Suchergebnisse

Впервые исследуется процесс формирования сферы физической культуры в Западной Сибири (Томская губерния) в годы становления советской власти (начало 1920-х гг). Приводятся сведения о военно-физической подготовке допризывников Сибири, проводимой аппаратом Всевобуча. Рассматривается влияние организации РКСМ на деятельность органов Всевобуча и РСКОФК; процесс перехода области физической культуры под контроль РКСМ. Приводятся сведения о частичном изменении и расширении форм военно-физического и политического воспитания, месте физической культуры в жизнедеятельности молодежи в годы становления советской власти. ; The first structure attracting the nationals to physical culture was the Comprehensive Military Training Organization (CMTO). Initially it had two main activities: military and physical training. It started its functioning in Siberia since the Soviet power establishment with the participation of RCYU in January 1920. Soon, in November of the same year, the sport military department joined the new structure of the Tomsk Province Committee. The former committed to interaction with CMTO and implementation of political outreach activities within its framework. Early in 1922 the state had to cut physical education assignation for CMTO. It appeared to be the prerequisite for creating the Russian Union for Red Organizations of Physical Culture (RUROPC). Basically, it was to develop a genuinely proletarian physical education on the avocational ground and head a total sport related movement, without any substantial expenditure being spent. With the direct participation of CMTO the Central Bureau embarked on work in the autumn of 1922. Meanwhile, the local regional, district and provincial temporal bureaus began to get launched. If Tomsk temporal RUROPC Bureau was set up in August 1922, the Siberian Bureau, comprising 11 Siberian Province unions, was created in early November 1922 in Omsk. Thus, the Union was formed both in the centre and in the periphery. However, CC RCYC together with the Fifth RCYC Congress opposed to the Union establishment, for this mass physical education organization seemed to turn into an alternative to the Komsomol League. It would contradict to the Communist Party interests, since it could have resulted in escaping the communist impact. But the CMTO head department maintained its previous attitude and enforced the consolidation of the central and local Union Bureaus. The Central Committee of the Communist Party solved the emerging antagonism. In early 1923 both CMTO and RUROPC bodies were abolished. As late as in June the Physical Culture High Council was set up. So, Province Unions created by early 1924 became leading local bodies in 34 provinces and 9 boundary and district centers, including Tomsk. The Komsomol organizations and trade unions engaged heavily in physical education development. By the first half of 1923 the physical education sphere happened to be totally politically influenced by RCYU. Thus Komsomol physical culture organizations became the main power of the Soviet physical culture movement within the country.

Рассмотрены проблемы формирования и становления губернской партийной организации с момента освобождения Томской губернии от колчаковских войск и вплоть до середины лета 1920 г. Показано создание губернского партийного бюро как высшего органа партийного управления в губернии, прослежено изменение его кадрового состава, обозначены первые осуществленные им мероприятия. Освещено образование партийных органов на местах. Выявлены основные проблемы, с которыми столкнулись губернские партийные функционеры в процессе возобновления легальной деятельности, а именно малочисленность подготовленных партийных кадров, недостаток руководящих материалов, слабая связь с центром. ; After Tomsk Province was freed from the Kolchak's troops the Bolsheviks renewed the legal political activity and were able to build a system of party organs. On December 23, 1919 Tomsk organizational bureau of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks consisting of three people was elected, the scope of its activity was limited to Tomsk District only because of the temporary transfer of the provincial centre to Novonikolayevsk. In early January 1920 in Novonikolayevsk a provincial Party bureau was formed as the highest body of the Party control in the province. Its members then were re-elected in mid-January and mid-February. In the period from December 1919 to February 1920 the Party structures were established in the places. After the start of legal activity Tomsk Bolsheviks faced serious difficulties, which, first of all, were the lack of trained personnel, poor communication with the central Party and government organizations, lack of guidance and instructions. The first activities undertaken by the provincial Party bureau, was to regulate the work of Soviet institutions, to organise training courses for the Party members, to resume publications by the official organ, to conduct ''Subbotniks'', weeks of transport, to create national sectors in the district Party organizations. At the end of April 1920 by the decision of the Siberian revolutionary committee the centre of Tomsk Province was moved back to Tomsk, which led to another restructuring of the provincial Party apparatus. On May 7 the new Tomsk provincial bureau was elected, which included five people. One of the main problems the provincial bureau faced in this period was a severe shortage of responsible Party staff. In this regard, at the provincial meeting of representatives of county and district Party organizations the need was stated to obtain the maximum use of the available Party members in the province. At the same meeting a mechanism of accountability of party organs was developed: each lower Party organization had to give monthly progress reports to the higher one. On June 19-27, 1920 a member of Siberian bureau of the central committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks V.N. Yakovleva visited Tomsk. After analysing the state of the provincial Party organization, she came to a conclusion about its extreme weakness and inefficiency. On July 25-26, 1920 the first Tomsk provincial Party conference took place, where the first results of Party organisation in the province were summed up. Upon completion of its work, Tomsk provincial committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks was elected, which replaced the provincial Party bureau and thus became the supreme organ of the Party management in the province.

