Suchergebnisse

The institutional, legal, organizational, financial conditions of functioning of civil society in the Slovak Republic are highlighted in the article.The author focuses on the peculiarities of the activities of non-governmental organizations. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of non-governmental organizations are analyzed.The problematic aspects of functioning of civil society in modern Slovakia are singled out: imperfect legal regulation of the activities of non-governmental organizations; unfinished construction of an institu- tional mechanism for interaction with the state; weak integration of the non-governmental sector into the system of decision-making; fragmentation of non-governmental organizations; limited financial resources and instability of the activities of civic organizations; growing distrust of the political elite, parties and mech- anisms of democracy; increase of political apathy of citizens; reduction of civic participation; activization of subjects of uncivil society (radicals and extremists).Relations between the government and the third sector in Slovak Republic were difficult for different approaches of the ruling coalition to cooperate with public organizations. The role of non-governmental organizations in the struggle against authoritarian tendencies in 1994-1998 was emphasized.The attention is focused on the negative trends of social development in Slovakia that require the attention of the state and civil society. ; У статті висвітлено інституційно-правові, організаційні, фінансові умови функціонування громадянського суспільства в Словацькій Республіці. Основна увага зосереджена на особливостях діяльності неурядових організацій. Виокремлено проблемні аспекти функціонування громадянського суспільства в сучасній Словаччині. Наголошено на негативних тенденціях суспільного розвитку в Словаччині, які вимагають уваги держави та громадянського суспільства.

The institutional, legal, organizational, financial conditions of functioning of civil society in the Slovak Republic are highlighted in the article.The author focuses on the peculiarities of the activities of non-governmental organizations. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of non-governmental organizations are analyzed.The problematic aspects of functioning of civil society in modern Slovakia are singled out: imperfect legal regulation of the activities of non-governmental organizations; unfinished construction of an institu- tional mechanism for interaction with the state; weak integration of the non-governmental sector into the system of decision-making; fragmentation of non-governmental organizations; limited financial resources and instability of the activities of civic organizations; growing distrust of the political elite, parties and mech- anisms of democracy; increase of political apathy of citizens; reduction of civic participation; activization of subjects of uncivil society (radicals and extremists).Relations between the government and the third sector in Slovak Republic were difficult for different approaches of the ruling coalition to cooperate with public organizations. The role of non-governmental organizations in the struggle against authoritarian tendencies in 1994-1998 was emphasized.The attention is focused on the negative trends of social development in Slovakia that require the attention of the state and civil society. ; У статті висвітлено інституційно-правові, організаційні, фінансові умови функціонування громадянського суспільства в Словацькій Республіці. Основна увага зосереджена на особливостях діяльності неурядових організацій. Виокремлено проблемні аспекти функціонування громадянського суспільства в сучасній Словаччині. Наголошено на негативних тенденціях суспільного розвитку в Словаччині, які вимагають уваги держави та громадянського суспільства.

The main forms, institutional mechanisms and problems of the implementation of direct democracy in Slovak Republic are analyzed in the article. The Constitution establishes the following forms of direct democracy in Slovakia: referendums, petition campaigns and the removal of the President from office (national level); community gathering, local referendum and regional referendum (level of territorial self-government).The main focus is on the peculiarities of constitutional regulation and the political functioning of the referendum. The referendum is held in Slovak Republic at national, regional and local level. The experience of holding the Slovak referendums testifies to the low turnout of citizens. In 1993-2015, there were eight national referendums, but only one in 2003 was recognized as validKey issues, which essentially complicate the procedure of the referendum conducting, have been determined. It is concluded that the referendum institute in Slovak Republic has often been used to achieve narrow political goals. The politicization of the referendum is connected with the political parties, the struggle between the authorities and the opposition.The article shows the reasons for the lack of interest of citizens in implementing the mechanisms of direct democracy in Slovak Republic.Development of direct democracy is considered as a key prerequisite for further democratization of Slovakia's political system. The need to improve the legal regulation of direct democracy and referendums in Slovak Republic is also stressed in the article. ; У статті проаналізовано основні форми, інституційні механізми і проблеми реалізації прямої демократії в Словацькій Республіці. Основна увага зосереджена на особливостях конституційного регулювання та політичного функціонування інституту референдуму. Зроблено висновок, що інститут референдуму в Словаччині часто використовувався для досягнення політичних цілей. Політизація референдуму пов'язана з партіями, боротьбою між владою і опозицією. Акентовано увагу на причинах слабкого зацікавлення громадян в реалізації механізмів прямої демократії в Словацькій Республіці.

