodrame. But it does so with ostentation: comments from the author in his/her text show that the string used is not duplicated. The novels of the last period (after 'The Holy Week', 1958) will still sometimes refer to the folio and various facts, but always critically, preventing the reader from (re) plating into the referential illusion. ; En 1934, lorsqu'Aragon entreprend l'écriture des "Cloches de Bâle", puis du "Monde réel", exprimant sa volonté d'offrir au réalisme socialiste une version ...

There is a tense common place in the history of 16th century political thinking to presuppose the existence of two founding paradigms as much as contradictory: the Mexican speech and the utopia speech embodied by Thomas More's project leader. This is because we are happy to oppose pacifism and irenism, which are supposed to be a 'humanist' position against 'realism' (according to a very vague category) of floral thinkers who make the issue of war the foundation of a new way of thinking about history and the state in terms of relations of power and power. On the contrary, the question here is the place of war in so-called 'utopic' texts. This will make it possible, in particular, to reverse a chronological coincidence, namely the fact that utopia as an autonomous category was created at the time of theorising of power policy. Is it certain that it would be sufficient to answer that utopia was put as an alternative to the conquest war (or as an acceptable presentation of the latter)? The question of war could well tell us that the constitution of utopia as an autonomous course of political thought in the second renaissance, unleashed from medieval political thinking and legal tradition, is not self-evident and that utopia can no more than others be content with images of reality, which it is also subject to the 'true truth of things'. ; Il court dans l'histoire de la pensée politique du XVIe siècle un lieu commun tenace consistant à présupposer l'existence de deux paradigmes fondateurs autant que contradictoires : le discours machiavélien et le discours de l'utopie incarné par le chef d'œuvre de Thomas More . S'il en va ainsi c'est parce que l'on se plaît volontiers à opposer le pacifisme et l'irénisme censés être la marque d'une position « humaniste » au « réalisme » (selon une catégorie somme toute bien vague) des penseurs florentins qui font de la question de la guerre le socle d'une nouvelle façon de penser l'Histoire et l'Etat en terme de rapports de force et de politique de puissance. Il s'agira au contraire ...

8808 8823 7 ; S ; (c) 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works. [EN] In this paper, we propose a realistic model for simulating communications between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, and ground vehicles, which can support mobile infrastructure to broadcast alerts in emergency situations. Three-dimensional positioning features should be considered in these simulations that involve UAVs and ground vehicles since communications links are not based on a flat surface. In fact, irregular terrains in the form of hills and mountains can greatly affect the communications by acting as obstacles that block radio signals partially or totally. Hence, in this paper, we propose a simulation model that conforms to this kind of communication and that was developed in the scope of the OMNeT++ simulator. The simulation results achieved showed a great degree of similarities with those results obtained in a real testbed for different scenarios. In addition, various path loss models and elevation models were considered to improve the level of realism of the simulation model. This work was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI under Grant JP16H02817 and Grant JP18KK0279, in part by the International Internship Program of the National Institute of Informatics, Japan, and in part by the Ministerio de Economía y Competividad, Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarollo e Innovación Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, Proyectos ICDCI 2014, Government of Spain, under Grant TEC2014-52690-R and Grant BES-2015-075988. Hadiwardoyo, SA.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Cano, J.; Ji, Y.; Hernández-Orallo, E.; Manzoni, P. (2019). 3D Simulation Modeling of UAV-to-Car ...

This article stems from a project launched by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 2017 to examine the degree to which Buddhism might complement or enhance international humanitarian law (IHL), also known as 'the law of war' or 'the law of armed conflict'. Given that Buddhist teachings discourage violence, scholarship has critiqued Buddhists' involvement in armed conflict rather than considered how Buddhism might contribute to regulating the conduct of hostilities once war has broken out. Yet the Buddhist aim to reduce suffering is particularly relevant during armed conflict, and the empirical realism of early Buddhist texts shows that early Buddhist communities were very much aware of its grim reality. The article investigates the evidence for this empirical realism before exploring a range of concepts, doctrines and practices from within Buddhism that are pertinent to the recognition and implementation of IHL principles and the conduct of war. While IHL lays down explicit rules to follow during war, Buddhism emphasises broader ethical principles to be applied, so as not to dilute its ideal of non-violence. At a deeper level, it addresses the intention or motivation of parties to armed conflict, and possesses psychological insights and resources to help change their behaviour.

International audience The mapping of ecosystem service supply has become quite common in ecosystem service assessment practice for terrestrial ecosystems, but land cover remains the most common indicator for ecosystems ability to deliver ecosystem services. For marine ecosystems, practice is even less advanced, with a clear deficit in spatially-explicit assessments of ecosystem service supply. This ``situation, which generates considerable uncertainty in the assessment of ecosystems' ability to support current and future human well-being, contrasts with increasing understanding of the role of terrestrial and marine biodiversity for ecosystem functioning and thereby for ecosystem services. This paper provides a synthesis of available approaches, models and tools, and data sources, that are able to better link ecosystem service mapping to current understanding of the role of ecosystem service providing organisms and land/seascape structure in ecosystem functioning. Based on a review of literature, models and associated geo-referenced metrics are classified according to the way in which land or marine use, ecological processes and especially biodiversity effects are represented. We distinguish five types of models: proxy-based, phenomenological, niche-based, trait-based and full-process. Examples from each model type are presented and data requirements considered. Our synthesis demonstrates that the current understanding of the role of biota in ecosystem services can effectively be incorporated into mapping approaches and opens avenues for further model development using hybrid approaches tailored to available resources. We end by discussing ways to resolve sources of uncertainty associated with model representation of biotic processes and with data availability. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.