На основании фактического материала, опубликованного в газете «Томские епархиальные ведомости», рассматриваются организация санитарного просвещения в Томской губернии в XIX начале ХХ в. и участие священников в распространении медицинских знаний среди населения. Объясняются причины, по которым духовенство занималось медикопросветительской работой, описываются способы формирования санитарной культуры населения, освещается участие священников в борьбе с эпидемией холеры, распространившейся в Томской губернии в 1892 г. ; In this article the author scrutinizes the organization of health education in Tomsk Province in the 19th early 20th centuries. Tomsk Diocesan Sheets (Tomskie eparkhial'nye vedomosti) became the main historical source for the article. In pre-revolutionary Russia clergymen took part in the process of formation of people''s sanitary culture. This practice was set in Russian legislation. That is why Tomsk clergymen took part in health education organization in Tomsk Province. So, Tomsk Diocesan Sheets is one of the important sources in this question. The author viewed all articles in Tomsk Diocesan Sheets and revealed clergymen''s forms of work in the organization of health education. They are popularization of medical care, reading recommendations in hygiene to people, compliance with sanitary requirements in the religious rites, working in abortion of epidemics, conversations about sanitation and hygiene with the congregation, publishing articles about treatment and disease prevention. All this work was done more actively during epidemics. For example, there was a cholera epidemic in Tomsk Province in 1892. At that time Bishop Makariy (Nevskiy), the head of Tomsk Diocese, published his address to the congregation. He urged people to call physicians for medical aid in cases of disease in it. This address was read everywhere in Tomsk Province. People did not trust doctors, so such addresses were necessary. In this article, using the materials of Tomsk Diocesan Sheets the author writes about the level of Tomsk clergymen''s medical knowledge. As we know, parsons tried to form people''s medical culture actively that is why this question is very important. Using the historical source the author concluded that the level of Tomsk clergymen''s knowledge in medicine, sanitation and hygiene was not high enough in some cases. Sometimes they demonstrated ignorance in these questions. However, the problem of clergymen''s medical ignorance was discussed and tried to be solved. For example, special lecture courses were organized in Tomsk and popular science articles were published in Tomsk Diocesan Sheets. The author concludes that clergymen''s working in health education was not only Tomsk, but also pre-revolutionary Russian specific situation. Not only parsons but also articles in the newspaper Tomsk Diocesan Sheets formed a higher level of Russian people''s medical culture. It is hard to evaluate results of this action, but, undoubtedly, this work had positive results in the organization of health education in Tomsk Province in the 19th early 20th centuries.

