Suchergebnisse

Статья посвящена определению и анализу ключевых факторов, определивших специфику идеальной модели российской демократии. Делается вывод о том, что в политической истории Новгородской и Псковской республик выкристаллизовались особенности российской демократии как механизма прямого политического участия граждан, действующих на основе соборности как качественного состояния целостного сообщества, в котором объединяются воли различных политических акторов. ; The article is devoted to the definition and analysis of the key factors determining the specificity of the ideal model of democracy in Russia. Features of the Russian democracy serving a mechanism of direct political participation of citizens were found in the political history of Novgorod and Pskov Republics.

В статье рассматриваются модели европейского образования в контексте трех конкурирующих форм демократии либерализма, консервативного коммунитаризма и коммуникативной демократии. Аналитическое исследование опирается на рефлексию двух типов европейской рациональности репродуктивную и продуктивную модели образования.The article is focused on the models of European education in the context of three competitive forms of democracy liberalism, conservative communitarianism and communicative democracy. The analytical research is based on the reflection of two types of European rationality reproductive and productive models of education.

В статье дается сравнительный анализ утверждений Ф. Фукуямы об американской модели демократии как конечной ступени развития человечества из его известной статьи «Конец истории?», а также его оценки американской политической системы из последней статьи в журнале "Foreign Affairs". Делается вывод об идеологически мотивированном подходе Ф. Фукуямы к объекту своего исследования в момент падения Берлинской стены и объективном сейчас. ; The article presents a comparative analysis of F. Fukuyama's statements on the American democracy model as the final stage of humanity development from his famous article "The End of History?", and also of his assessment of the American political system from the recent article in the journal "Foreign Affairs". The conclusion is made about the ideologically motivated approach of F. Fukuyama to the object of his research at the moment of the fall of Berlin Wall and the objective one nowadays.

