Στη μελέτη διερευνάται η σχέση του «πολιτισμού» με την «υπόσταση» και τη «μνήμη», έτσι όπως εκφράσθηκε στα μεταξωτά βυζαντινά υφάσματα από τον 4ο έως το 15ο αιώνα. Η μέθοδος για την έρευνα των μεταξωτών περιλαμβάνει την εφαρμογή θεωριών σχετικά με το σύγχρονο υλικό πολιτισμό. Το γεγονός αυτό επιτρέπει να αναλυθούν μηνύματα σχετικά με την πολιτική ιδεολογία, τη θρησκευτική πίστη και τους κοινωνικούς κανόνες, τα οποία ήταν συνδεδεμένα με τα μεταξωτά υφάσματα και, επιπλέον, εκπέμπονταν μέσω αυλικών και θρησκευτικών τελετών. Η γενική εντύπωση από τα μεταξωτά είναι ότι αυτά αποτελούσαν σημαντικό εργαλείο μετάδοσης της παράδοσης του πολιτισμού και ότι ο πρωταρχικός σκοπός τους ήταν να ενισχύσουν την εικόνα του Βυζαντίου, τόσο στο εσωτερικό, όσο και στο εξωτερικό, ως μιας ιδεατής χριστιανικής αυτοκρατορίας που διέπεται από «τάξιν». ; The article investigates the relationship of "culture" to "being" and "memory" as expressed on Byzantine silks of the 4th-15th centuries. The method used to explore the silks includes application of contemporary material culture theory. This allows analysis of how messages about political ideology, religious belief and social norms were embedded in the silks and then how these messages were communicated via ceremonial and ritual enactment. The overall impression given by the silks is that they were an important tool for cultural tradition transmission and that their prime purpose was to en- hance the image of Byzantium at home and abroad, as a well ordered and idealised Christian Empire.
Στο άρθρο εξετάζεται ο ρόλος που έπαιξαν οι βαφές των βυζαντινών μεταξωτών στη διαδικασία της αντίληψης του φωτός και του χρώματος στο Βυζάντιο από τον 4ο έως και 15ο αιώνα και ερευνάται η σχέση των συμβολισμών των χρωμάτων με την πολιτική ιδεολογία, τη θρησκευτική πίστη και την κοινωνική αλληλεπίδραση. Ακόμη, γίνεται διάκριση της σημασίας του χρώματος ως φορέα της φυσικής απόχρωσης και ως αλληγορίας για την εξουσία ή τη χριστιανική σωτηριολογία. Στη μελέτη υποστηρίζεται ότι στο Βυζάντιο το φως και το χρώμα είχαν ιδιαίτερη σημασία για τα μεταξωτά υφάσματα. Ως προς την αντίληψη των χρωμάτων από τους Βυζαντινούς τα μεταξωτά χρησίμευαν στην μεταφορά της φυσικής παρατήρησης που βασίζεται στις αισθήσεις στο πεδίο της νόησης, όπου τα ενσωματωμένα συμβολικά νοήματα μπορούσαν να αποκαλυφθούν και να εκτιμηθούν ανάλογα. ; The article considers the role of coloured dyes upon Byzantine silks of the 4th-15th centuries, in the development of light and colour perception in Byzantium. It explores the creation of meaning through colour symbolism in the spheres of political ideology, religious belief and social inter-action. The article distinguishes the role of colour as the «enhancer» of form as hue, and its role as metaphor for power and authority or for Christian salvation. The paper suggests that light and colour perception in Byzantium were a powerful medium in relation to silks. In terms of what was understood at the time by Byzantine colour perception, the silks served for the visual transfer of sensual observation to the realms of the mind, where the embedded symbolic meanings could then be unravelled and appreciated.
