Suchergebnisse

A learner's native language strongly influences a foreign language acquisition. Cross–language transfer of skills and knowledge can be both positive (helping students to learn a foreign language easily and quickly) and negative (generating some expected errors). ; Mokantis svetimų kalbų, gana didelę įtaką turi besimokančiojo gimtoji kalba. Jos žinios ir įgūdžiai perkeliami į svetimą kalbą. Šis reiškinys vadinamas ,,kalbiniu perkėlimu". Jis gali turėti teigiamos (padeda besimokančiajam greičiau ir lengviau perprasti svetimos kalbos sistemą) ir neigiamos (tipinės klaidos) įtakos. Šiame straipsnyje ir nagrinėjami kalbinio perkėlimo aspektai mokantis teisinės anglų kalbos, pateikiama praktinių rekomendacijų dėl problemiškiausių kalbinio perkėlimo sričių.

The Lithuanian language has rapidly established itself in modern multilingual Europe. The current policy of the Lithuanian language covers many fields of activity. However, the reality still raises fundamental questions about the existence and dissemination of language related to the assessment and implementation of the status of the national language, the concept of language and society relations, and the prestige of language. These are also important topics for other European countries. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to review the situation of the Lithuanian language in the context of European languages policy. In order to achieve the aim the following objectives have been raised: 1) to review legal regulations of the Lithuanian language and changes of the use in important areas of life; 2) to reveal the situation of Lithuanian language policy and prestige in Lithuania; 3) to discuss the situation of the Lithuanian language in the policy of EU languages. In conclusion, public education must be promoted, as well as assistance provided, the public debate on language and targeted language attitudes must be developed. It is very important to adopt and timely update the legal foundations of the language - not only the legal acts regulating separate areas, but also the constitutional Law on the State Language promulgating the main provisions of the language policy.

The paper deals with multilingualism and multiculturalism in the context of the European Union (EU). It analyzes certain skills and competencies that multilingual and multicultural European citizens have to acquire to become full-fledged EU members. Multilingualism is becoming a social phenomenon governed by the needs of globalization and cultural openness. Thanks to the ease of access to information, facilitated by the Internet, individuals exposure to multiple languages is getting more and more frequent, and triggering therefore the need to acquire more and more languages. Speaking many languages makes individuals more competitive and mobile. The EU policy of official multilingualism as a deliberate tool of government is unique in the world. The EU works actively in the sphere of culture and quality of life to promote the wider knowledge and use of all its official languages throughout the Union. ; Dabartiniais laikais Europos Tarybos kalbų mokymosi krypčiai tapo labai svarbi daugiakalbystės sąvoka. Į daugiakalbystę reikia žiūrėti daugiakultūriškumo kontekste. Kalba yra ne tik svarbiausias kultūros aspektas, bet taip pat priemonė naudotis kultūros apraiškomis. Straipsnyje apibrėžiami daugiakalbystės ir kultūrų įvairovės skatinimo tikslai ir funkcijos daugiakultūrėje ir daugiakalbėje Europoje. Gebėjimas bendrauti keliomis kalbomis padeda plėtotis ne tik verslo sričiai, jis padeda ES piliečiams tapti konkurencingesniems ir mobilesniems. ES valdžios taikoma oficialaus daugiakultūriškumo politika – vienintelė pasaulyje. ES skatina visų Sąjungos kalbų mokymąsi ir aktyvų jų vartojimą. Europos Komisijos kalbų politikos dokumentuose pažymima, kad kalbų mokymasis yra europiečių demokratinio pilietiškumo ugdymo pagrindas, o vienas svarbiausių kalbų politikos tikslų – plėtoti daugiakalbiškumą ir visų kalbų mokymosi galimybes Europoje. Įvairios kultūros asmens kultūrinėje kompetencijoje nėra atskirtos, jos lyginamos, priešinamos ir aktyviai veikia viena kitą ir tokiu būdu formuojasi turtinga integruota asmens daugiakultūrė kompetencija, o daugiakalbystės kompetencija yra tik viena kultūrinės kompetencijos sudedamoji dalis, kuri savo ruožtu sąveikauja su kitomis dalimis. [.]