Introductions The breeding Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) population on the mountain ridges of eastern Kazakhstan has been monitored since 2000, The monitoring program has revealed an overall population decline over the nine years of study from an estimated 66 breeding pairs in 2000 to 22 in 2008 (75.8%). Methods Eastern Kazakhstan has several large and many small mountain ridges that provide a large area of suitable Saker Falcon nesting habitat. The Saker Falcon breeding population of eastern Kazakhstan was monitored in the Tarbagatai Mountains, including its southern foothills of Arkaly and Karabas Mountains, and in the Manrak Mountains, which are situated to the north of the Tarbagatai range. The study areas were chosen because relatively high Saker Falcon densities were previously recorded in these regions and human activity is curtailed in this border zone. Survey routes were covered by 4WD vehicle UAZ 452 over a period of three months from the beginning of April, when most clutches are laid, until the end of June, when chicks have fledged. Nest locations were recorded with a Garmin GPS unit and recorded in an electronic database which also included a description of the nest site. Nest locations were then plotted on computerized maps and satellite images. Nest contents were recorded wherever possible, though in recent years we have avoided disturbing sitting birds during incubation. The breeding population of the region was estimated from the survey data obtained from 92 territories that had evidence of occupation in at least one year from 2000-08. For logistic reasons, it was not possible to visit every territory each year and the number of territories checked ranged from 10 in 2000 to 76 in 2007. Territories were classified as occupied if: there was an active nest, one or more adults were seen in the territory or signs of recent occupation such as fresh prey remains and mutes were found. Breeding was confirmed within occupied territories if eggs or young were seen in the nest. In order to estimate the number of breeding pairs at territories that were not visited it was necessary to multiply the number of unvisited territories by the proportion of confirmed breeding attempts at checked territories. This estimate was then added to the number of confirmed breeders to produce an overall population estimate for the 92 territories in the survey area. Distribution and Number The first Saker survey in eastern Kazakhstan was made in 1997 by Mark Watson, a British biologist who worked in closely with zoologists from Kazakhstan (Watson, 1997). This was the first time that nests had been recorded in Dzhungarsky Alatau, Tarbagatai and the Manrak Mountains. Since 1999 the study area has been expanded to include a considerable area of Tarbagatai Mountains including its southern and northern foothills as well as the Saur ridge, Kalbinsky Altai Mountains, Altai Mountains (Kurchumsky and the Narymsky ridges). For the first time in 50 years the largest of eastern Kazakhstan's forests were explored with the aim of locating raptor nests. The study located 25 Saker Falcon nests and 49 nests of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), whose disused nests are the main source of nesting sites for Sakers (Karyakin et al., 2005; Levin et al., 2007). The foothills of the Kalba Mountains were surveyed in 2006 by a Kazakhstan-Russian team; three Saker Falcon breeding territories were recorded there (Smelansky et al., 2006). Before the 1960's the Saker was regarded as common, occupying almost all the mountain ridges and long cliffs of Kazakhstan (Korelov, 1962) and it is believed that this status remained the same up to the 1990's. Following the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the number of Saker Falcons in the wild began to decline sharply in parts of Kazakstan, primarily due to uncontrolled exploitation of the species for the Arabic falconry market with the greatest decline reported in the south-east of the country (Levin, 2001; 2003). Over nine years, from 2000-08 inclusive, a total of 92 Saker Falcon breeding territories were recorded in the eastern region of Kazakhstan. In Tarbagatai as well as other large mountain ridges, the density of Saker Falcon nests is low. Two attempts were made to find Saker nests in the montane zone of the Tarbagatai Mountains in 2006 and 2007 but no nests were found and only one Saker was seen in the area. Most breeding Sakers were located on the periphery of the main Tarbagatai Mountain range i.e., in the foothills. High breeding densities were recorded in the Arkaly and Karabas Mountains, located close to the Chinese border. A comparatively high density of nests was also observed in the Manrak Mountains, which are located to the north of the Tarbagatai Mountain range. Long-term monitoring of the Saker Falcon breeding population has allowed us to estimate the number of breeding pairs in our survey area over the period 2000-2008 (table 1). Our data indicates that over this 9-year period the breeding population has declined by 65% (fig. 4). In line with this decline the proportion of territories that are occupied by non-breeding birds has increased. Single males were found at over half the occupied territories where at least one Saker was observed but there was no evidence of breeding. Breeding Biology The nesting distribution of Sakers in the surveyed area of Eastern Kazakhstan revealed that the highest breeding densities are found in the foothills of the mountain ranges of the region, which is no doubt related to the availability of mammalian prey such as Great Gerbils (Rhomhomys opimus), Red-cheeked Sousliks (Spermophilus inlermedius) and Long-tailed Sousliks (Spermophilus undulatus), as well as the availability of suitable nesting sites. All Saker nests in Eastern Kazakhstan are located on open cliffs, under overhanging peaks and occasionally partly in niches. The main nest producers for the Saker Falcon in Eastern Kazakhstan are the Long-Legged and the Upland Buzzards (Buteo rufinus and B. hemilasius). Of 86 instances of Saker Falcon nesting, birds used nests of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in two occasions, the Steppe Eagle (A. nipalensis) two occasions and Raven (Corvus corax) also in two. One clutch was found in a nest of the Eastern Imperial Eagle. In all the other