The article analyzes the concepts of democracy which reflected in the writings of the French scientists of the second half of XX – beginning XXI century. Directions of modern political researches are considered through discussion between supporters of neoliberal (individualistic), socialist and pluralist (collectivistic) concepts of democracy. The author comes to the conclusion about the expediency of incorporating research results of French political scientists for the future establishment of the theory of political science in Ukraine and the development of democratic processes by combining liberal values with the values of solidarity and deep cooperation between the authorities and the public. ; У статті аналізуються концепції демократії, що знайшли відображення у працях французьких дослідників другої половини ХХ – початку ХХІ століття. Основні напрями сучасних політичних досліджень розкриваються автором через аналіз дискусії, що розгорнулась між прихильниками неоліберальної (індивідуалістської), соціалістичної та плюралістичної (колективістських) концепцій демократії. Автор доходить висновку про доцільність врахування результатів наукових розвідок французьких політологів у подальшому становленні теорії політичної науки в Україні та розвитку демократичних процесів на засадах поєднання ліберальних цінностей з цінностями солідарності, поглиблення взаємодії влади і громадськості.

The article deals with the development of the institute of presidency through the prism of state-power relations, the electoral process and political transformations in the Slovak Republic. Noted that the process of democratic transformations in the Slovak Republic is closely linked to the development of the institute of presidency, which occupies a special place in the system of power relations.President of Slovakia has weak constitutional competences and his role includes mainly formal and representative functions. But the president's power manifests itself in the political practice, which M. Kovac, R. Schuster, I. Gasparovich, A. Kiska repeatedly testified to their activities.It is concluded that in the constitution 1992 many provisions were formulated vaguely and provoked institutional conflicts. Constitutional amendments (1999, 2001) partly reinstated the institutional balance in the system of power relations. Slovakia is dynamically reacting to political crises and is looking for the possibility of constitutionally improving the institution of the presidency.Special attention is given to the position of the president vis-a-vis the prime minister and the cabinet. All directly elected presidents in Slovakia have had occasional political conflicts with the government. However, the two disputing sides never escalated their conflicts in the manner characteristic of the period from 1994– 1998. During the period of 1994–1998, the relations between government and the opposition have always been strained during the whole period in consequence of concentration of power by the ruling coalition at the head of Meciar, oppression and restriction of parliamental oppositional actions and the president of Slovakia.The author comes to the conclusion, that the institution of presidency played an important role in the democratic transformation, legitimation and institutional consolidation of the political system in the Slovak Republic. ; У статті проаналізовано розвиток інституту президента крізь призму динаміки державно-владних відносин, електорального процесу і політичних трансформацій в Словацькій Республіці. Зроблено висновок, що в Конституції 1992 р. містилось чимало нечітких положень, які спровокували інституційні конфлікти. Конституційні зміни у 1999, 2001 рр. частково відновили інституційну рівновагу в системі владних відносин. Особлива увага приділяється аналізу позиції президента щодо прем'єр мністра та уряду.