Summary This article analyses the differences in the use of violence related to illicit drug markets between sub-national units in the same country. The aim is to challenge the academic literature's argument that certain policy variables, such as advocacy rotation and increased political competition at sub-national level, affect the levels of violence associated with the illegal drug market, as a result of the disruption of state protection networks to these markets. Based on the literature addressing the relationship between violence and illegal markets, the cases of the Argentinian provinces of Buenos Aires and Santa Fe during the period 2007-2018 are analysed on the basis of a triangular between official statistics, journalistic articles and secondary sources. It is argued that the hypothesis put forward for other countries in the region, which links supporter rotation and increased political competition to differences in the use of violence related to the illicit drug market, is not applicable to the Argentinian case, so explanations should be sought on the basis of other variables taking into account subnational contexts. ; Resumen El presente artículo analiza las diferencias en la utilización de la violencia relacionada con los mercados ilegales de drogas entre unidades subnacionales de un mismo país. El objetivo es poner en discusión el argumento sostenido por parte de la literatura académica que postula que ciertas variables políticas, como la rotación partidaria y el incremento en la competencia política a escala subnacional, afectan los niveles de violencia asociada con el mercado ilegal de drogas, como consecuencia de la ruptura de las redes de protección estatales a dichos mercados. Partiendo de la literatura que aborda la relación entre violencia y mercados ilegales, se analizan los casos de las provincias argentinas de Buenos Aires y Santa Fe durante el período 2007-2018 con base en una triangulación entre estadísticas oficiales, artículos periodísticos y fuentes secundarias. Se sostiene que la ...
National audience The acceleration of the pace of life is probably one of the elements that better characterises the dynamics of sportsmen and sportswomen in their performance project. The considerable expansion of the tempsdedicated to training, to competitions for different types of preparation, is not consistent with other social-time periods. As the athlete at the top level arrives at any concilieror constraints, does it make trade-offs? Do there be a study on life lerythm conducted by the SHN, the INSEP research department. ; National audience L'accélération du rythme devie est sans doute l'un deséléments qui caractérisele mieux la dynamique danslaquelle les sportifs sontbaignés dans leur projet deperformance. L'expansionconsidérable du tempsconsacré à l'entraînement,aux compétitions etaux différents typesde préparationn'est pas sansconséquencesur les autrestemps sociaux.Commentl'athlète dehaut niveauarrive-t-il àtout concilierou auxcontraintes,fait-il desarbitrages ?Éléments deréponses avecune étude sur lerythme de vie menéeauprès des SHN parle département de laRecherche de l'Insep.
Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εστιάζει στην περιγραφή ποικίλων τεχνικής φύσεως απόψεων σχετικά με την μελέτη μακροπρόθεσμης επίδρασης γεγονότων εκτίμησης και το ζήτημα το οποίο οδηγεί στην υπεραπόδοση που δημιουργείται μέσω της απόδοσης των μη αναμενόμενων αποδόσεων. Περαιτέρω, αναλύεται το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο σχετικά με τη μεθοδολογία ανάλυσης μελέτης μακροπρόθεσμης επίδρασης γεγονότων εκτίμησης, αυτοσυσχέτιση και ορισμένα εφαρμοστέα μοντέλα της προσδοκώμενης αντίδρασης. Σε γενικές γραμμές η αξιολόγηση των γεγονότων εξυπηρετεί σημαντικό σκοπό στην κεφαλαιακή αποτίμηση αγοράς ως μέσο ελέγχου της αποδοτικότητας της αγοράς. Οι έλεγχοι στατιστικής σημαντικότητας μπορούν να διακριθούν σε παραμετρικούς και σε μη παραμετρικούς ελέγχους. Οι παραμετρικοί έλεγχοι υποθέτουν ότι οι μη αναμενόμενες αποδόσεις μιας επιχείρησης διανέμονται κανονικά, ενώ οι μη