Suchergebnisse

В статье на основе анализа данных о положении детей в государстве и выявленных противоречий в государственной политике по отношению к детству, обосновывается авторская позиция рассматривать детство как объект биоэтики.In the article on the basis of data on the situation of children in the state and identified contradictions in government policy in relation to childhood, the author position is to consider the child as an object of bioethics.

В статье на основе анализа данных о положении детей в государстве и выявленных противоречий в государственной политике по отношению к детству, обосновывается авторская позиция рассматривать детство как объект биоэтики.In the article on the basis of data on the situation of children in the state and identified contradictions in government policy in relation to childhood, the author position is to consider the child as an object of bioethics.

Статья посвящена влиянию русского реализма на ирландскую прозу, которое возникло в начале XX в. вследствие интереса ирландских писателей к произведениям Толстого, Тургенева и Чехова. В этот период литературный реализм стал важной частью формирования ирландского самосознания. В статье, в частности, рассматривается влияние Максима Горького на мемуары писателя-островитянина Томаса О Крохана, который читал «Детство» Горького перед написанием собственной автобиографии. ; This paper investigates the influence of Russian realist prose on Irish prose literature of the late nineteenth century by examining the case of Tomas О Criomhthain (Tomas O'Crohan, 1856-1937), one of the major Irish-language writers of the early twentieth century and the author of one of the most influential 'Gaeltacht memoirs', autobiographical accounts of peasant life in Irish-speaking districts. I argue that Tomas О Criomhthain's memoir An t-Oileanach (The Islandman, 1928) was directly inspired by his reading of Maxim Gorky's memoir of growing up in provincial Russia, Detstvo (Childhood, 1913). О Criomhthain spent his entire life on the main island (the Great Blasket) of a rocky, windswept archipelago off Ireland's south-west coast, earning a living from fishing and subsistence farming. Despite the extreme poverty and isolation endured by the island community, at the turn of the twentieth century they were visited and intensively studied by international academics and visitors from the Irish mainland. This was because the Blasket Islanders, by reason of their isolation, were reputed to speak the purest Irish. Several islanders, including О Criomhthain, were singled out by visitors because of their storytelling gifts and intellectual ability. Influenced by these visitors, О Criomhthain became literate in both English and Irish; in the early 1920s, he read Gorky, Knut Hamsun's Hunger (1890) and other literary accounts of peasant life which encouraged him to record his own memories. О Criomhthain's literary production is an isolated instance within a campaign by Irish nationalist ideologues and writers, including Padraig Pearse, Padraic О Conaire, and Daniel Corkery, to introduce Russian realist classics to Irish audiences. The Irish Literary Revival, which lasted from the 1880s to the 1920s, combined ambition for political autonomy from Britain with the desire to create an independent national literature. Organisations such as the Gaelic League (founded 1893) promoted the regular use of spoken and written Irish as well as traditional Irish sports, dance, and music. The increasing availability of Russian writing in translation from the 1880s onwards encouraged the choice of Russian literature, which had successfully defined itself despite the interventions of the authoritarian Tsarist government, as a cultural pattern for Irish literary nationalism. Other signs of Russian influence on Irish prose were the prominence of social realism with heroes chosen from the rural peasantry or urban working classes, as in Corkery's short fiction.

В статье рассматривается использование прецедентных феноменов, мотивированных детским чтением, в современном политическом дискурсе. На материале «Национального корпуса русского языка» показаны особенности использования трех групп прецедентных феноменов: 1) мотивированных фольклорной сказкой, 2) генетически связанных с произведениями для детей русских авторов, 3) связанных с произведениями зарубежной детской литературы. Наличие инварианта восприятия прецедентных текстов, относящихся к кругу детского чтения, практически у каждого представителя русского лингвокультурного сообщества обусловливает их широкое использование в качестве инструмента метафоризации. При этом наиболее распространенными являются вербальные прецедентные феномены, соотносящиеся с образами кино и мультипликации. На основании исследованного материала выделяются речевые модели, формирующиеся в политическом дискурсе при помощи прецедентных феноменов: прецедентные имена, характеризующие политического деятеля; прецедентные имена и высказывания, описывающие пространственные образы; прецедентные феномены, соотносимые с политической ситуацией. Прецедентные феномены, мотивированные детским чтением, практически не участвуют в создании ключевой для политического дискурса оппозиции «свое чужое», однако в некоторых случаях прецедентные феномены из зарубежных текстов осознаются как знаки чужой культуры и требуют культурологического комментария. В политическом контексте под влиянием лингвистических и экстралингвистических факторов может происходить расширение семантики прецедентных феноменов. ; The article covers the usage of precedent phenomena with the source domain fromchildren's books in modern political discourse. Based on the materials of Russian National Corpus, three groups of precedent phenomena are discussed: 1) motivated by folklore fairy-tail, 2) connected with the children's stories by the Russian writers, 3) connected with foreign children's literature. Practically all members of the Russian linguocultural community have perceptional invariant of precedent texts from children's books. This fact explains the frequent metaphorical usage of these phenomena.Verbal precedent phenomena connected with visual image are the most wide spread phenomena. Based on the texts under study, speech patterns with precedent phenomena used in political discourse are singeld out: precedent names, characterizing politicians; precedent names and statements, describing space; precedent phenomena, correlating with political situations. Precedent phenomena from children's books do not create the opposition "own" "alien", but in some cases precedent phenomena from foreign text are the signs of alen culture and need linguocultural comment. In political context precedent phenomena can broaden their semantics under the influence of linguistic and extralingustic factors.