instances the Saker used Buzzard nests. In the mountains of Eastern Kazakhstan Sakers start egg-laying from the middle of March and most pairs have completed clutches by the end of April, with a peak period in the third ten-day period of March. The mean and modal clutch size of 31 clutches was 3.9 eggs (range 3 to 6 eggs). The mean and modal size of 156 broods was 3.7 and 4 chicks respectively (range 1 to 6 chicks). There was no decline in brood size at successful nests over the study period (fig. 8). The number of breeding pairs was highest in 2002, which coincided with a peak in the number of Red-cheeked Soushks across the region. Discussion There being no apparent change to the habitat and no perceptible reduction in food supply the breeding population has steadily declined over the study period and the proportion of non-breeding territory holders has increased over the same period. This current breeding population decline in Eastern Kazakhstan mirrors the decline of the breeding Saker population in Southern Kazakhstan over the last decade of the 20th Century, which coincided with the illegal trapping for the falconry trade. We do not know the cause (or causes) of the current decline in eastern Kazakhstan but it is unlikely to be as a result of local factors in the breeding area. The breeding area is afforded some protection from human interference because of the restrictions on human access due to its close proximity to the Chinese border. Consequently, nest disturbance and trapping of breeding adults in the region is relatively low. However, after the breeding season young Sakers and most of the adult birds move from the Tarbagatai foothills and, around the same time, Sakers arrive in the flat, southern region of the Zaysan Valley where there are the colonies of Yellow Lemming (Lagurus luteus), and in the Balkhash-Alakol depression where there are high densities of Great Gerbil. Falcon trappers from Syria and other countries (including Kazakhstan) operate in these regions and catch Sakers from late June to December. Unfortunately, due to its illegality there is no data on the number, age profile or natal origin of the Sakers trapped in these regions, so it is not possible to gauge its impact on the population of eastern Kazakhstan, but with a rapidly declining regional breeding population the illegal trapping and trade of Sakers is certainly not helping the species. Whilst excessive illegal trapping of birds outside the breeding/natal area is a possible (if not probable) cause of the regional decline of Sakers in eastern Kazakhstan, there are other potential factors that could be implicated such as a decline in food availability in the breeding and/or wintering areas and increased mortality through electrocution on power lines. Conclusion In 2007 a reintroduction programme was initiated by the Government in response to the severe decline in the breeding population of southeast Kazakhstan. Under the framework of this program 60 Sakers (30 female, 30 male) were taken on July from «Sunkar» Falcon Facility, Almaty to the Sugary Valley. In 2008 another 50 birds were released and this programme is planned to continue for several years. ; Introductions The breeding Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) population on the mountain ridges of eastern Kazakhstan has been monitored since 2000, The monitoring program has revealed an overall population decline over the nine years of study from an estimated 66 breeding pairs in 2000 to 22 in 2008 (75.8%). Methods Eastern Kazakhstan has several large and many small mountain ridges that provide a large area of suitable Saker Falcon nesting habitat. The Saker Falcon breeding population of eastern Kazakhstan was monitored in the Tarbagatai Mountains, including its southern foothills of Arkaly and Karabas Mountains, and in the Manrak Mountains, which are situated to the north of the Tarbagatai range. The study areas were chosen because relatively high Saker Falcon densities were previously recorded in these regions and human activity is curtailed in this border zone. Survey routes were covered by 4WD vehicle UAZ 452 over a period of three months from the beginning of April, when most clutches are laid, until the end of June, when chicks have fledged. Nest locations were recorded with a Garmin GPS unit and recorded in an electronic database which also included a description of the nest site. Nest locations were then plotted on computerized maps and satellite images. Nest contents were recorded wherever possible, though in recent years we have avoided disturbing sitting birds during incubation. The breeding population of the region was estimated from the survey data obtained from 92 territories that had evidence of occupation in at least one year from 2000-08. For logistic reasons, it was not possible to visit every territory each year and the number of territories checked ranged from 10 in 2000 to 76 in 2007. Territories were classified as occupied if: there was an active nest, one or more adults were seen in the territory or signs of recent occupation such as fresh prey remains and mutes were found. Breeding was confirmed within occupied territories if eggs or young were seen in the nest. In order to estimate the number of breeding pairs at territories that were not visited it was necessary to multiply the number of unvisited territories by the proportion of confirmed breeding attempts at checked territories. This estimate was then added to the number of confirmed breeders to produce an overall population estimate for the 92 territories in the survey area. Distribution and Number The first Saker survey in eastern Kazakhstan was made in 1997 by Mark Watson, a British biologist who worked in closely with zoologists from Kazakhstan (Watson, 1997). This was the first time that nests had been recorded in Dzhungarsky Alatau, Tarbagatai and the Manrak Mountains. Since 1999 the study area has been expanded to include a considerable area of Tarbagatai Mountains including its southern and northern foothills as well as the Saur ridge, Kalbinsky Altai Mountains, Altai Mountains (Kurchumsky and the Narymsky ridges). For the first time in 50 years the largest of eastern Kazakhstan's forests were explored with the aim of locating raptor nests. The study located 25 Saker Falcon nests and 49 nests of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), whose