παραμετρικοί έλεγχοι δεν ερείδονται σε τέτοιες υποθέσεις, επομένως η επιλογή του σημείου αναφοράς που θα χρησιμοποιηθεί ή του μοντέλου που θα μετράει τις αναμενόμενες αποδόσεις είναι κομβικής σημασίας για τη διεξαγωγή της έρευνας. Η συνήθης προσέγγιση περιλαμβάνει τρία στάδια: 1. Υπολογισμός των παραμέτρων στην περίοδο εκτίμησης, 2. Υπολογισμός του σφάλματος πρόβλεψης (και λήψη πληροφοριών διακύμανσης και συνδιακύμανσης για μία περίοδο ή για το πεδίο εκτίμησης, συνολική εκτίμηση της εταιρείας και συμπέρασμα σχετικά με το μέσο αποτέλεσμα, 3. Μετακύλιση των μη αναμενόμενων αποδόσεων σε σχετικά γνωρίσματα της μετοχής τα οποία υποτίθεται ότι θα επηρεάσουν το αποτέλεσμα του γεγονότος. Η μελέτη γεγονότος είναι μία στατιστική μέθοδος για την εκτίμηση της επίδρασης ενός γεγονότος στην αξία μιας εταιρείας αυτό το γεγονός μπορεί να είναι είτε τυπικό γεγονός (κέρδη, επένδυση, συγχωνεύσεις κλπ) ή ευρύτερα οικονομικά γεγονότα (πληθωρισμός, επιτόκιο, καταναλωτική πίστη κλπ). Η βασική ιδέα ενός γεγονότος εκτίμησης που εξετάζεται στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να υπολογιστεί η μη αναμενόμενη απόδοση η οποία οφείλεται στο γεγονός εκτίμησης με την προσαρμογή για την απόδοση η οποία προκύπτει από τον πληθωρισμό τιμών του συνόλου της αγοράς. ; This paper focuses on the description of various technical aspects related to long run event studies and the issue which leads to overlapping and cross sectional correlation in returns. The theoretical framework behind the long run event study methodology, autocorrelation and several applicable models of expected performance are further analyzed. Generally event studies serve an important purpose in capital market research as a way of testing market efficiency. Significance tests can be grouped in parametric and non parametric tests (NPTs). Parametric tests assume that individual firm's abnormal returns are normally distributed, whereas nonparametric tests do not rely on any such assumptions, the selection of the benchmark to use or the model to measure normal returns is therefore central to conduct an event study. The most common approach involves three steps: 1. Compute the parameters in the estimation period 2. Compute the forecast error (and obtain variance / covariance information for a period or over an event window, aggregate across firms and infer about the average effect 3. Regress cross – sectionally abnormal returns on relevant features of the stock supposed to influence the impact of the event. Event study is a statistical method to assess the impact of an event on the value of a firm; said event may be either typical event (earnings, investment, mergers etc) or economy wide events (inflation, interest rate, consumer confidence etc). The power of analysis which depicts unexpected return presupposes the existence of two basic rules 1. The choice of event, which is able to replicate information to the market, a type of information which has be estimated under common rules and common evaluation criteria. and 2. The choice of an estimator model capable to capture the power of unexpected odds (abnormal returns), which produced due to the event assessment.The observance of two reference rules ensure the power of the test and level of significance of results avoiding committing type I or type II errors The basic idea of event study that is being examined within the context of present paper is to find the abnormal return attributable to the event being studied by adjusting for the return that stems from the price fluctuation in sectoral level and as a whole market. As event we choice the public research of European Banking Authority regarding to capital adecancy of financial institutions, as assessment which covering more than 70% of total banking assets in the European Union. The framework of stress test provided competent authorities based on common macroeconomic scenarios, with common set of tools, including a common methodology, an internally consistent but relevant scenarios which display the quality of extination industry in adverse scenario.