Рассматривается деятельность приходских попечительств в Томской епархии как пример самодеятельности населения. ; A civil society suggests the activities of voluntary associations without a direct interference of the state. However, the historical realities of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 20th century do not allow us to find institutions that would be totally independent of the state. There were associations with a relatively high level of self-organization and self-governance, but they were either initiated by the government or controlled or partly financed by the state. At that time it was characteristic for the Russian Orthodox Church also where parish guardianships, a prototype of autonomous institutions of self-government, began to be established at the lowest structures, such as parish communities. Their establishment was spurred by the government's initiative. In the 1860s within the activities of the Special Committee for the Amelioration of Clergymen's Well-Being, established on June 18, 1862, the "Statute on Parish Guardianships of Orthodox Churches" was developed. It was signed into law on August 2, 1864. A special place in the activities of the guardianships belonged to the struggle with poverty and beggary. Much money was spent on the renovation of the existing churches and chapels and the construction of new ones. Special attention was paid to the conditions in parish schools and the building of new schools not only in the center of the parish, but also in the nearby villages (expenses were sometimes up to 50 % of guardianships' revenues). At the beginning of the 20th century much attention was paid to the development of the movement for sobriety, in Mariinsk attention was paid to the struggle with card games. Besides, guardianships paid special attention to the measures aimed at helping the victims of natural calamities, such as fires, and anti-epidemic measures in their parishes, provinces and the whole of the country. Ideally, guardianships were to become a link in the overarching system of public influence on the development of a concrete parish which often united several villages. The experience of the development of parish guardianships in Tomsk Province in the late 19th early 20th century allows us to trace the general tendency to a greater role of public in the life of the country and concrete localities which was interrupted by the World War I and the revolutionary events of 1917.

Анализируются основные законы Российской империи о въезде и поселении евреев в Сибири, действовавшие во второй половине XIX начале XX столетия, и характеризуется политика правительства и местной власти в отношении евреев. ; In the paper the author analyses basic laws of the Russian Empire about Jew entry and settling in Siberia, which acted during the second part of the 19-th beginning of the 20-th centuries; and describes government and local authorities policy to Jews.

Исследуется процесс привлечения чинов полиции Томской губернии за противоправные действия к ответственности в 19141916 гг. В случаи доказанности следствием вины полицейских к ним могли применяться разные меры наказаний от дисциплинарных (замечание, выговор, увольнение) до уголовных. Приведены факты произвола, взятничества и жестокого обращения полицейских с жителями. Рассмотрена «охранительная» политика департамента полиции МВД в отношении нерадивых служащих, свидетельствующая о том, что проступки должностных лиц зачастую замалчивались, дела не возбуждались. ; The police in the Russian Empire wasn't held in the people in respect, her didn't esteem, and often despised because ranks of police worked out of a legal framework, "wallowed" in bureaucracy and a vzyatnichestvo, arrested and beat the innocent. The administrative power in this question differed in restraint and only small percent of officials subjected to punishments to what archival documents testify. The management of department recognized that such facts take place and they "have to be pursued and eradicated by the most drastic measures". However any anti-corruption actions (we will tell, "clean hands") and large-scale preventive measures it wasn't held. In 1914-1916 the Tomsk governor regularly submitted sheets about involvement of police officers to responsibility. According to sheets follows that police officers were most often made responsible according to Art. 341 (excess or inaction of the power); Art. 347 (insult word or action); Art. 377 and 378 (extortion); Art. 1533 (drawing a heavy beating) and Art. 1540 (illegal detention and conclusion). It is interesting that during stay under a consequence, ranks of police were allowed to continue service in other district or the city. For 19141916 only 27% of affairs were finished by a conviction, from them concerning cool ranks 7,5%; the lower 92,5%; most of all cool ranks it was made responsible in 1914 However, from them only three (9%) were condemned. In 1916 the total of affairs was reduced by stages of a consequence and court (in comparison with 1915 for 42%) and for 50% convictions. Any of cool ranks in 1916 wasn't under examination. On more than 60% of affairs courts pronounced justificatory sentences. In a number of districts of the Tomsk province illegality of actions of police got "total" (from lower to cool ranks) and chronic character, on what specified numerous complaints of the population. To inhabitants to expose careless police officers and to prove their guilt was business by the extremely difficult. Process of the appeal of actions of ranks of police in most cases to anything I didn't lead. The given statistics of a criminal record of local police officers for 1914-1916 visually reflects the relation of the government to "servants monarchic". In most cases offenses of officials the administrative power "suppressed", proceedings didn't initiate and to avoid "people's wrath" transferred officials for continuation of service to other regions. The reserved, "guarding" policy and weak reaction to complaints of the population led to that in public opinion the police already stopped being body of providing a law and order, the guarantor of personal and property security of citizens, and opposite served as a symbol of ignorance, excess and permissiveness of police officers, as became one of factors of crash of the Russian Empire in February, 1917.