disused nests are the main source of nesting sites for Sakers (Karyakin et al., 2005; Levin et al., 2007). The foothills of the Kalba Mountains were surveyed in 2006 by a Kazakhstan-Russian team; three Saker Falcon breeding territories were recorded there (Smelansky et al., 2006). Before the 1960's the Saker was regarded as common, occupying almost all the mountain ridges and long cliffs of Kazakhstan (Korelov, 1962) and it is believed that this status remained the same up to the 1990's. Following the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the number of Saker Falcons in the wild began to decline sharply in parts of Kazakstan, primarily due to uncontrolled exploitation of the species for the Arabic falconry market with the greatest decline reported in the south-east of the country (Levin, 2001; 2003). Over nine years, from 2000-08 inclusive, a total of 92 Saker Falcon breeding territories were recorded in the eastern region of Kazakhstan. In Tarbagatai as well as other large mountain ridges, the density of Saker Falcon nests is low. Two attempts were made to find Saker nests in the montane zone of the Tarbagatai Mountains in 2006 and 2007 but no nests were found and only one Saker was seen in the area. Most breeding Sakers were located on the periphery of the main Tarbagatai Mountain range i.e., in the foothills. High breeding densities were recorded in the Arkaly and Karabas Mountains, located close to the Chinese border. A comparatively high density of nests was also observed in the Manrak Mountains, which are located to the north of the Tarbagatai Mountain range. Long-term monitoring of the Saker Falcon breeding population has allowed us to estimate the number of breeding pairs in our survey area over the period 2000-2008 (table 1). Our data indicates that over this 9-year period the breeding population has declined by 65% (fig. 4). In line with this decline the proportion of territories that are occupied by non-breeding birds has increased. Single males were found at over half the occupied territories where at least one Saker was observed but there was no evidence of breeding. Breeding Biology The nesting distribution of Sakers in the surveyed area of Eastern Kazakhstan revealed that the highest breeding densities are found in the foothills of the mountain ranges of the region, which is no doubt related to the availability of mammalian prey such as Great Gerbils (Rhomhomys opimus), Red-cheeked Sousliks (Spermophilus inlermedius) and Long-tailed Sousliks (Spermophilus undulatus), as well as the availability of suitable nesting sites. All Saker nests in Eastern Kazakhstan are located on open cliffs, under overhanging peaks and occasionally partly in niches. The main nest producers for the Saker Falcon in Eastern Kazakhstan are the Long-Legged and the Upland Buzzards (Buteo rufinus and B. hemilasius). Of 86 instances of Saker Falcon nesting, birds used nests of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in two occasions, the Steppe Eagle (A. nipalensis) two occasions and Raven (Corvus corax) also in two. One clutch was found in a nest of the Eastern Imperial Eagle. In all the other instances the Saker used Buzzard nests. In the mountains of Eastern Kazakhstan Sakers start egg-laying from the middle of March and most pairs have completed clutches by the end of April, with a peak period in the third ten-day period of March. The mean and modal clutch size of 31 clutches was 3.9 eggs (range 3 to 6 eggs). The mean and modal size of 156 broods was 3.7 and 4 chicks respectively (range 1 to 6 chicks). There was no decline in brood size at successful nests over the study period (fig. 8). The number of breeding pairs was highest in 2002, which coincided with a peak in the number of Red-cheeked Soushks across the region. Discussion There being no apparent change to the habitat and no perceptible reduction in food supply the breeding population has steadily declined over the study period and the proportion of non-breeding territory holders has increased over the same period. This current breeding population decline in Eastern Kazakhstan mirrors the decline of the breeding Saker population in Southern Kazakhstan over the last decade of the 20th Century, which coincided with the illegal trapping for the falconry trade. We do not know the cause (or causes) of the current decline in eastern Kazakhstan but it is unlikely to be as a result of local factors in the breeding area. The breeding area is afforded some protection from human interference because of the restrictions on human access due to its close proximity to the Chinese border. Consequently, nest disturbance and trapping of breeding adults in the region is relatively low. However, after the breeding season young Sakers and most of the adult birds move from the Tarbagatai foothills and, around the same time, Sakers arrive in the flat, southern region of the Zaysan Valley where there are the colonies of Yellow Lemming (Lagurus luteus), and in the Balkhash-Alakol depression where there are high densities of Great Gerbil. Falcon trappers from Syria and other countries (including Kazakhstan) operate in these regions and catch Sakers from late June to December. Unfortunately, due to its illegality there is no data on the number, age profile or natal origin of the Sakers trapped in these regions, so it is not possible to gauge its impact on the population of eastern Kazakhstan, but with a rapidly declining regional breeding population the illegal trapping and trade of Sakers is certainly not helping the species. Whilst excessive illegal trapping of birds outside the breeding/natal area is a possible (if not probable) cause of the regional decline of Sakers in eastern Kazakhstan, there are other potential factors that could be implicated such as a decline in food availability in the breeding and/or wintering areas and increased mortality through electrocution on power lines. Conclusion In 2007 a reintroduction programme was initiated by the Government in response to the severe decline in the breeding population of southeast Kazakhstan. Under the framework of this program 60 Sakers (30 female, 30 male) were taken on July from «Sunkar» Falcon Facility, Almaty to the Sugary Valley. In 2008 another 50 birds were released and this programme is planned to continue for several years.