Under present conditions, civic education is a requirement of the present day, an important factor in democratic transformations, changes in the value orientations of citizens. Hence, increasing attention to its analysis and improving the quality of implementation is an urgent necessity for many democratic states, and should start with a study of its periodization.Defining the issues and developing the periodization of civic education in the context of the development of democratic ideas in the second half of the XIX century. – іncluding by 2018, it is worth noting the following. By studying the historical retrospective of civic education, we outlined the six main periods of its development in the context of the ideas of democracy: 1) The period of crystallization of the ideas of democracy covered by the time frame of the second half of the XIX century provided for the gradual establishment of civic education as a universal doctrine based on the model of liberal democracy J. S. Mill and concepts of education of a «democratic citizen»; 2) The period of the adoption of democratic ideas, which began at the beginning of the XX century, marked the recognition of it as one of the basic priorities of democratic development of society and its transformation into a mass social phenomenon (the creation of the first European Association of Civic Education and the publication of sign labor played a significant role in these processes) American philosopher J. Dewey «Democracy and Education»); 3) The period of the first studies on civic education in the countries of established democracy (second half of the XX century) envisaged the beginning and implementation of the first fundamental studies on civic education in the countries of established democracy; 4) The period of change in the role of civic educa- tion in establishing democracy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which begins at the end of the XX century, envisaged the transformation of civic education from the tool of political indoctrination into a powerful factor in democratic change and the active role of citizens, in particular young people in the life of their own society; 5) The period of civic education in the context of global citizenship (the begin- ning of the XXI century) marked the new scale of its development, due to the dynamic changes in the world arena and the emergence of global citizenship, the formation of new tasks and the transformation into a permanent object of attention and priority the direction of the Council of Europe and the institutions of the European community, the state policy of many states; 6) The modern period of civic education in the context of digitalization and the search for new tools (2010-2018) is characterized by new challenges for civic education, associated with active information development, the emergence of citizenship and the new digital civic education mediated by digital technologies and online tools.Consequently, the study and study of the experience of the emergence and formation of civic education in the context of the development of ideas of democracy from the second half of the XIX century by 2018, allows us to characterize it as a complex multidimensional phenomenon that developed under the influence of many factors and trends, the significance and correlation of which is due to specific historical, socio-political and legal realities. Also, it will help to explore the various ways that different countries have used, responding to social challenges, carrying out a reflection of educational traditions and their dynamics of development, etc. ; У статті визначено проблематику періодизації громадянської освіти в контексті розвитку ідей демократії, зокрема виокремлено шість періодів: кристалізація ідей демократії (друга половина XIX ст.); утвердження демократичних ідей (початок XX ст.); первинні дослідження з громадянської освіти в країнах усталеної демократії (друга половина XX ст.); зміна ролі громадянської освіти зі встановленням демократії в країнах Центральної та Східної Європи (кінець XX ст.); громадянська освіта в контексті глобального громадянства (початок XXI ст.); громадянська освіта в умовах діджиталізації та пошук нових інструментів її впровадження (2010–2018 рр.). Виокремлено особливості, тенденції та характерні риси кожного з указаних періодів.

Under present conditions, civic education is a requirement of the present day, an important factor in democratic transformations, changes in the value orientations of citizens. Hence, increasing attention to its analysis and improving the quality of implementation is an urgent necessity for many democratic states, and should start with a study of its periodization.Defining the issues and developing the periodization of civic education in the context of the development of democratic ideas in the second half of the XIX century. – іncluding by 2018, it is worth noting the following. By studying the historical retrospective of civic education, we outlined the six main periods of its development in the context of the ideas of democracy: 1) The period of crystallization of the ideas of democracy covered by the time frame of the second half of the XIX century provided for the gradual establishment of civic education as a universal doctrine based on the model of liberal democracy J. S. Mill and concepts of education of a «democratic citizen»; 2) The period of the adoption of democratic ideas, which began at the beginning of the XX century, marked the recognition of it as one of the basic priorities of democratic development of society and its transformation into a mass social phenomenon (the creation of the first European Association of Civic Education and the publication of sign labor played a significant role in these processes) American philosopher J. Dewey «Democracy and Education»); 3) The period of the first studies on civic education in the countries of established democracy (second half of the XX century) envisaged the beginning and implementation of the first fundamental studies on civic education in the countries of established democracy; 4) The period of change in the role of civic educa- tion in establishing democracy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which begins at the end of the XX century, envisaged the transformation of civic education from the tool of political indoctrination into a powerful factor in democratic change and the active role of citizens, in particular young people in the life of their own society; 5) The period of civic education in the context of global citizenship (the begin- ning of the XXI century) marked the new scale of its development, due to the dynamic changes in the world arena and the emergence of global citizenship, the formation of new tasks and the transformation into a permanent object of attention and priority the direction of the Council of Europe and the institutions of the European community, the state policy of many states; 6) The modern period of civic education in the context of digitalization and the search for new tools (2010-2018) is characterized by new challenges for civic education, associated with active information development, the emergence of citizenship and the new digital civic education mediated by digital technologies and online tools.Consequently, the study and study of the experience of the emergence and formation of civic education in the context of the development of ideas of democracy from the second half of the XIX century by 2018, allows us to characterize it as a complex multidimensional phenomenon that developed under the influence of many factors and trends, the significance and correlation of which is due to specific historical, socio-political and legal realities. Also, it will help to explore the various ways that different countries have used, responding to social challenges, carrying out a reflection of educational traditions and their dynamics of development, etc. ; У статті визначено проблематику періодизації громадянської освіти в контексті розвитку ідей демократії, зокрема виокремлено шість періодів: кристалізація ідей демократії (друга половина XIX ст.); утвердження демократичних ідей (початок XX ст.); первинні дослідження з громадянської освіти в країнах усталеної демократії (друга половина XX ст.); зміна ролі громадянської освіти зі встановленням демократії в країнах Центральної та Східної Європи (кінець XX ст.); громадянська освіта в контексті глобального громадянства (початок XXI ст.); громадянська освіта в умовах діджиталізації та пошук нових інструментів її впровадження (2010–2018 рр.). Виокремлено особливості, тенденції та характерні риси кожного з указаних періодів.