Ставится проблема влияния административной политики центральных и местных государственных органов власти на этнические и конфессиональные процессы в тюркоязычной среде аборигенного населения Томской губернии к началу ХХ в. Делается вывод о разнонаправленности этнических процессов, приведших как к формированию современных тюркоязычных этносов, так и к вхождению тюркского компонента в состав русского старожильческого населения Сибири. ; This article raises the problem of administrative policy impact on ethnic and religious processes that were taking place inside the Turkic commune of Tomsk province aboriginal population at the beginning of the 20th century. The author makes a conclusion: all ethnic processes were omni-directional, several of them had led to the forming of contemporary Turkic ethnicities, others made it possible for Turkic ethnicities to enter the Russian old-timers population of Siberia. Turkic aborigines inhabited Biysk, Barnaul, Kuznetsk, Mariinsk and Tomsk districts of Tomsk province and formed 83 foreign boards that were divided into nomadic and settled. The base for such a division was founded by "Non-Russian peoples government regulation" (1822) where ethnicities were divided using the extent of their lifestyle as familiar to Russians lifestyle, peasant lifestyle. Aboriginal people were allocated not on the basis of cultural, ethnic or racial affiliation, but by including them into a special social class "yasak-payers", at first, and from 1822 "non-Russians". Criteria for the definition of this social class was a special kind of obligation in the form of natural (fur) tax. Close contacts between Russians and aborigines were accompanied by assimilation and acculturation. At the same time these contacts increased the importance of the confessional factor. The abolition of non-Russian social class "inviolability" during the Stolypin reforms (1906-1911) clearly defined the direction of ethnic processes: the Russified part of aborigines smoothly flowed into the Russian Siberians; aborigines who preserved the ethnic specificity became the basis of modern Turkic-speaking ethnic groups of southern Siberia; those who adopted Islam merged with part of the Tatar-Muslim world of Northern Eurasia. However, due to the agrarian and administrative reforms of the early 20th century the ethnographic map of Siberia lost numerous ethnonyms associated with its ancient and medieval history along with the ethnonymic names of non-Russian boards.

Исследуются правовой статус, состав, структура, основные формы и методы работы Томского губернского революционного комитета, являвшегося чрезвычайным органом государственной власти на территории обширной Томской губернии на заключительном этапе Гражданской войны. Освещены причины, приведшие к его созданию, обозначены принципиальные отличия от конституционных органов власти, проанализирована нормативная база, положенная в основу деятельности органа. Показана руководящая роль губернского комитета партии в работе ревкома. ; After Tomsk province was freed from the White Guard troops in December 1919 Bolsheviks began to restore the provincial government. However, due to the unstable socio-economic situation and the possibility of anti-soviet action, state power was concentrated in hands of the provincial revolutionary committee formed on December 25, 1919 for ten months. The committee was an extraordinary organ of state power with extensive power in the field of civil and military administration. Its members were not elected but appointed by higher authorities and, above all, the Siberian revolutionary committee, which the Tomsk revolutionary committee was under the direct subordination to. The provincial committee had a right to form revolutionary committees of counties and administrate their activity. Functioning of the provincial revolutionary committee proceeded on the basis of the Statute of the revolutionary committees approved by the Central executive committee and the Council of Defence on October 24, 1919. However, the absence of the most important questions (regarding the structure, competencies, roles and responsibilities of the revolutionary committees) noticeably reduced the legal significance of this act and did not allow to apply its requirements in practice. In the period of the revolutionary committee administrative activity the centre of Tomsk Province was temporary moved to Novonikolayevsk. This required a very complicated organizational restructuring of the revolutionary committee. As a result, Novonikolayevsk revolutionary committee was turned into a province committee and Tomsk revolutionary committee reduced its authority to the county level. Periodical change of its members was a characteristic feature of the revolutionary committee. During the whole period of existence of the revolutionary committee some professional Bolsheviks were among its members: V. Shumkin, A. Karlov, F. Krylov, M. Levitin, N. Kalashnikov, G. Sobolevski, B. Shumyatsky, M. Sumetsky, A. Belenets, F. Orlov, J. Poznansky. Work forms of the revolutionary committee included meetings of the presidium, the revolutionary committee meeting with department heads and representatives of concerned agencies, the economic conference. All major actions that took place in the revolutionary committee were to have had the sanction of the provincial party committee. Possibility of party interference in the work of soviet authority was achieved by entry of the party members to the revolutionary committee and vice versa. By the autumn of 1920 the situation in the province allowed to move the administration from extraordinary organs of state power to the constitutional ones. At the first Congress of the provincial councils held on October 25-28 the provincial executive committee of soviets of workers, peasants and Red Army deputies was elected. The revolutionary committee gave full power to the new institution and ceased to exist.