Рассматриваются основные аспекты концепции делиберативной (дискурсивной) демократии, разработанной знаменитым немецким обществоведом XX века Юргеном Хабермасом. ; Considers the basic aspects of the concept of the deliberative (or discurse-based) democracy developed by the well-known German social scientist of XX century Jurgen Habermas.

Представлен анализ влияния культурного и христианского фактора на политическую линию России на Ближнем Востоке. Рассмотрена особая роль Императорского Православного Палестинского Общества (ИППО) как проводника политики России через социальное развитие и образование населения Палестины. ; The article considers the influence of cultural and Christian factor on the political line of Russia in the Middle East. The special role of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS), as a conductor of Russian policy through social development and education of the Palestinian population is examined.

Автор статьи рассматривает И. Берлина как философа, который актуализировал проблему совместимости либерализма и плюрализма ценностей и форм существования культур. В статье доказывается, что именно в работах Берлина идея ценностного плюрализма вписывается в контекст современного англо-американского либерализма. В концепции агонального либерализма Берлина, либерализм начинает пониматься не как благо (как он воспринимался в классической политической философии), но как процедурный принцип, основная функция которого оценка рисков и достижение компромисса в конфликтах ценностей, целей и интересов. Автор выявляет интеллектуальные влияния агонального либерализма Берлина на современные теории демократии делиберативную и агрегативную и демонстрирует, что берлиновская идея ценностного плюрализма, с одной стороны, стала основным допущением всех известных на сегодняшний день либеральных теорий, с другой стороны основным затруднением, которое они пытаются преодолеть разными способами. ; The author considers I. Berlin as a philosopher who has updated the problem of compatibility of liberalism and value pluralism and forms of existence of different cultures. The author argues that the idea of value pluralism has been embedded into the context of contemporary Anglo-American liberalism in Berlins works. In his concept of agonistic liberalism the later began to be understood not as a good (as it was perceived in classical political philosophy), but as a procedural principle the primary function of which is risk assessment and achieving compromise in conflicts of values, goals and interests. The article identifies the intellectual influences of Berlins agonistic liberalism on modern models of democracy deliberative and aggregative. The author concludes that Berlins idea of value pluralism, on the one hand, has become a basic assumption of all currently known liberal theories, on the other hand, it has become the main difficulty that they are trying to overcome in different ways.

Военные действия, развернувшиеся в 2014 году в Луганской и Донецкой областях на востоке Украины, во многом ставят неизвестные ранее угрозы биоразнообразию региона. В статье идет речь о природной ценности ландшафтов и биоразнообразия восточных областей Украины, состоянию охраны редких видов и ценных природных территорий. Дается обзор основных краткосрочных угроз военных действий и прогнозируемого влияния последствий войны на биоразнообразие в долгосрочной перспективе. ; The military action took place in 2014 in Lugansk and Donetsk regions in Ukraine. The biodiversity threats are unknown in the region before. The article refers to the natural value of the landscape and biodiversity of eastern regions of Ukraine, as the protection of rare species and valuable natural areas. Here was presented an overview of the main short-term threats of military action, and the projected impact of the long term effects of war on biodiversity.