Стаття присвячена аналізу особливостей й основних тенденцій розвитку українського політичного режиму у порівняльній перспективі з політичним режимом Республіки Польща. Визначено основні тенденції розвитку політичного режиму України. ; The political mode in the period of systemic transformation is undoubtedly one of the main actors on the political scene, as he describes the basic activities of state-government institutions and the process of democratization.The article tries to make a comparative analysis of the political transformation of post-communist modes of Ukraine and Poland, as well as through the political transformation consider the main features of post neopatrumonialna system (create a class of rent-seeking political entrepreneurs, private use of public administrative resources, the key role of patronage-client relationships in structuring politico-economic process and space real political struggle). The main trends of the political regime in Ukraine.

Сьогодні уряди багатьох країн використовують інформаційно-комунікаційні технології в системі державного управління, залучаючи до формування політики через електронні канали широке коло громадян, особливо на місцевому рівні. Використання електронних інструментів та інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій є важливою умовою успішної взаємодії органів державної влади з громадянським суспільством. Електронна участь забезпечує міцне партнерство між представниками влади та громадянами, призводить до зміцнення представницької демократії та її інструментів традиційного залучення громадян до процесу ухвалення державних рішень. У статті розглянуто застосування інструментів електронної участі на різних етапах формування державної політики, визначено їхній вплив та умови ефективного функціонування. ; Today, governments in many countries use information and communication technologies for public administration, involving to the formation of policies, through electronic channels, a wide range of citizens, especially at the local level. The use of electronic tools and information and communication technologies is an important condition for the interaction of public authorities with civil society. Electronic participation ensures a strong partnership between state authorities and civil society, leads to the strengthening of rep- resentative democracy and its tools of traditional engagement of citizens in the decision-making process. In the information society, an improved type of state communication with citizens through electronic channels is formed, namely through the filing of electronic petitions, electronic consultations, and the usage of state electronic services. Under conditions when citizens are delegated some of the powers, their competence, responsibility for the decisions and political culture are promptly increased.Citizens' interaction with state authorities should be based on partnership, equal and mutual respect for all participants of the discussion, active citizens' position with openness to compromises. It is important that citizens are united through new platforms of electronic communication, representing common ideas, scaling their influence. Information and communication technologies allow citizens receive greater partic- ipation in policy development and government decision-making. As a result, in the e-governance system, there will be new types of interaction between the state and civil society that involves openness, transparency and full confidence.In Ukraine, the introduction of information and communication technologies in public administration will strengthen democratic processes both at the central and at the local level. However, in Ukrainian realities, it should be remembered that, along with the development of the legal framework for e-governance and job description for civil servants, it is necessary to actively improve the technical infrastructure, attract international experience and investments to establish effective electronic communication between state authorities and the civil society. Taking into account international experience, Ukraine needs to fully reform the mechanisms and system of electronic channels for involving citizens in public administration, update and improve the regulatory framework of e-governance, introduce state-run training programs for civil serv- ants on the use of electronic tools for citizens' engaging, attracting investment in development technical infrastructure and information and communication technologies.This article discusses usage of electronic participation tools at the main stages of public policies formation procedure, determines their influence and conditions of effective functioning. The main purpose of the study is to determine the possibilities, dynamics of development and peculiarities of the electronic tools usage for participation in public administration.