Naš rad predstavlja monografsku analizu ciklusa pripovetaka autora Fazila Abduloviča Iskandera pod naslovom "Čikovo detinjstvo", (naslov u originalu: "Детство Чика"); rad ima tematsku kompozicionu strukturu i podeljen je u 6 celina: 1) junak, 2) hronotop, 3) teme, 4) tehnike pisanja, 5) struktura ciklusa i 6) Iskander i savremena 18 književnost, čemu se dodaju uvod i zaključak. Poglavlja našeg rada pružaju dubinsku analizu svega onoga što se smatra bitnim za potpuno razumevanje ciklusa priča − od književnih tehnika pisanja do tematskih istraživanja u vezi s motivima koji se pojavljuju u ciklusu priča, itd.; u tome se prepliću različiti rakursi iz koijh se sagledavaju istorijski period, koji će biti pozadina u ciklusu priča, lični doživljaj kniževnosti od strane autora (koji ćemo rekonstruisati preko intervijua s njim), stvaralačka ličnost autora i paralele s drugim književnim delovima. U našem radu posebno obrađeni biće ključni pojmovi ciklusa priča, kao na primer: detinjstvo (značenje koje ovaj period života dobija u ciklusu priča kao piščevom stvaralačkom svetu) i veze između književnosti i realnosti (činjenica da autora inspirišu sopstveni život, iskustva), koji, po našem mišljenju, igraju važnu ulogu u procesu tumačenja priča. Cilj našeg rada jeste da pruži kompletnu analizu priča Iskandera, koje predstvaljaju jedan od najvažnijih proznih žanrova datog autora, pored njegovih romana: "Sandro iz Čegema" i "Zečevi i pitoni". Naš rad biće potkrepljen mnogobrojinim primerima iz dela, živom rečju autora koju ćemo preuzeti iz intervijua, najnovijim kritičkim člancima dostupnim na internetu, paralelama, i svim onim što pomaže boljem razumevanju ciklusa priča. Što se tiče metoda našeg istraživanja, izabrali smo monografsku analizu priča jer se nama čini da to predstavlja najefikasniji postupak ka delu, ukoliko dozvoljava kompletno i dubinsko sagledavanje ciklusa priča. Prva tematska celina našeg rada biće posvećena junaku kratkih priča: dečaku Čiku. U ovoj celini biće ukratko razrađena geneza junaka: ima dokaza da materija koji je inspirisao Iskandera i koji je ovaj autor koristio za stvaranje junaka, proizlazi iz ličnog života samog autora, iz njegove sopstvene biografije. Tema je proširena razmišljanjima u vezi s rađanjem Iskanderovih junaka uopšte, a koja polaze od autorovih reči: "Moji junaci su uzeti iz realnog života, ponekad čak i previše"; analiziraćemo činjenicu da ne samo glavni junak, već i drugi junaci ciklusa priča jesu realni ljudi, često rođaci, prijatelji, autorovi poznanici i posebno ćemo objasniti zašto je realni, konkretni svet toliko bitan autoru; ovo ćemo pokazati preplićući rakurse iz intervijua, članaka koje je napisao sam autor, itd. Pored geneze junaka, posebna pažnja biće posvećena razmišljanju o tome, šta implicira činjenica da je glavni junak priča dete. U stvaralačkom svetu Iskander kroz lik dečaka ne pokušava da pruži samo naivni, već i zdrav pogled na svet: pošto dete još nije naučeno konvencijama, zakonima, klišeima. ; Our study about Iskander's cycle of short stories collected under the title of: " Chik's Childhood" provides a deep monographic analysis of these stories; the whole analysis is enriched with parallelisms with other Iskander's works and with works of other writers and with contributes, which Iskander's himself gives about is own works, in interviews and so on. Our work is subdivided into 6 chapters ( each one of these chapters is provided with a conclusion): 1) Iskander's hero, 2) The background of the cycle " Chik's Childhood", 3) Iskander's world, 4) About narratives techniques, 5) About the structure of the cycle " Chik's Childhood", 6) Iskander and contemporary literature and a final conclusion. Iskander's main character of short stories is the subject of the analysis of chapter one. The chapter begins with some considerations about Iskander's choice to write about facts from his own childhood, to describe people that really existed, that are his own relatives, friend and so on, distancing himself from all that by introducing a fictional hero, Chik. In Chik's cycle may be recognized evidences from Iskander's own biography, but Iskander does not write about himself in the first person, he writes by introducing the fictional character of Chik, this allows him to distance himself as an adult from himself as a child and to avoid, in some way, censure. The fact that Chik is a child is also very important because through the child's view of the world Iskander succeeds first of all in underlining the contradiction of an époque and of the whole society of adults and also in depicting the beauty of the world, in fact child' first sight of reality bring us back the amazement of first discovers and so on. The chapter is enriched with a parallelism between the character of Chik and the character of Chick's fool uncle Kolja; we underline how in Iskander's work fool people and children are the real wise people: their role of " outsider" in social relationships allows them to see things in the right perspective and not in the distorted ( by political conventions and so on) perspective.