The societal evolution since the last decades of 20th century until recently has called for and brought a number of signifi cant political terms into popular usage. This article offers the overview of some relevant new terms, neologisms, in Spanish and the English language, as well as those terms that have acquired new meaning over the given period. The researched terms are subdivided into categories related to spheres of general government policy, environmental policy and family policy. The profound impact of new technologies in the confi guration of current societies through its terminology is also covered. The background political and social context is given for the full understanding of designated concepts. The paper is believed to be of interest not only for teachers/learners of the Spanish and English languages and linguists, but also for students and professionals in the fields of Politics, Public Administration, History and Communication.

Linguistics and didactics are increasingly focused on international lexis. The phenomenon of international words not only facilitates the coexistence of different cultures but also effectively helps acquiring foreign languages. The object of the work is related to general borrowings of languages, i.e. lexical internationalisms. In linguistics, the term internationalism is frequently identified with such terms as loanword and borrowing. The first part of the article examines the definitions of internationalism presented in various dictionaries and linguistic works as well as gives an overview of the main works in the field of borrowings in the German and Lithuanian linguistics. One of the most important aspects of the work is to discuss the typology of international words as well as to show the types of their integration, which can be used in the process of learning foreign languages. Internationalisms as political, historical, economic and religious aspects of development are essential elements of lexis of different languages, word formation and usage. They become quickly integrated in languages and enrich them. This common language potential is important in foreign language teaching, whereas all language similarities that help learners to acquire another foreign language (both Indo-European and non-Indo-European) are incentive learning measures. The second part of the article focuses on didactic issues. The lexemes recognized at the initial stage reduce the feeling of difficulty in the process of learning and stimulate motivation. Particular spelling and morphological subtleties can be explained and the differences of new language semantics can be presented and elucidated by providing students with the examples of international words during the classes of foreign languages. International vocabulary helps beginners to read simple, authentic or synthetic texts, and enables advanced learners to understand literary or specialist texts. Working with international words in texts and systematically comparing them with a mother tongue or another foreign language encourages the development of rules of the new language that is effective for language learners.

The article addresses the issues of formation of legal terminology in Lithuanian and English. The terminology of Lithuanian law started to be formed at the beginning of the 20th century. Its development has been influenced by several political upheavals and has undergone considerable changes. Since new legal terms are constantly created, it is worthwhile to compare and contrast Lithuanian term formation tendencies with term formation traditions in other languages. Contrastive research not only reveals peculiarities of term formation in different languages, but allows researchers to see native terminology in a new light and assessing it more objectively. In this article, the Lithuanian constitutional law terms are compared with the English constitutional law terminology that has a long history dating back to the 13th century. The article analyses the sources and means of formation that have been used for the creation of Lithuanian and UK constitutional law terms and reveals important differences in legal term formation in these two languages. The authors expect that the findings of the research will provide useful information to the developers of Lithuanian legal terminology, as well as to the users of Lithuanian and English legal terms.

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a unique global experience, arousing both exclusionary nationalistic and inclusionary responses of solidarity. This article aims to explore the discursive and linguistic means by which the COVID-19 pandemic, as a macro-event, has been translated into local micro-events. The analysis studies the global pandemic through the initial statements of 29 leading political actors across four continents. The aim is to examine discursive constructions of solidarity and nationalism through the social representation of inclusion/exclusion of in-, out-, and affiliated groups. The comparative analysis is based on the theoretical and methodological framework of the socio-cognitive approach to critical discourse analysis and is informed by argumentation theory and nationalism studies. The results of our analysis suggest that leaders have constructed the virus as the main outgroup through the metaphors of the pandemic-as-war and the pandemic-as-movement which have entered the national space. Faced with this threat, these speeches have discursively constructed the nation-as-a-team as the main in-group and prioritized (1) a vertical type of solidarity based on nationhood and according to governmental plans; (2) exclusionary solidarity against rule-breakers; (3) horizontal solidarity that is both intergenerational and among family members, and (4) transnational solidarity. It is not by chance that the world stands as a relevant affiliated group that needs to forcibly collaborate in order to face the main out- group, the virus itself. A major consensus has been found in constructing the out-group. In contrast, the linguistic and discursive constructions of in-groups and their affiliates display a greater variation, depending upon the prevalent discursive practices and social context within different countries.