В статье проводится анализ актуальной исторической проблемы — роль и влияние японской интервенции на ход гражданской войны на Дальнем Во-стоке. Показаны особенности японской интервенции, которая носила не только военный, но и ярко выраженный экономический характер. Борьба за господство на Дальнем Востоке японских империалистов в контексте слабой заселенности региона, проблем в экономической и социальной сфере показала политическую нестабильность в регионе на данном этапе из-за последствий гражданской войны, усугубленных иностранной интервенцией. После окончания военной интервенции Япония не отказалась от агрессивной политики в отношении России, что мы можем видеть и на современном этапе.

Дается анализ становления основных принципов государственной эгалитарной политики в Украине, выделяются основные этапы эволюции гендерной идеологии, определяются ее концептуальные принципы и идентифицируются применяемые модели гендерной демократии на основе сравнения национальных практик в сфере гендерной политики с опытом стран Европейского Союза. Вводится понятие «мозаичной модели» паритетной демократии как признака политики в интересах женщин и мужчин в Украине. ; An analysis of the basic egalitarian principles of state policy in Ukraine, gives the main stages in the evolution of gender ideology. These are determined by its conceptual principles and identify the applicable country model of gender democracy. The model is based on a comparison of national practices in the field of gender policy within the European Union the Mosaic Model of parity democracy as a sign of policy for women and men in the Ukraine.

W artykule przeanalizowano konflikt o koncepcję misji pokojowej ONZ na wschodzie Ukrainy między Ukrainąa Federacją Rosyjską. Analiza konfliktu opiera się na krytycznym podejściu do oficjalnych narracji zawierających odniesienia do sił pokojowych ONZ w latach 2015‑2021. Stwierdzono, że po raz pierwszy koncepcja misji pokojowej ONZ pojawiła się w ukraińskim dyskursie politycznym zaraz po podpisaniu drugiej części porozumień mińskich (Mińsk‑2). W centrum dyskursu międzynarodowego znalazła się ona po tym, jak prezydent Rosji W. Putin zainicjował wniesienie projektu rezolucji do Rady Bezpieczeństwa ONZ. Rosyjskie podejście do misji pokojowej było formułowane w ścisłym związku z realizacją porozumień mińskich i nie pozwalało na ich interpretację. Zasadniczo podejście Federacji Rosyjskiej ("koncepcja defensywna") i Ukrainy ("szeroki mandat") rozwijają i dostosowują koncepcję nowoczesnego utrzymania pokoju do interesów stron konfliktu. Narracje rosyjsko‑ukraińskie są podstawą do szczegółowego zrozumienia natury konfliktu i możliwych sposobów jego rozwiązania. Wykorzystanie narzędzi propagandowych w celu promowania wielokierunkowego podejścia do sił pokojowych ONZ przeniosło konflikt na wyższy poziom. Analiza komunikatów misji pokojowej obejmuje formaty negocjacyjne, na których omawiano tę kwestię. Takimi platformami negocjacyjnymi były: format normandzki, Monachijska Konferencja Bezpieczeństwa, Zgromadzenie Ogólne ONZ, spotkania Surkowa‑Volkera itd. Rada Bezpieczeństwa ONZ nie przekształciła się w dodatkowy kanał komunikacji, ponieważ nie udało się skoordynować i połączyć stanowisk Ukrainy i Federacji Rosyjskiej. Próby uzgodnienia misji pokojowej w ramach realizacji porozumień mińskich doprowadziły do impasu negocjacyjnego i wykluczenia tego punktu z agendy negocjacji międzynarodowych. Artykuł dotyczy kwestii kształtowania się poparcia społecznego dla scenariusza rozwiązania konfliktu w oparciu o działania ONZ. Zagadnienie to zostało zbadane na podstawie badań opinii publicznej oraz arbitralnie dobranych przykładów, które stanowią bazę dowodową do oceny wpływu społeczeństwa obywatelskiego na podejmowanie decyzji na Ukrainie. Jednocześnie pokazano aspekty humanitarne, które mogłyby potencjalnie wpłynąć na procesy rozwiązywania konfliktu w Donbasie.