Сьогодні уряди багатьох країн використовують інформаційно-комунікаційні технології в системі державного управління, залучаючи до формування політики через електронні канали широке коло громадян, особливо на місцевому рівні. Використання електронних інструментів та інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій є важливою умовою успішної взаємодії органів державної влади з громадянським суспільством. Електронна участь забезпечує міцне партнерство між представниками влади та громадянами, призводить до зміцнення представницької демократії та її інструментів традиційного залучення громадян до процесу ухвалення державних рішень. У статті розглянуто застосування інструментів електронної участі на різних етапах формування державної політики, визначено їхній вплив та умови ефективного функціонування. ; Today, governments in many countries use information and communication technologies for public administration, involving to the formation of policies, through electronic channels, a wide range of citizens, especially at the local level. The use of electronic tools and information and communication technologies is an important condition for the interaction of public authorities with civil society. Electronic participation ensures a strong partnership between state authorities and civil society, leads to the strengthening of rep- resentative democracy and its tools of traditional engagement of citizens in the decision-making process. In the information society, an improved type of state communication with citizens through electronic channels is formed, namely through the filing of electronic petitions, electronic consultations, and the usage of state electronic services. Under conditions when citizens are delegated some of the powers, their competence, responsibility for the decisions and political culture are promptly increased.Citizens' interaction with state authorities should be based on partnership, equal and mutual respect for all participants of the discussion, active citizens' position with openness to compromises. It is important that citizens are united through new platforms of electronic communication, representing common ideas, scaling their influence. Information and communication technologies allow citizens receive greater partic- ipation in policy development and government decision-making. As a result, in the e-governance system, there will be new types of interaction between the state and civil society that involves openness, transparency and full confidence.In Ukraine, the introduction of information and communication technologies in public administration will strengthen democratic processes both at the central and at the local level. However, in Ukrainian realities, it should be remembered that, along with the development of the legal framework for e-governance and job description for civil servants, it is necessary to actively improve the technical infrastructure, attract international experience and investments to establish effective electronic communication between state authorities and the civil society. Taking into account international experience, Ukraine needs to fully reform the mechanisms and system of electronic channels for involving citizens in public administration, update and improve the regulatory framework of e-governance, introduce state-run training programs for civil serv- ants on the use of electronic tools for citizens' engaging, attracting investment in development technical infrastructure and information and communication technologies.This article discusses usage of electronic participation tools at the main stages of public policies formation procedure, determines their influence and conditions of effective functioning. The main purpose of the study is to determine the possibilities, dynamics of development and peculiarities of the electronic tools usage for participation in public administration.

The hypothesis of formation of the post-soviet authoritarianism nominated by foreign scholars has been considered. The features of the regulation of certain elements of the model of checks and balances in the constitution of the former Soviet Union have been clarified. The influence of the violation of the dynamic balance of the system of checks and balances in the "managed democracy" regime of post-soviet countries has been determined. ; Рассмотрена гипотеза о формировании постсоветского авторитаризма, выдвинутая зарубежными учеными. Освещены особенности регулирования отдельных элементов модели сдержек и противовесов в конституциях бывших республик Советского Союза. Определено влияние нарушения динамического равновесия системы сдержек и противовесов на установление режима «управляемой демократии» в постсоветских странах. ; Розглянуто гіпотезу про формування пострадянського авторитаризму, висунуту зарубіжними науковцями. Розкрито особливості регулювання окремих елементів моделі стримувань і противаг у конституціях колишніх республік Радянського Союзу. Визначено вплив порушення динамічної рівноваги системи стримувань і противаг на встановлення режиму «керованої демократії» у пострадянських країнах.