Рассмотрено развитие телеграфной связи Томской губернии в период Первой мировой войны. Уделено внимание вопросам усовершенствования телеграфной связи: обновлению телеграфных аппаратов, постройке новых линий, открытию почтово-телеграфных отделений. Затронута проблема кадров в телеграфном деле. Сделан вывод о нарастании трудностей в работе телеграфа Томской губернии к концу Первой мировой войны. ; World War I contributed to the growth of telegraph correspondence in Russia on the whole and in Tomsk Province in particular. There were 98 postal telegraph offices on the eve of World War I in Tomsk. Tomsk had broad international contacts by cable. In 1913 they were especially close with Germany, England, Switzerland, France and Austria-Hungary. The telegraph connected Tomsk with 16 countries of Europe, the USA, Egypt and China. Before the war the staff of the postal telegraph district of Tomsk was increased for the purpose of relieving telegraphists. Telegraphists got their training in the postal telegraph school of Tomsk. However, these measures were not enough as, because of the war, telegraph was more loaded. In spite of the war, telegraph was installed in distant regions, telegraph sets were renewed and new postal telegraph offices opened. In 1916 the building of the Narym line was finished. The organisation of telegraphic communication through this line was of great importance for connections between north regions and the centre of the province when, in seasons of bad roads, postal roads in the north of the province were blocked for a long period of time. In 1916 the preparation for introducing telegraph sets of Baudot started. A year before, the chief of the postal telegraph office in Tomsk ordered to replace the Wheatstone telegraph by the telegraph of Baudot for the purpose of sending telegrams to Omsk. The advantage of the Baudot system was the first practically suitable system of multiple and consecutive telegraphy. In June 1916 the second and the third postal telegraph offices opened in Tomsk. Thus, in the period before the next political cataclysm the electrical communication in Tomsk Province continued to develop. However, the general economic dislocation and the destabilization of the political situation in the country affected more and more the situation with telegraph. After the revolutionary events of the end of February and the beginning of March 1917 there were increasingly more difficulties with telegraph functioning. Telegraph sets and staff were overloaded. The staff of telegraphists was not much enlarged and so it could not cope with the increasing daily work. By the end of 1917 the telegraphic communication between Tomsk and Moscow began to work with the telegraph sets of Wheatstone. In the line Tomsk Novonikolayevsk the Morse telegraph was replaced by the telegraph of Hughes. The level of technical equipment of telegraph offices in the postal telegraph district of Tomsk remained the same for some more years because the two revolutions of 1917 and the Civil War could not contribute to progress in this direction.