The 'scandalous alliance' between King Très Chrétien and the Grand Turc — which began to build in 1525, during the captivity of the sovereign in Spain — undoubtedly gave rise to a real black legend around François I. Imperial propaganda is, of course, fierce to condemn the French King's contempt of Respublica Christiana, thereby fuelling his bad reputation. For its part, French propaganda justifies the monarch's political choices, putting forward the reasons for the Kingdom's defence against the imperial encirclement. Following a brief account of the more grasping moments of the alliance between the Fleur de Lys and the Croissor against the Imperial Aigle, this article aims to give an overview of the reactions to this agreement among culturally minded people on the Italian peninsula. The latter remains a key territorial issue in the conflict between François Ier and his eternel rival Charles Quint. In particular, this work focuses on Pierre Arétin's work and, in particular, on various tasks that the Prince scourge sends to the sovereign. The polemist blames the monarch and warns him against the openione mala that ringes in the heart of his vassals and allies, because of collusion with the worst of the inloyals. ; International audience The outrageous alliance between the Most Christian King and the Great Turk that started as early as 1525 during the captivity of Francis I in Spain and caused a black legend around the French king. The imperial propaganda strove to condemn the insult perpetrated by Francis I towards the Respublica Christiana and fed his bad reputation. French propaganda on the other hand justified the political choice of the monarch pretending he had to defend the kingdom surrounded by the Imperial forces. After a summary of the most salient moments of the alliance between the French King and the sultan, the article aims at looking at the reactions of Italian scholars since the peninsula remained a prominent territorial stake of the conflict between Francis I and Emperor Charles V. The article ...
Protestant genevois, later established at the Windsor Court, Jean-André de Luc (or Deluc), had a well-known reputation as a talent physician and naturalist. One of the first to say 'Geologist' (1), its 'Geology', in its many written texts, is firmly mixed with biblicist apologists. In good faith, he fought to regain the stages of Creation according to the Genesis in the monuments of the world's past, extending the six 'days' to indeterminate, certainly long periods. His main effort was to demonstrate the very recent age of the emersion of our present continents, emersion for him and corresponding to the biblical deluge. The natural 'chronometers' which, in his view, testify to this recent age (low filling of alpine lakes, etc.) are indeed a fairly accurate estimate of the length of time that has elapsed since the removal of the alpine ice cream, which was then ignored (2). (.) ; International audience ; Protestant genevois, later established at the Windsor Court, Jean-André de Luc (or Deluc), had a well-known reputation as a talent physician and naturalist. One of the first to say 'Geologist' (1), its 'Geology', in its many written texts, is firmly mixed with biblicist apologists. In good faith, he fought to regain the stages of Creation according to the Genesis in the monuments of the world's past, extending the six 'days' to indeterminate, certainly long periods. His main effort was to demonstrate the very recent age of the emersion of our present continents, emersion for him and corresponding to the biblical deluge. The natural 'chronometers' which, in his view, testify to this recent age (low filling of alpine lakes, etc.) are indeed a fairly accurate estimate of the length of time that has elapsed since the removal of the alpine ice cream, which was then ignored (2). (.) ; Protestant genevois, plus tard établi à la cour de Windsor, Jean-André de Luc (ou Deluc) eut de son vivant une réputation notoire de physicien et naturaliste de talent. L'un des premiers à se dire Géologue (1), sa "Géologie",dans ses ...
The paper presents contemplations about the role of Christianity in renewing modern culture. The central point of the research is the event of the Pentecost, described in the Acts of the Apostles, that represents the union of the sacred and secular in the renewal of mutual understanding and experience. The revelation of God disseminated by the original Church is juxtaposed to the broken unity described in the building of the tower of Babylon. The Pentecost, as a model of renewal of unity of mankind, represents a prototype of any Christian announcement, and the Second Vatican Council leans on it to a great extent. Special attention is paid to the vision of »Council Christianity« in the writings of Željko Mardešić that offer a first-rate theological corpus in keeping with the Council renewal. Christianity as seen by Mardešić is far from any project of ideologisation, politicisation or secularisation. The crises of faith in modern times have greatly been promoted by an inappropriate response to the challenges. As a symptom of the crisis there also emerge new spiritual movements, a form of the eclectic and informal spirituality that is beginning to compete with institutionalised religions. The last section of the paper makes suggestions for renewing the evangelisation and dialogue with the world that should neither be judgemental nor mimicric, but mature, authentic, inspired, optimistic and filled with deep confidence in personalism and freedom.