Статья посвящена вопросам правового положения детей в советской семье как одной из проблем детской повседневности. После октябрьской революции 1917 года семейное законодательство в России претерпело значительные изменения. Брак перестал быть церковным таинством. Законнорожденные и незаконнорожденные дети были уравнены в правах, пересмотрены отношения детей и родителей. Из законодательных актов исчезло понятие «родительская власть», появились отчуждаемые «родительские права». Государство стало активно вмешиваться в жизнь семьи, оказывать ей экономическую поддержку, контролировать процесс воспитания ребенка. В статье сравнивается положение детей в семье до революции и после, анализируется семейная политика РСФСР в 1920-е и 1930-е годы. Эта политика не была однородной: если в 1920-е гг. семья считалась отмирающим буржуазным пережитком, то в 1930-е гг. она становится важнейшим социальным институтом. Происходит возврат к традиционным ценностям, запрещаются аборты. ; This article about a legal status of children in the Soviet family as one of problems of children's daily occurrence. The family legislation in Russia has considerably changed after October revolution of 1917. Marriage has stopped being church sacrament. Legitimate and illegitimate children have been balanced in the rights, the relations of children and parents are reconsidered. The concept "parental power" has disappeared from acts, the alienated "parental rights" have appeared. The state began to interfere with family life actively, to give it economic support, to control process of education of the child. In article situation of children in a family before and later the revolution is compared, the family policy of RSFSR in 1920th and 1930th is analyzed. This policy wasn't uniform: if in the 1920th the family was considered as the dying-off bourgeois remnant, then in the 1930th it becomes the major social institute. There is a return to traditional values, abortions are forbidden.

В статията се предлага анализ на теоретическите положения, залегнали в определянето на различните аспекти на качеството на образователната среда, както и преглед на емпиричните изследвания в съвременната практика, което е ориентир за политиките за повишаване на качеството на образованието и грижата в ранното детство. Оценката на качеството на образователната среда преследва различни цели в различните страни, но е важна стъпка за разкриване на проблемните зони и тяхното по-нататъшно преодоляване. Специално внимание се отделя на различните измерения на качеството – структурни и процесуални, както и на необходимостта от изследване на сложните взаимовръзки между тях, които определят ефекта им върху резултатите на децата. Изясняването на обхвата и отделните измерения на качеството е необходимо за избора на методите за оценка и тяхното съдържателно съответствие на заложените критерии.

В статье описывается репрезентация языковой личности в русской и китайской лингвокультурах на материале ассоциативного эксперимента со словом-стимулом детство / 童年. Концепт ДЕТСТВО является важной составляющей общественной жизни носителей любой культуры. Целью данной статьи является сопоставительный анализ русской и китайской языковой личности. ; The article describes the representation of a linguistic personality in Russian and Chinese linguocultures on the basis of an associative experiment with the stimulus word childhood / 童年. The concept of CHILDHOOD is an important component of the social life of the bearers of any culture. The purpose of this article is a comparative analysis in the Russian and Chinese linguistic personality.