Реконструируется процесс выборов в Советы городского, сельского и волостного уровней на территории Томской губернии в период весны начала лета 1920 г., ознаменовавший переход от чрезвычайных к конституционным органам государственной власти. Выявляются характер и особенности избирательных кампаний, главной из которых являлось лишение избирательных прав значительно большего количества населения по сравнению с регионами Европейской России. Анализируется содержание нормативных актов, служивших юридической базой для формирования конституционных властных структур. Приводится численный состав коммунистов в избранных органах власти. ; The collapse of the Kolchak regime on the territory of Siberia allowed the Bolsheviks to form a system of Soviet bodies of state power. Revolutionary Committees as emergency power structures were first created. However, in the spring of 1920 guidance the Siberian Revolutionary Committee and the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party of the Bolsheviks estimating the military-political situation found it possible to begin a successive transition from revolutionary committees to councils and executive committees. The process of elections to councils on the territory of Siberia and, in particular, in Tomsk Province was characterized by the deprivation of the right to vote of additional categories of the population apart from those fixed in the Constitution of the RSFSR. Thus, people who could not vote and be elected were former officers and officials of Kolchak's Army, former clerks and officials of establishments of Kolchak's government serving for less than a year in Soviet establishments and in the Red Army; former officers of Kolchak's police and counter-intelligence and some other groups. Transition to the constitutional bodies of power in Tomsk Province began from the end of April, 1920, when the City Council of Novonikolaevsk was elected. During May beginning of June City Councils were elected in Tomsk, Shcheglovsk, Kainsk, Barabinsk and Narym. Mariinsk had no election to the City Council due to the small number of its population. All functions of the Council were later given to the Executive Committee of the city and the district. Obviously, the same decision was made in Kuznetsk. Practically all city councils first worked in very unfavorable conditions lacking skilled staff, periodic mobilizations of members to the food front, to fight against insurgent movements. In addition, many deputies performed numerous party, public and soldiery duties besides working in the councils. After electing city councils, elections of councils began in the country. They took place in the situation of scale deprivation of voting rights, for example, 13 people in Berezkino Village of Zorkaltsevo Volost were not allowed to vote due to their old age. On the whole, the number of members of the Russian Communist Party of the Bolsheviks in rural councils on the territory of the province was not big, notedly smaller that the number of non-party members. The next step in the process of transition from the emergency bodies of power to the constitutional ones was the convocation of the volost council congresses and election of volost executive committees. By the results of the elections most communists were elected to the executive committees of Shcheglovsk District, which was explained by the strong party organization in the district, and by the decision of the district non-party conference in the beginning of May 1920 to assist in electing to councils of members of the Russian Communist Party of the Bolsheviks only. Finally the hierarchical body of power in the province was formed after the district and province congresses of councils.

Представлена характеристика съездов, конференций и совещаний социально-классовых, политических, религиозных, национальных организаций как одной из наиболее значимых форм проявления общественно-политической активности масс в крупнейшем сибирском регионе Томской губернии в марте октябре 1917 г. Через анализ решений и резолюций определены векторы политической эволюции основных социальных групп населения губернии в рассматриваемый период ; The paper presents the characterization of congresses, conferences and meetings of social and class, political, religious, national organizations as one of the most significant manifestations of social and political activity of the masses in the major Siberian region -Tomsk Province in March October 1917. Based on the analysis of decisions and resolutions, the vectors have been defined of political evolution of the main social groups of the province's population during the given period. During the first days of March 1917, all across the country, the formation of local self-governing bodies which received the common name of public safety committees (KOB) started. Created in the wake of the revolutionary upsurge, the committees constituted a democratic coalition seeking to put the idea of class peace in practice. The essence of their activity was the search for a compromise among different social groups targeted at the realization of civil rights and liberties. The committees initiated by the masses became the first truly democratic local authorities. They represented all social strata, organizations and institutions. By the mid-summer 1917, in Tomsk Province the committees were replaced by executive committees in charge of implementing decisions made at peoples' meetings. Thus, a new structure of local government formed in the region. The legislative branch was represented by regional, city, district and volost' people's meetings whereas the executive one -by the relevant committees. After the Provisional Government adopted a number of regulations regulating the activity of local government, in Tomsk Province, since the summer 1917, active work was started to organize elections in accordance with the laws adopted. By November 1917, over 80 national organizations and 9 national clubs were active in the region. After the Revolution the Russian clergy found itself in a difficult situation. The collapse of the autocratic foundations forced it to define its attitude toward the new government and elaborate a new behavioral pattern. The labor movement became an important component of the social and political life of the region. The possibility of legal trade-union activity that emerged after the February Revolution contributed to workers and employees' increasingly struggling for their rights. Sessions and conferences materials show that by November 1917 the power in Tomsk Province was in the hands of the coalition of democratic forces comprised of the Socialist Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats. They controlled the local authorities, a significant part of councils and trade unions. Within this coalition such movements as national, women's, youth and cooperative ones developed.