RESUMEN. This work analyses the action for damages which the Rei-vIndicator may seek against the defendant who, in bad faith, is given by possessor of the item without being so, and which the Chilean Civil Code deals with in Article 897. It is of interest because it appears to be a case of purely mandatory protection in favour of the owner, since it has emerged from the assimilation to the action for recovery that occurred in the post-classic Roman right, and it is linked to the duty of the holder alone to indicate the holder's name and residence in order for the trial to continue against him. That configuration requires, in particular, consideration of the legislative history of the rule in the Chilean Civil Code, as well as its correspondence with other codes which have retained it, and then disregarding its factual situation and legal consequences, with particular regard to the problems which its exercise may entail as regards compatibility with other actions, limitation periods and damage for reparation. ; RESUMEN. Este trabajo analiza la acción de indemnización de perjuicios que el rei-vindicador puede intentar contra el demandado que, de mala fe, se da por poseedor de la cosa sin serlo, y que el código civil chileno trata en el artículo 897. Ella reviste interés porque viene recogida como un supuesto de protección meramente obligacional a favor del dueño, habiéndose desprendido de la asimilación a la acción reivindicatoria que se había producido en el derecho romano posclásico, y queda conectada con el deber que tiene el mero tenedor de indicar el nombre y la residencia del poseedor para que el juicio continúe contra él. Esta configuración exige considerar en particular la historia legislativa de la regla en el código civil chileno, así como su correspondencia con otros códigos que la han conservado, para después diseccionar su supuesto de hecho y consecuencias jurídicas, con especial atención a los problemas que su ejercicio puede entrañar en lo que atañe a la compatibilidad con otras acciones, la ...
The purpose of this note is to correct an error in the seminal article on secession by Buchanan and Faith (1987). In their paper, Buchanan and Faith neglected an important effect: political separation affects markets and consequently individual private incomes.
If national and international governments establish rules that private actors are required to respect, major production and finance firms have a considerable impact upstream on intergovernmental multilateralism decisions. They spread faith in the effectiveness of liberalism, propose technological or legal standards favourable to them, take advantage of oppositions between national and international public actors and apply a policy of lobbying on the ground, under the guise of scientific analysis. Indeed, intergovernmental multilateralism is dependent on states, which are heavily influenced by the private sector of oligopolistic production. ; International audience While national and international public authorities establish rules that private actors are obliged to respect, the large firms of production and finance exert considerable upstream influence on the decisions of intergovernmental multilateralism. They spread faith in the effectiveness of liberalism, they propose technological or legal standards that are favourable to them, they take advantage of opposition between national and international public actors and they apply an all-out lobbying policy under the guise of scientific analyses. In fact, intergovernmental multilateralism is dependent on states, which are strongly influenced by the private sector of oligopolistic production. ; If national and international governments establish rules that private actors are required to respect, major production and finance firms have a considerable impact upstream on intergovernmental multilateralism decisions. They spread faith in the effectiveness of liberalism, propose technological or legal standards favourable to them, take advantage of oppositions between national and international public actors and apply a policy of lobbying on the ground, under the guise of scientific analysis. Indeed, intergovernmental multilateralism is dependent on states, which are heavily influenced by the private sector of oligopolistic production. ; Si les pouvoirs publics nationaux ...
RESUMEN: The prohibition on acting against its own act is a typical scenario of infringement of good faith in proceedings, the content and limits of which have not been defined by Chilean law. This article analyses the two interpretations — one broad and the other restricted — that touch upon civil case law with regard to this duty of consistency and the way in which they affect the parties' rights of defence. The text distinguishes between a secondary application (obiter dicta) and a residual application of that duty, the latter being a judicial review of the legal arguments of the litigant in the event of abuse, deception and manifestly delaying actions. The procedural effect of breaching that duty is the inadmissibility of the inconsistent act. This effect is compatible with other specific measures, such as the payment of costs and compensation for damage caused. ; RESUMEN: La prohibición de ir contra acto propio es un escenario típico de infracción a la buena fe procesal, cuyo contenido y límites la ley chilena no ha definido. Este artículo analiza las dos interpretaciones -una amplia y otra restringida- que cobija la jurisprudencia civil respecto de este deber de coherencia y la manera en que ellas inciden en el derecho de defensa de las partes. El texto distingue entre una aplicación secundaria (obiter dicta) y una aplicación residual de este deber, siendo esta última un control judicial de la argumentación jurídica del litigante ante situaciones de abuso, engaño y actuaciones manifiestamente dilatorias. El efecto procesal de infringir este deber es la inadmisibilidad del acto incoherente. Este efecto es compatible con otras medidas específicas, como el pago de las costas y la indemnización de los daños causados.