The multiple transformations that take place in the Western societies during the present century affect various spheres of society such as domestic politics, international relations, economics, gender issues, questions under social policies as attention to disability, environmental concerns, and technological innovations among others. National governments and supranational institutions as United Nations (UN) and European Union (EU), as executive authorities to varying degrees, represent the main agents of social change. But in the emergence of a climate of public opinion favourable to law and policy development different actors with opposing interests come into play: political parties, economic agents, mass media, foundations, social movements, or sectorial associations, that is, a broad range of stakeholders that reflects the pluralism characteristic of democratic societies. At times, this wide spectrum of actors uphold their positions through new terms and expressions, neologisms, which, even if are ignored by national authorities responsible for overseeing languages, may be accepted by the majority of the community. Therefore, language through the coining of neologisms is conceived not only as a mediator between individuals and new realities, but mainly as a tool for social transformation by all actors participating in public arena.

Mokomasis leidinys "Fonction publique" (Valstybės tarnyba) skirtas Mykolo Romerio universiteto Viešojo administravimo, Teisės bei Strateginio valdymo ir politikos fakultetų dieninių, vakarinių ir neakivaizdinių studijų studentams.

Literacy as a term has been approached and measured by many disciplines. Literacy has undergone many recent transformations with the emergence of the new technologies which facilitate access to literacy by many cultures previously dissociated from traditional reading and writing activities. The article gives an overview of the most recent research in this area, and looks at the re-invention of the university literacy concept which is tightly associated with the English language literacy. A case study of applicants' essays for the doctoral study programme at Mykolas Romeris University is presented as a sample of literacy issues in the learning environment. ; Nors tradiciškai raštingumas siejamas su gebėjimu skaityti ir rašyti, tačiau šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje jis tampa reikšmingu ideologijų, politikos, sociologijos, psichologijos, technologijų, semiotikos ir kitų sričių tyrimo objektu bei nauju šių tyrinėjimo sričių terminu. Akademinėje literatūroje pasirodo multiraštingumo arba raštingumų sąvokos. Istoriškai raštingumas vis dar klasifikuojamas į elitinį, senąjį raštingumą ir masių, naująjį raštingumą. Tai itin plačiai taikytina anglofonijos šalyse. Kita vertus, anglų kalba technologijų bei žiniatinklio dėka galinga banga įsiveržė ir į masių raštingumą, ir į elitinį raštingumą, nes akademinės publikacijos didžia dalimi (70 proc. Thompson Reuters duomenų bazėje kaupiamų mokslo leidinių) rašomos ir spausdinamos angliškai. Todėl akademiniame pasaulyje raštingumą imama suprasti ir kaip gebėjimą skaityti bei rašyti anglų kalba. Šiame straipsnyje atliekama ankstesnio tyrimo (Tamošiūnienė, Darginavičienė, 2010) apžvalga, kurios metu buvo aptariami argumento formavimo būdai anglų kalbos rašiniuose, stojant į Mykolo Romerio universiteto doktorantūrą. Nagrinėjamų rašto darbų analizė parodė, kad žemesniais balais įvertintuose darbuose argumentavimo strategijos ir struktūros skiriasi nuo argumentavimo strategijų ir struktūrų, taikomų aukštais balais įvertintuose darbuose. Šiuose darbuose plačiau naudojami išlygos ir paramos elementai. Tačiau diskurso analizė argumento formavimo strategijose nerodo, jog prastesnių anglų kalbos rašinių autoriai priskirtini menkesnei raštingumo kategorijai. Jų priskirtinumas prie tradicinės raštingumo savybės konstruoti informaciją priežastingumo ašyje nekoreliuoja su bendru žemu rašto darbo įvertinimu. Tyrimo išvados gali būti nelabai pagrįstos ir patikimos, nes tirta nedaug darbų. Tačiau iškeltos hipotezės suformuoja pagrindą platesniems ir longitudiniams tyrimams.