The hypothesis of formation of the post-soviet authoritarianism nominated by foreign scholars has been considered. The features of the regulation of certain elements of the model of checks and balances in the constitution of the former Soviet Union have been clarified. The influence of the violation of the dynamic balance of the system of checks and balances in the "managed democracy" regime of post-soviet countries has been determined. ; Рассмотрена гипотеза о формировании постсоветского авторитаризма, выдвинутая зарубежными учеными. Освещены особенности регулирования отдельных элементов модели сдержек и противовесов в конституциях бывших республик Советского Союза. Определено влияние нарушения динамического равновесия системы сдержек и противовесов на установление режима «управляемой демократии» в постсоветских странах. ; Розглянуто гіпотезу про формування пострадянського авторитаризму, висунуту зарубіжними науковцями. Розкрито особливості регулювання окремих елементів моделі стримувань і противаг у конституціях колишніх республік Радянського Союзу. Визначено вплив порушення динамічної рівноваги системи стримувань і противаг на встановлення режиму «керованої демократії» у пострадянських країнах.

The paper analyzes the need of finding a new metaideolohiyi; based on the ideological foundations of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen that caused andlegal basis for their implementation. Formed theoretical grounds ideology of human rights; which is of great importance for reflection place and role of ideological factors in social and political life of the modern state. The article substantiates the essence of the ideology of human rights as one of the most modern concept Postnonclassical science reveals the evolution of the ideology of human rights in the history of political thought and reasonable ways to increase the effectiveness of the concept of human rights to optimize the rule of law.In this article the goal of the article - to form the theoretical bases of the concept of human rights; which is one of the most advanced Postnonclassical science that is important for the reflection of place and role of ideological factors in the paradigm of the XXI century. Realization of this goal grounded theory of the nature and importance of human rights as one of the most modern concept Postnonclassical science; explain the concepts and categories of the human rights paradigm and its implications for the modern understanding of ideological influence on man; show the evolution of human rights theory in the history of political thought and clarification of concepts and categorical apparatus for knowledge of complex social systems; uncover ways and ways to increase the efficiency of human rights theory to optimize the rule of law. In the history of political and legal thought; legal practice; common law of different nations have developed four major solutions to the problem of human rights; the legal status of persons: 1 Liberal (European) concept of human rights is based on the idea of natural; inalienable human rights and justify the need constitutional definition of conditions that are conducive to the free development of the individual. 2 collectivist concept of human rights (Marxist; racist; etc.) based on the identified priority group (society; class; race; nation; etc.) in relation to a person; and to substantiate the limited rights public interest. 3 Islamic (Muslim) concept; or the concept of equality under Sharia associated with traditional Islamic law. It is significantly different from the European concept; and its main feature is the fact that Islam is the source of human rights recognizes only the Sharia. 4 traditionalist concept of human rights in common law consists of individual tribes and their feature due to customary law; which is a group right: it operates within small social groups (tribe; clan; family; family). Noted that the functional structure of the society of the XXI century should be represented as seven sectors; each of which characterized specific types of ideologies. It is concluded that the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms involves promoting the welfare of human security; state and society. To achieve these goals possible and necessary ideological compromise. ; В статье обосновывается анализ потребности в поиске новой метаидеологии; в основе которой идеологические основания прав и свобод человека и гражданина; которые обусловлены правовой основой их реализации. Сформированы теоретические основания идеологии прав и свобод человека и гражданина; которые имеют большое значение для рефлексии места и роли концепта прав и свобод человека и гражданина в общественно-политической жизни правового государства. В статье раскрывается сущность идеологии прав человека как одной из самой современной концепции потснеклассической науки и обосновны направления повышения эффективности концепта прав человека для оптимизации правового государства. ; В статті дається аналіз потреби пошуку нової метаідеології; в основі якої ідеологічні засади прав і свобод людини і громадянина; що зумовлені -правовою основою їх реалізації. Сформовано теоретичні підстави ідеології прав і свобод людини; що є має велике значення для рефлексії місця і ролі ідеологічного фактора в суспільно-політичному житті сучасної держави. В статті обгрунтовується сутність ідеології прав людини як однієї з самої сучасної концепції постнекласичної науки; розкрито еволюцію ідеології прав людини в історії політичної думки та обгрунтовано напрями підвищення ефективності концепту прав людини для оптимізації правової держави.