На основе различных источников, архивных материалов, извлеченных автором из Государственного архива Российской Федерации и Государственного архива Томской области, рассматриваются особенности реформирования пенитенциарной системы Томской губернии в конце XIX начале XX века в контексте производимых Главным тюремным управлением преобразований пенитенциарной системы Российской империи. Автором рассматриваются историко-правовые аспекты исполнения уголовных наказаний в виде лишения свободы, создание новых и реконструкция функционирующих пенитенциарных учреждений Томской губернии, анализируется соотношение уголовных и политических заключенных в период 1900-1914 гг., показывается вклад общественных объединений в реформирование пенитенциарной системы губернии на рубеже XIX-XX веков. ; The challenges the penal system of Russia faces today are similar to the problems of the earlier periods of its history. Therefore, the study of experience of the penitentiary system reform in the country as a whole and its separate regions is significant both for legislation and law enforcement. This study allows us to conclude that the development of the penal system of Tomsk province before the revolution took place in the context of the transformation of the Chief Prison Administration. However, over the long period of the penitentiary system reform the government changed several times. This limited the continuity of policies, and the lack of necessary funds significantly braked the implementation of the programs. It is hardly necessary to agree with the opinion of some researchers estimating the period of 1879-1917 in the reform of the penal system as a failure (I.V. Uporov). At least, it does not apply to the penal system of Tomsk province. First, the establishment on its territory of new penitentiary facilities led to improved conditions for prisoners serving sentences, as well as to less numerous "prison population". Second, changes in types of prisons resulted in the differentiation of the conditions of serving sentences, which was fixed in the main legal acts of the period under consideration. Third, the positive results of the implementation of prison reforms in the province were a gradual change of the prison performing purely punitive functions to having a comprehensive educational and labor influence on the prisoner, combined with religious education and training. Fourth, the establishment of a new type of correctional institutions in Tomsk province a colony for minors was the merit of both provicial NGOs and the penitentiary system administration, which gave prerequisites for the spiritual and moral improvement of juvenile prisoners. Finally, public involvement in the work of prisons was in many ways ahead of the processes of humanization of serving sentences in the European part of the country.

Анализируются особенности формирования мещанского сословия на территории Юго-Западной Сибири в дореформенный период. Привлекая архивные источники, авторы дают характеристику правового статуса сибирского мещанина, юридические условия для причисления в мещанство. В работе также представлены статистические данные по такому параметру, как динамика социальной мобильности мещан в дореформенный период. Рассказано об особенностях перемещения мещан в разных городах Томской губернии, а также на территории Алтайского горного округа. Показано, что в городах Юго-Западной Сибири костяк формирующегося мещанства составили в основном посадские люди, главным образом старожилы, которые благодаря реформе изменили свой статус и название. Подробно охарактеризованы особенности причисления в мещанство инородцев, крестьян, ссыльных, поселенцев, обедневших купцов, отставных военных, представителей духовенства. Особое внимание уделяется проблеме перемещений обедневших купцов в мещанское сословие и обратно. Авторы выделяют тот факт, что Сибирь являлась местом ссылки, поэтому формирование мещанства здесь имело свои особенности. Ссыльные являлись одним из важнейших источников рекрутирования мещанства в течение всего XIX в., их многочисленные причисления в данное сословие не лучшим образом сказывались на его материальном и нравственном состоянии. ; The paper analyzes the features of formation of bourgeois class on the territory of South-Western Siberia in the pre-reform period. Drawing the archival sources, the authors give a description of the legal status of the Siberian tradesman, legal conditions for charge-ability in philistinism. The paper also gives statistics on such parameters as the dynamics of the middle class social mobility in pre-reform period. The article considers the statistics on dynamics of social mobility burghers in the pre-reform period. The paper also considers the features of the middle class movement in various cities of Tomsk province, as well as in the Altai mining district. In the cities of South-Western Siberia the backbone of the emerging middle class was made up mostly of townspeople, old-timers, who due to the reform changed their status and name. Detailed characterization is given to the process of entering the philistinism of natives, peasants, exiles, settlers, impoverished merchants, retired military, and members of the clergy. Special attention is paid to the problem of moving of impoverished merchants to the bourgeois class, and back. The authors identify the fact that Siberia was the place of exile, so the formation of middle class had in the region its own peculiarities. The exiles were a major source of recruitment of middle class during the XIXth century; their numerous attributions to the class negatively affected its material and moral condition.