The interdependence between society and literature is an obvious phenomenon, noticeably confirmed in Seventeenth-Century English poetry. This paper highlights the interrelationship between literary art and political factors, beginning with the Petrarchan tradition that fosters the justly famed sonnets and sonnet sequences of the Elizabethan era and after that moving on to the Metaphysical school of John Donne and the Cavalier poets under the aegis of Jonson. Our study then scrutinizes a few samples of religious (Herbert's), Puritan (Milton's) or libertine (Rochester's) poetry as produced by some of its key figures, without leaving aside the valuable verse written by women (Behn, Cavendish) or by those poets noteworthy for blending the landscape with praise for powerful figures and patrons of art (responsible for the well-known country-house poems). Making a start with the metaphysical statement "We'll build in sonnets pretty rooms", by John Donne, this paper aims to present a thorough, albeit condensed, overview of 17th-Century English Poetry, specifying the different approaches and dictions applied by each of the respective schools or groupings. The rise and development of the sonnet is hereby analyzed in the works of Wyatt, Howard, Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, Donne, Herbert and Milton. In a similar vein, the new universe opened up by the metaphysical idiom allows us to single out the most salient rhetorical features characterizing these poems, such as the conceit, the shocking fusion of the "new science" and philosophy, as well as the overall complexity of style that emanates from these outstanding compositions. The next constellation to be dealt with encompasses those Cavalier poets that wrote brief and "neat" poems that deliberately eschew intellectualism or semantic obscurity. This will lead to an indispensable consideration of religious poetry, a variety that also merits close reading, as there is a significant array of writers who devoted their efforts to devotional introspection, sincere confessionalism and the dissemination of the Christian faith. For the sake of the contrast, we also examine libertine poetry, well surpassing the Cavalier "carpe diem" theme in order to embrace an often cruder morality. Finally, we intend to illustrate the achievement and social triumph, of a sort, of several women writers, to the effect of ending our tour with the poetry that more effectively blends landscape with politics and society ("country-house poems"). ; Visuomenės ir literatūros sąsajos ‒ akivaizdžios, jas iliustruoja ir septynioliktojo šimtmečio Anglijos poezija. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami susiję literatūros meno ir politikos faktoriai, pradedant Petrarkos tradicija, kuri išpuoselėjo pelnytai išgarsėjusius sonetus ir karalienės Elžbietos eros sonetų sekvencijas, ir vėliau ‒ Džono Dono (John Donne) atstovaujamoje "metafizikų mokykloje" bei poetų rojalistų (Cavalier), kurių žinomiausias yra Benas Džonsonas (Ben Jonson), kūryboje. Studijoje taip pat pateikiama kelių iškiliausių religinės (Džordžo Herberto (George Herbert), puritoniškosios (Džono Miltono (John Milton) ir laisvamaniškosios (Džono Vilmoto iš Ročesterio (John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester) poezijos atstovų pavyzdžių analizė, nepamirštant ir vertingosios moterų (Afros Ben (Aphra Behn), Margaretos Kavendiš (Margaret Cavendish) poezijos bei kūrybos tų poetų, kurie žinomi "dvarų eilėmis", pasižyminčiomis gražia aprašomo gamtovaizdžio ir šlovinamų iškilių asmenybių bei mecenatų derme. Remiantis Džono Dono metafiziniu teiginiu "Sonetuose mes kursime gražią viešpatiją", straipsnyje keliamas tikslas pateikti trumpą, bet išsamią XVII amžiaus Anglijos poezijos apžvalgą ir aptarti įvairų poezijos mokyklų bei srovių skirtingus požiūrius bei išraiškos būdus. Straipsnyje nuodugniai analizuojamos soneto atsiradimo ir vystymosi tendencijos Tomo Vajato (Thomas Wyatt), Henrio Hovardo (Henry Howard), Filipo Sidnio (Philip Sidney), Edmundo Spenserio (Edmund Spenser), Viljamo Šekspyro (William Shakespeare), Džono Dono, Džordžo Herberto ir Džono Miltono kūriniuose. Kaip ir straipsnio pavadinime cituojamoje metafizinėje idiomoje, akivaizdūs reikšmingiausi šių poezijos kūrinių retorikos bruožai ‒ įmantrios metaforos, "naujojo mokslo" ir filosofijos susipynimas bei visuminis stiliaus sudėtingumas, kuriuo alsuoja šie išskirtiniai kūriniai. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama ir kitos poetų rojalistų plejados kūryba, kurie rašė trumpas ir tvarkingas eiles, sąmoningai vengdami perdėto intelektualumo ar semantinių įmantrybių – tai religinė poezija, nusipelnanti atidaus skaitymo, kadangi dauguma poetų visą dėmesį skyrė introspekcijai, nuoširdžiam dievybės išpažinimui ir krikščioniškojo tikėjimo skleidimui. Kontrasto dėlei pateikiama ir laisvamaniškosios poezijos analizė. Ji gerokai pralenkia rojalistinės poezijos "Carpe Diem" tematiką, siekdama apdainuoti ir dažnai šiurkštesnę moralę. Galiausiai, straipsnyje atskleidžiami ir moterų poečių bei rašytojų pasiekimai bei jų socialinis triumfas. Taigi, apžvelgiama visa ta poezija, kurioje kraštovaizdžio aprašymas efektyviausiai susipina su politikos ir visuomenės aktualijomis ("dvarų eilės").

