Экономика Китая замедляется. Рост Китая в предыдущие десятилетия был обеспечен дешевой рабочей силой и притоком инвестиций, но теперь возможности экстенсивного роста исчерпаны. Переход к модели, основанной на потребительском спросе, идет медленно. Китай имеет значительные ресурсы для наращивания частного потребления, однако потребление может стать основным драйвером роста лишь к 2030 году. Накопленные дисбалансы создают значительные риски для стабильности перехода к новой модели роста. Высокая закредитованность корпоративного сектора, сложная дилемма выбора денежной политики, стоящая перед Народным банком Китая, и скрытые политические риски могут привести к серьезному замедлению экономического роста. ; China's economy is slowing. China's growth in the past decade has been provided by cheap labor and the investment inflow, but the possibility of extensive growth has been exhausted. The transition to consumer demand-based model of growth is slow. China has significant resources to gain private consumption, however, the consumption can become a key driver of growth only in 2030. However, the accumulated imbalances pose significant risks for the stability of transition to the new growth model. High debt of the corporate sector, People's Bank of China's contradictory choice of monetary policy and the hidden political risks can lead to a serious economic slowdown.
Рассматривается проблема взаимодействия политики и экономики в процессе перехода России к рыночным отношениям. ; The economical and political problems of Russia transition to capitalist economy are examined.
В статье рассматриваются задачи, которые государству и отечественному бизнесу предстоит решать на протяжении семилетнего переходного периода, отведенного на выполнение принятых Россией обязательств перед ВТО. Государству предстоит внести изменения в ряд российских законов, создать необходимую организационно-правовую инфраструктуру, обслуживающую внешнеэкономических операторов, совершенствовать статистику и финансовую отчетность. Бизнесу необходимо освоить процедурные механизмы, используемые для введения специальных мер защиты рынка. Первоочередной задачей является минимизация рисков, связанных со снижением уровня тарифной защиты. ; The article deals with the challenges that the state and the national business have to overcome during the seven-year transitional period fixed for Russia's fulfillment of its obligations to the WTO. Russia has to make some legislative changes, create the necessary legal infrastructure to serve foreign trade operators, improve the statistics and financial accountability. Business has to master the technical procedures used for introducing special measures to protect the market. The high priority is to minimize the risks related to lowering the degree of tariff protection.
Any social system and each important period of its existence form a specific set of socio-anthropological indications. This set may be regarded as one of the moments of the structure of a given society or a specific process. It is possible to construct a typology of human patterns shaping such a structure in various modes: from quantitative indicators to substantial ones, and vice versa, from the substantial sociological characteristics of a subject under examination towards their indicators. Change of the human social type implies not "restructuring" of the person but a different distribution of such types in the social space and the nature of interaction between them the cast of participants and the rules of social "game" at its different levels. First to change are the orientations of the dominant groups setting the fashion of social life, and the conditions of their influence, career promotion, opportunities of social choice, etc. Shattering the ideological and human foundations of the closed totalitarian system had led to the crisis of its upper strata, although not followed by either mass-scale tensions or emergence of renovation programmes, movements or leaders. Per-estroika, having changed the political and public scene in the country, almost immediately revealed the shortage of public figures and ideas apt able on it. At the same time, many social roles changed or lost their sense. The Soviet period of history came to an end, but neither social nor human prerequisites for controllable change have been created. Under the present (post-perestroika) situation, the main player in the socio-political field is the same as before the administrative authorities, whereas the legalised oppositional and alternative trends are forced to content themselves with shadow-side or even audience functions. At the same time, the ruling elite has no real monopoly of social and political control because of the reigning chaos. Two allied groups with similar interests the administrative leadership and the new business enterprisehave formed. The condition of the masses within the presently existing system of social relations can be defined with the three types of social resources: "patience", "mobilisation", and "doublethink". None of the social types presently acting on the Russian social scene is steady and could orient to perspective interests. Short-term orientations to survival, immediate gain and the like are unquestionably dominating. For that reason there are no stable and institutionalised socio-anthropological types. The only thing that preserves stability is the cunning hope of a half of the public that, despite all perturbations at different levels of the power and elite hierarchy, they will manage to "overcome it". ; Any social system and each important period of its existence form a specific set of socio-anthropological indications. This set may be regarded as one of the moments of the structure of a given society or a specific process. It is possible to construct a typology of human patterns shaping such a structure in various modes: from quantitative indicators to substantial ones, and vice versa, from the substantial sociological characteristics of a subject under examination towards their indicators. Change of the human social type implies not "restructuring" of the person but a different distribution of such types in the social space and the nature of interaction between them the cast of participants and the rules of social "game" at its different levels. First to change are the orientations of the dominant groups setting the fashion of social life, and the conditions of their influence, career promotion, opportunities of social choice, etc. Shattering the ideological and human foundations of the closed totalitarian system had led to the crisis of its upper strata, although not followed by either mass-scale tensions or emergence of renovation programmes, movements or leaders. Per-estroika, having changed the political and public scene in the country, almost immediately revealed the shortage of public figures and ideas apt able on it. At the same time, many social roles changed or lost their sense. The Soviet period of history came to an end, but neither social nor human prerequisites for controllable change have been created. Under the present (post-perestroika) situation, the main player in the socio-political field is the same as before the administrative authorities, whereas the legalised oppositional and alternative trends are forced to content themselves with shadow-side or even audience functions. At the same time, the ruling elite has no real monopoly of social and political control because of the reigning chaos. Two allied groups with similar interests the administrative leadership and the new business enterprisehave formed. The condition of the masses within the presently existing system of social relations can be defined with the three types of social resources: "patience", "mobilisation", and "doublethink". None of the social types presently acting on the Russian social scene is steady and could orient to perspective interests. Short-term orientations to survival, immediate gain and the like are unquestionably dominating. For that reason there are no stable and institutionalised socio-anthropological types. The only thing that preserves stability is the cunning hope of a half of the public that, despite all perturbations at different levels of the power and elite hierarchy, they will manage to "overcome it".