Рассмотрена история Томского губернского комитета Российской коммунистической партии большевиков, являвшегося высшей партийной инстанцией на территории Томской губернии в период 1920-1925 гг. Раскрыты создание и функции губкома. Установлен его персональный руководящий состав, обозначены особенности руководящих кадров. Комплексно исследован аппарат партийного комитета, раскрыты происходившие изменения в его структуре. Проанализирована динамика численности сотрудников губкома. Выявлены и оценены основные формы работы губернского партийного комитета. ; The Tomsk Provincial Committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks was elected at the final stage of the first Tomsk provincial party conference on July 26, 1920. It consisted of 11 members and three candidates. The Provincial Committee was the highest authority of the Party in the territory of the Tomsk Province and had the right to approve the county and district party organizations, to appoint editors of the press, direct the activities of councils, trade unions, cooperative associations. Current work of the provincial committee was concentrated in its staff which included a number of departments. The structure of the staff changed periodically. One of the first changes was the elimination of the Department for Work in the Countryside in November 1920. Around April 1921 the Provincial Control Commission was formed as a department. By the fall of 1921, the Departments of Accounting Information and Statistics and for Work among the National Minorities ceased operations. The functions of the former department were transferred to the Organization and Instruction Department. The Department for Work among the National Minorities became a subdivision of national minorities in the Agitation and Propaganda Department. In March 1922, the Istpart Bureau was formed for collection, processing, systematization and publication of documents reflecting the history of the local party organization. In September 1922, a Military Bureau was formed as part of the Organization Department of the Provincial Committee, it lasted until May 1923, and a student office. By 1924 the Party Committee structure was stabilized. Over the five-year period of functioning of the Provincial Committee, its leaders were P.A. Verkhoturov (July 1920 January 1921), A.D. Nikiforov (January 1921 April 1921), V.M. Pokhlebkin (April 1921 July 1921), V.A. Stroganov (July 1921 September 1923), V.S. Kalashnikov (September 1923 -November 1925). Frequent changes of the party committee leaders reflected the center's striving to prevent the emergence of local separatism. Except A.D. Nikiforov, all heads of the Tomsk Provincial Committee were from other regions of the country. They were sent to Tomsk by the decision of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks. The size of the Tomsk Provincial Committee officials was extremely volatile. There was a trend of constant growth in the number of the committee staff. The main forms of work were the Provincial Committee plenary sessions and meetings of the Bureau elected at the Plenum. However, the work of the plenum was not systemic. The Tomsk Provincial Committee was obliged to report monthly on its activities to the Siberian bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks. However, the reports were not always on time and their quality was also low. In connection with the division of Siberia and the abolition of the Tomsk province on November 2, 1925, the Tomsk Provincial Committee of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks ceased to exist. Instead, the Tomsk District Party Committee was established.

Статья посвящена исследованию военно-стратегических функций путей сообщения Томской губернии и Алтайского (горного) округа во второй половине XIX начале XX вв. В статье показана тесная связь истории транспорта с деятельностью военного ведомства в Томской губернии. Продемонстрировано, что появление во второй половине XIX века возможности широко использовать железные дороги в военных целях превратило их в средство укрепления обороноспособности государства. ; This Article is devoted to research of the military-strategic function of the ways of the message Tomsk province and Altay (mountain) Region in Second Half of the XIX the Beginning of the XX cc. In article it is shown crowding relationship to Histories of the Transport with activity military department in Tomsk province. It Is Demonstrated, that appearance in the second half XIX age of the possibility broadly to use the railways in military purpose has transformed them in e facility of the fortification defenses state.