Multilingualism is an important element in the language policy of the European Union (EU). The European Commission encourages the EU citizens to be multilingual and promotes learning of at least two foreign languages in addition to the mother tongue. In this context, foreign language teaching and learning are of great importance nowadays. The didactics of multilingualism is a relatively new term in the European and worldwide foreign language didactics. It aims to encourage the learners' interest in foreign language learning and distance from the traditional monolingual concept in foreign language teaching. This paper stresses the promotion of individual multilingualism in foreign language teaching. It presents the main principles of intercomprehension and the EuroCom projects which concentrate on the similarities among related languages and aim to promote receptive multilingualism. In addition, the methods of "seven sieves" of the EuroComGerm project and DaFnE (Deutsch als Fremdsprache nach Englisch) are presented as learning strategies based on the contrastive comparison of Germanic languages in reading skills. The advantage of the methods is that multilingual learners discover the rules and strategies that can help them learn a foreign language. Different forms of exercises promoting multilingualism and the ones based on the principles of multilingualism didactics and tertiary didactics rarely find their way into textbooks. However, the multilingual resources should be used and adequately addressed in the teaching process. All similarities among languages, which make it easier for the learner to acquire another foreign language, are welcome aids in foreign language teaching. They not only provide orientation in a foreign-language environment but also are very helpful in learning a foreign language as a reminder. On the basis of examples, the paper explores the question of how the research on multilingualism didactics can be used effectively as a resource in foreign language teaching and how it can contribute to the promotion of multilingual competence.