This article about a legal status of children in the Soviet family as one of problems of children'sdaily occurrence. The family legislation in Russia has considerably changed after October revolutionof 1917. Marriage has stopped being church sacrament. Legitimate and illegitimate children have beenbalanced in the rights, the relations of children and parents are reconsidered. The concept "parentalpower" has disappeared from acts, the alienated "parental rights" have appeared. The state began tointerfere with family life actively, to give it economic support, to control process of education of thechild. In article situation of children in a family before and later the revolution is compared, the familypolicy of RSFSR in 1920th and 1930th is analyzed. This policy wasn't uniform: if in the 1920th thefamily was considered as the dying-off bourgeois remnant, then in the 1930th it becomes the majorsocial institute. There is a return to traditional values, abortions are forbidden. ; Статья посвящена вопросам правового положения детей в советской семье как однойиз проблем детской повседневности. После октябрьской революции 1917 года семейное за-конодательство в России претерпело значительные изменения. Брак перестал быть церков-ным таинством. Законнорожденные и незаконнорожденные дети были уравнены в правах,пересмотрены отношения детей и родителей. Из законодательных актов исчезло понятие«родительская власть», появились отчуждаемые «родительские права». Государство сталоактивно вмешиваться в жизнь семьи, оказывать ей экономическую поддержку, контроли-ровать процесс воспитания ребенка. В статье сравнивается положение детей в семье дореволюции и после, анализируется семейная политика РСФСР в 1920-е и 1930-е годы. Этаполитика не была однородной: если в 1920-е гг. семья считалась отмирающим буржуазнымпережитком, то в 1930-е гг. она становится важнейшим социальным институтом. Проис-ходит возврат к традиционным ценностям, запрещаются аборты

Обозначена актуальность исследования механизмов социально-правовой защиты материнства и детства в современной России; определена сущность понятия «социально-правовая защита материнства и детства»; выявлены цели и задачи социально-правовой защиты. На основе анализа современного законодательства Российской Федерации и проведенного автором научного исследования определены и подробно описаны механизмы социально-правовой защиты материнства и детства. ; The research of mechanisms of socially-legal protection of motherhood and the childhood in contemporary Russia is undertaken. The essence of the concept "socially-legal protection of motherhood and childhood" is disclosed; the purposes and problems of sociallylegal protection are revealed. On the basis of the analysis of the modern legislation of the Russian Federation and the scientific research conducted by the author of the article the mechanisms of sociallylegal protection of motherhood and childhood are defined and thoroughly described.

Реконструируются представления русских крестьян Алтая о значении отцовства в жизни мужчины, о взаимоотношениях отца и ребенка, его роли в воспитании, бытовавшие во второй половине XIX первой половине XX в. Исследование основано на этнографических материалах, собранных в Алтайском крае и на прилегающей территории Восточно-Казахстанской области. Автор пришел к выводу о влиянии социальных и культурных перемен первых десятилетий существования советской власти на традиционные представления русских Алтая об отцовстве. ; The main ideas of the article are the following. Delivery of a child was the meaning of life for a man, as well as for a woman. Realization of the fertile function influenced a man's status in the society. This dependence began to weaken by the end of the reviewed period. Father was not present at birth of his own child most of all, because for a man, as for a representative of 'culture', the process of birth was 'natural' and, therefore, oppositional to 'culture'. Father, unlike mother, had no innate love for his child. He obtained it, particularly, through ritual practice. Interrelations between a baby and a father were limited. Men were supposed to place a priority on a son, especially on the first-born, as he was the heir. Loss of father was considered less misfortunate, than that of mother. Sacral relation was set up between a father and a child, as well as between a mother and a child during the whole life. The society considered children who were brought up without a father to be flawed, especially when they were born out of wedlock. Father, more precisely the eldest man in the house, was thought to be the head of the family. Usually he was called 'dad', 'daddy', 'young dad', a grandfather was called 'old dad', and long-standing inhabitants were called 'fathers'. The form of address to parents was often 'You'. The role of a father as the head of the family weakened by the end of the reviewed period. It was connected with the strengthening of woman's financial independence and with the disproportion of sex ratio in consequence of reprisals and wars. According to the Russian tradition mother's upbringing of a child changed to father's governance since a child learned to walk. Father had the role of a 'moralizer' in the educational process. First of all, he was to influence the behaviour of sons. Father was considered to be a protector from external forces. His functions were to take care of them, to take pity on them, to protect them from offenders. He personified fear and punishment irrespective of child's age. Physical means of upbringing were common. Parents had moral responsibility before God and society for behaviour of their children. This moral responsibility was in exaggerated form among the Old Believers. Parents', including father's, sanctions played a major role. They bent all life energy of a child. There was the priority of parents' word and act against child's ones irrespective of his age. Among the Russians in the Altai Region in the second half of the 19th the first third of the 20th centuries the priority to choose a fiancé or a fiancée for a child mostly belonged to father. Long-standing inhabitants, except for the Polish and the Bukhtarmins, were notable for being the strictest in this issue. The legislation of the Russian Federation promoted strengthening of these stereotypes. Choice of a marriage partner was becoming a private matter of young people since the coming of the Soviet government, throwing religious ideology back, and strengthening of adult children's financial independence. The influence of father's authority weakened in this issue.