Статья посвящена проблеме правового регулирования банковской системы Российской Федерации. Проводится анализ законодательных основ функционирования банков. Особое внимание уделяется вопросам реформирования банковской системы. В заключение определяются перспективы развития законодательной базы в банковской сфере. ; The article deals with the legal regulation of the banking system of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the legal framework of functioning of banks. Special attention is paid to the reform of the banking system. Finally, determine the prospects of development of legislative framework in the banking sector.
Статья посвящена выявлению роли и значения теоретико-правовых основ анализа проблемы государства и права переходного периода для оценки современной общественно-политической ситуации в Кыргызстане и перспектив ее дальнейшего развития. На основе использования признаков и характеристик государства и права переходного периода делаются выводы о необходимости выработки эффективной и адекватной правовой политики государства. Подчеркивается, что только четкое государственно-правовое регулирование осуществляемых реформ в основных сферах жизнедеятельности общества способно обеспечить мирный и цивилизованный путь достижения реального прогресса. ; The article is devoted to identifying the role of state and the meaning of legal theory analysis bases for the problem of state and law of the transition period to assess the current social and political situation in Kyrgyzstan and the prospects of its development. In particular, on the basis of using specified in the Russian legal science signs and features of the transition period state and law the conclusions are made on the necessity in developing an efficient and reasonable legal policy of state. The article stresses that the only way to achieve material progress in a peaceful and civilized manner is to regulate properly at state and law levels the reforms to be implemented in the main areas of welfare
В статье рассмотрены основные этапы, тенденции и особенности развития системы законодательства Кыргызской Республики. Проанализированы фундаментальные труды ученых по проблематике права переходного периода. Исследовано влияние норм обычного права кыргызов на современную систему законодательства Кыргызской Республики. Рассмотрены практические проблемы развития системы законодательства Кыргызской Республики. Предложены пути их решения. ; The articleis devoted to the mainstages,features and tendencies of the Kyrgyz Republic'slegislat ionsystemdevelopment.For this purpose, fundamental works of legal scholars on the transitional period law have been examined; the influence of Kyrgyz common law norms on modern Kyrgyz Republic's legislation system has been researched; and some practical problems of the legislation system development have beenexamined and some solutions have been suggested.
The electoral campaigns of 1995 and 1996 have imparted a certain completeness to the ten-year cycle of political transformations which began in 1985-1986. These ten years shaped the characteristic fea tures of the political institutions, the political stage, and the political person of the "transitional" type. In the research.of these phenomena, the primary importance belongs not as much to data on the dynamics.and distribution of indicators of support for participants of electoral processes as to the social sense and prospects of such support, confidence, and attention to political changes. ^ . . The period of presidential election turned out to be a competition of mobilisation possibilities of the opposing parts, concerning their, own supporters. Every "step forward" in consolidation of results of.the last decade's transformations, attained in the course of elections, turned out to be dependent on "two steps back" the restoration of mechanisms of mobilisation type, i.e., archaising.the structure of socio-political roles and processes. It was.f ollowed by exhausting the resources of. charismatic support and destruction of mobilisation mechanisms. A dichotomised crisis-affected political field always contains vacant places for "third" figures. The image of Alexander Lebed has most completely embodied, mass-scale (partly even shared by a mass of intelligentsia) expectations addressed to a leader-rescuer; the set of.them is essentially the reverse reflection of characteristics absent within the ruling elite, The phenomenon of "Homo politicus" at all its present-day levels is transitional and the framework of its activities is forced. ; The electoral campaigns of 1995 and 1996 have imparted a certain completeness to the ten-year cycle of political transformations which began in 1985-1986. These ten years shaped the characteristic fea tures of the political institutions, the political stage, and the political person of the "transitional" type. In the research.of these phenomena, the primary importance belongs not as much to data on the dynamics.and distribution of indicators of support for participants of electoral processes as to the social sense and prospects of such support, confidence, and attention to political changes. ^ . . The period of presidential election turned out to be a competition of mobilisation possibilities of the opposing parts, concerning their, own supporters. Every "step forward" in consolidation of results of.the last decade's transformations, attained in the course of elections, turned out to be dependent on "two steps back" the restoration of mechanisms of mobilisation type, i.e., archaising.the structure of socio-political roles and processes. It was.f ollowed by exhausting the resources of. charismatic support and destruction of mobilisation mechanisms. A dichotomised crisis-affected political field always contains vacant places for "third" figures. The image of Alexander Lebed has most completely embodied, mass-scale (partly even shared by a mass of intelligentsia) expectations addressed to a leader-rescuer; the set of.them is essentially the reverse reflection of characteristics absent within the ruling elite, The phenomenon of "Homo politicus" at all its present-day levels is transitional and the framework of its activities is forced.