The Balance of Power is a highly relevant concept for analysing issues linked to international relations, especially in security-related matters. It refers to the practice of seeking power parity between States. While there are several positions on how the Balance of Power affects the security of states, there is no doubt that this concept is essential for understanding security, stability and peace issues. Institute for International Relations ; El Balance de Poder es un concepto harto relevante para analizar cuestiones vinculadas a las relaciones internacionales, especialmente en aquellos asuntos relacionados con la seguridad. El mismo hace referencia a la práctica orientada a la búsqueda de paridad de poder entre los Estados. Si bien hay varias posturas respecto a cómo afecta el Balance de Poder a la seguridad de los Estados, es indudable que dicho concepto es esencial para comprender asuntos relativos a la seguridad, estabilidad y la paz. Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales
Highly christology elements appear in Jacques's sister. Jésus-Christ's name or its attributes appear on several occasions in expressions that are not insignificant, and the text produces an image of Christ and the way of life it advocates, but does not merely explain the synthetic terms of a faith, but offers a more existential perspective. A few expressions can be interpreted as a network of particularly significant references to Christ: the 'beautiful name', the 'law of freedom', the 'original face' and the 'implanted parole'. ; International audience ; Highly christology elements appear in Jacques's sister. Jésus-Christ's name or its attributes appear on several occasions in expressions that are not insignificant, and the text produces an image of Christ and the way of life it advocates, but does not merely explain the synthetic terms of a faith, but offers a more existential perspective. A few expressions can be interpreted as a network of particularly significant references to Christ: the 'beautiful name', the 'law of freedom', the 'original face' and the 'implanted parole'. ; Des éléments de haute christologie apparaissent dans l'Épître de Jacques. Le nom de Jésus-Christ ou ses attributs y figurent à plusieurs reprises dans des expressions qui ne sont pas anodines, et le ce texte produit une image du Christ et du mode de vie qu'il préconise sans se limiter à l'explicitation des termes synthétiques d'une confession de foi, mais en proposant une perspective plus existentielle. Quelques expressions peuvent être interprétées comme un réseau de références particulièrement significatives faites à la personne du Christ : le «beau Nom », la «Loi de liberté », le «visage originel », la «Parole implantée ».
of campanilismo to the still clear attention of the great divisions between three Italians, the stalemate in Italy on the state or nation makes Italian public policies proscribed. These presuppose a central place for the articulation of programmes and programmes, which seems to be unique or at least borderline, whether Rome, Milan or Turin. On the other hand, this is probably the reason for curiosite, which Italian researchers are demonstrating with their Spanish counterparts, for a renewed approach to the recovery of the situation (Cammelli 1989). ; International audience ; of campanilismo to the still clear attention of the great divisions between three Italians, the stalemate in Italy on the state or nation makes Italian public policies proscribed. These presuppose a central place for the articulation of programmes and programmes, which seems to be unique or at least borderline, whether Rome, Milan or Turin. On the other hand, this is probably the reason for curiosite, which Italian researchers are demonstrating with their Spanish counterparts, for a renewed approach to the recovery of the situation (Cammelli 1989). ; Du campanilismo à l'attention toujours manifestée à l'égard des grands clivages entre trois Italies, l'impasse faite en Italie sur l'Etat ou la nation rend problématique l'idée même de politiques publiques italiennes. Celles-ci supposent en effet un lieu central d'articulation des intérêts et de négociation des programmes, qui semble singulièrement déficient ou pour le moins limité, qu'il s'agisse de Rome, de Milan ou de Turin d'ailleurs. A contrario, c'est sans doute ce qui explique la curiosité, que les chercheurs italiens manifestent avec leurs homologues espagnols, pour une approche régionalisée de la représentation des intérêts (Cammelli 1989).