Communication of the peacekeeping mission in eastern Ukraine

The article examines the conflict over the idea UN peacekeeping mission in eastern Ukraine between Ukraine and Russian Federation. The analysis of the conflict is based on a critical approach to the official narratives which is containing references to the UN peacekeepers in 2015‑2021. It was established that the first time the idea UN peacekeeping mission appeared in the Ukrainian political discourse immediately after the signing of the second part of the Minsk agreements (Minsk‑2). It found itself in the center of international discourse after Russian President V. Putin initiated the submission of the draft resolution to the UN Security Council. The Russian approach to the peacekeeping mission was formulated in a strict connection with the implementation of the Minsk agreements and did not allow their interpretation. Generally, the Russians' Federation ("defensive concept") and Ukraines' ("broad mandate") approaches are developing and adapting the concept of modern peacekeeping to the interests of the conflict parties. Russian‑Ukrainian narratives are the basis for an in‑depth understanding of the conflict nature and possible ways to resolving. The using of propaganda tools to promote multidirectional approaches to UN peacekeepers has taken the conflict to a higher level. The analysis of the communications the peacekeeping mission includes negotiation formats which the issue was discussed. Such negotiating platforms were the Normandy format, the Munich Security Conference, the UN General Assembly, the Surkov‑Volker track etc. The UN Security Council did not become an additional channel of communication, because it was not possible to coordinate and bring together the Ukraine's position and the Russians' Federation ones. Attempts to agree on a peacekeeping mission within the framework of the implementation of the Minsk agreements created a negotiation deadlock and the exclusion of this item from the agenda of international negotiations. The article focuses on the factor of formation the public support for the scenario of conflict settlement which is based on the UN. The issue was investigated on opinion polls and an arbitrary selection of plots, which are formed the evidence base for assessing the influence the civil society in decision‑making in Ukraine. At the same time, it shows the humanitarian aspects that would have the potential to influence the conflict settlement processes in Donbass.

The article deals with Asian political metaphors in comparison to the Western traditions of metaphorical conceptualization of political reality. Despite the intercultural isomorphism of metaphorical models, there exists a number of Asian peculiarities. It is argued that while metaphorical masculinization of Other dominates Western political communication, metaphorical feminization of Other prevails in Asian political discourse. ; The article deals with Asian political metaphors in comparison to the Western traditions of metaphorical conceptualization of political reality. Despite the intercultural isomorphism of metaphorical models, there exists a number of Asian peculiarities. It is argued that while metaphorical masculinization of Other dominates Western political communication, metaphorical feminization of Other prevails in Asian political discourse.

Современное влияние Ирана на Ирак обусловлено наличием религиозно-культурной общности между государствами, репрессивной политикой бывшей правящей партии Баас, главным образом при Хусейне, направленной против оппозиции, а также мерами, предпринимаемыми ИРИ для поддержки иракской оппозиции. После военного вторжения США в Ирак в 2003 году был уничтожен режим Саддама Хусейна общего врага Ирана и активной иракской оппозиции и возникли условия обеспечения присутствия Ирана в Ираке и развития сотрудничества между двумя странами. В данной статье рассматриваются аспекты влияния Ирана на новый Ирак (после падения режима Хусейна) и причины данного влияния. ; The modern influence of Iran on Iraq is conditioned by the presence of religious and cultural community between the states, by the repressive policy of the former ruling Ba'ath Party, mainly under Hussein oriented against the opposition, as well as by measures taken by Iran to support Iraqi opposition. After the military invasion of the USA into Iraq in 2003 Saddam Hussein's regime was destroyed the common enemy of Iran and active Iraqi opposition and conditions to ensure the presence of Iran in Iraq and to develop cooperation between the countries arose. The article deals with the aspects of the impact of Iran on new Iraq (after the fall of Saddam's regime) and reasons for this influence.