Изложены особенности формирования в России нового структурного механизма государственного и муниципального управления при переходе к рыночным механизмам, приводящим к изменению социальных отношений. Показано, что при вхождении России в новую социально-экономическую формацию был разрушен эффективный ранее исполнительный механизм партийной системы, что привело к серьезным флуктуациям социальной среды. В новых условиях исполнительная подсистема государственного и муниципального управления может быть возмещена только созданием системы законов, восполняющих правовой вакуум в исполнительном механизме государственного управления, что обеспечит согласованность инновационных управленческих воздействий с социальной средой. ; The authors describe some specific features of forming the structural mechanism of state and municipal government in the course of transition to market relations that led to certain changes in social relations. It is shown that when Russia entered a new socio-economic formation, the executive mechanism of the party system, which used to be effective in the past, was destroyed. This resulted in serious fluctuations in the social environment. In the new conditions, the executive subsystem of the state and municipal government can only be restored by creating a system of laws filling the legal vacuum in the executive mechanism of state government. This should ensure the necessary coordination of innovative control actions with the social environment.
В работе представлен обобщенный опыт переходного периода реформирования экстренной медицинской помощи в Харьковской области. Показана важность и необходимость тесного взаимодействия всех ветвей власти и органов здравоохранения, применение нестандартных подходов и принятия решений для успешного выполнения Закона Украины «Об экстренной медицинской помощи». ; The paper presents the generalized experience of a transition period of emergency care reforming in Kharkiv region. There have been shown the necessity and importance of close interaction of all branches of government and health administration, application of substandard approaches and solutions for successful execution of the Law of Ukraine «About Emergency Care».
В конце ХХ в. с переходом Монголии на новые, рыночные отношения экономику страны поразил тяжелейший кризис. Его пик пришелся на 1990-1995 гг. Причинами кризиса явились многие факторы, главными из которых были развал социалистической системы хозяйствования, ликвидация плановой и централизованной экономики, нарушение мирохозяйственных связей, соответственно, прекращение инвестиций и субсидий со стороны СССР. Параллельно правительство Монголии совершало действия, продиктованные течением объективного процесса перехода к рыночной экономике. Однако первые годы проведения рыночной реформы, слабо обеспеченной государственным бюджетом и другими средствами, не привели к экономическому росту. ; The article is devoted to the transition period in Mongolia in the late 20 th century. It was characterized by the dire state of the economy. Mongolian society has chosen a democratic path of development. During the transition to a market economy, Mongolia began to experience severe crisis, like other countries of the former Soviet Union. Its peak was in the period of 1990-1995. It was caused by many factors, mainly the collapse of the socialist economic system, elimination of planned and centralized economy, violation of global economic relations, respectively, and termination of investment and subsidies from the Russian Federation.
В статье анализируются процессы элитогенеза, их специфика в переходных государственно-правовых организациях. Отдельно обсуждаются проблемы легитимации государственно-правового режима и политической элиты в контексте реализации социальной правовой политики государства. ; The article analyzes the processes elitogeneza, their specificity in the transition state and legal institutions. Separately discuss the problems of legitimation of state-legal regime and political elites in the context of the social policy of the state law.
Исследован период реорганизации дальневосточной транспортной отрасли в 1990-е начале 2000-х гг. Проанализирован опыт антикризисных мероприятий в условиях становления рыночных отношений и некоторые современные проблемы управления региональным транспортным комплексом. ; Investigated during the reorganization of the Far Eastern transport industry in the 1990s early 2000s. The experience of anti-crisis measures in the conditions of market relations and some modern problems of management of regional transport complex.
В статье освещаются некоторые аспекты инвестиционного положения в стране, его привлекательность и проблемы, существующие как для зарубежных, так и для отечественных инвесторов. Также в статье обосновано, что на сегодняшний день усилиями государства количество заимствований и грантов из года в год уменьшается. Несмотря на влияние мирового финансового кризиса, Таджикистан и по сей день привлекателен для иностранных инвесторов, так как страна богата как природными ресурсами, так и другими факторами (например, имеет возможность быть основным экспортёром электроэнергии в Азии), что создаёт благоприятные условия для зарубежных инвесторов. ; The article highlights some aspects of investitive plight in the country, its attractiveness and problems both for home and foreign investors. The author states also the fact that for today due to the efforts of the government a quatum of borrowings and grants has been decreasting from year to year. In spite of the sway of world financial crisis Tajikistan still attracts investors as the country is rich with natural resources and other factors are taken into consideration as well (for example, it possesses a potentiality of becoming a main exporter of electric power in Asia); thus, favourable conditions being created for foreign investors.