Since Lithuania has become a part of European Union and the world community highly qualified, creative and skillful law enforcement officers able to communicate in foreign languages are in great demand. The paper analyses the aspects of successful foreign language learning. Students' opinion about foreign language learning at Mykolas Romeris University, the Faculty of Public Security and individual learning is investigated and assessed. Most motivated factors are presented and the most important problems students confront while learning foreign languages are reviewed in the paper. It also presents some recommendations for effective foreign language learning and successful legal career. ; Kalbos dėka galime pažinti tikrovę, iš kartos į kartą perduoti patyrimą, mokslo ir kultūros laimėjimus. Išsimokslinusiam teisėsaugos pareigūnui būtina mokėti užsienio kalbų, kad įgytų atitinkamą socialinį statusą. Per kalbų įvairovę atsiveria įvairios pasaulio pažinimo galimybės. Kalbos atveria įvairiausius mąstymo bei suvokimo būdus. Aktyviai dalyvaujant Europos Sąjungos ir pasaulio bendrijoje mūsų šaliai reikalingi kvalifikuoti, kūrybingi ir gabūs, užsienio kalbomis bendraujantys teisėsaugos pareigūnai. Todėl Mykolo Romerio universitete vienas iš mokomųjų dalykų yra profesinės užsienio kalbos mokymas(- is), padedantis būsimiems pareigūnams susirasti jų gebėjimus atitinkantį darbą. Straipsnyje apžvelgiami Viešojo saugumo fakulteto studentų efektyvaus užsienio kalbų mokymosi aspektai, pateikiama būsimų pareigūnų nuomonė apie užsienio kalbų studijas universitete ir savarankišką kalbų mokymąsi. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad daugiausia studentų gerą kalbų mokėjimą sieja su karjeros sėkme, noru gerai mokytis ir siekti aukštesnio mokslinio laipsnio, žinojimu, kad, užbaigus studijas, užsienio kalbos žinių tikrai prireiks. Mokydamiesi kalbų studentai susiduria su tokiais sunkumais kaip laiko trūkumas studijoms (dauguma dirba), pertrauka tarp vidurinės mokyklos baigimo ir užsienio kalbų mokymosi universitete pradžios, savarankiško darbo įgūdžių stoka, negabumas kalboms. Straipsnyje taip pat pateikiamos rekomendacijos, orientuotos į efektyvų ir sėkmingą užsienio kalbų mokymą(-si), teigiamus teisinės veiklos rezultatus.

The present study is aimed at investigating students' perceptions of themselves in relation to creativity as well as their expectations from the course in creative writing in their university studies of English so that to support the process. The findings revealed that although half of study participants considered themselves to be creative, only a few of them were involved in creative writing. The study also resulted in the identification of students' expectations, including the expectations to better understand the nature of creativity and creative writing, gain specific knowledge about creative writers and the process of creative writing, practice creative writing, foster English as the language of their studies as well as learn more about themselves. The findings suggest that to foster creativity in the new course in English, students' perceptions of themselves, the level of their awareness about creativity and creative writing as well as their expectations are important. It is recommended that this study be extended to the investigation of students' experience of learning to become creative writers after they finish the course. This may lead to generalisations on how the creativity-favourable environment can be further enhanced. ; Šiuo tyrimu siekta išanalizuoti Mykolo Romerio universiteto Vertimo ir redagavimo bakalauro studijų II kurso studentų, anglų kalba studijuojančių Kūrybinio rašymo studijų dalyką, požiūrius į save, kaip į kūrybišką asmenį, bei nustatyti, ko yra tikimasi iš šio dalyko studijų tam, kad būtų galima numatyti, kokia studijų aplinka būtų palankiausia jų kūrybiškumui skatinti. Studentų atsakymų analizės rezultatai rodo, kad nors 50 % tyrime dalyvavusių studentų, pradėjusių studijuoti Kūrybinio rašymo studijų dalyką, save laiko kūrybiškais, tik mažiau nei pusė iš jų savo kūrybiškumą sieja su kūrybiniu rašymu. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad studentai iš studijų dalyko Kūrybinis rašymas tikisi suprasti kūrybiškumo ir kūrybinio rašymo prigimtį ir reikšmę, įgyti specifinių žinių apie kuriančius autorius ir kūrybinio rašymo procesą, praktiškai išbandyti jėgas įvairiuose kūrybinio rašymo žanruose, praturtinti anglų kalbos, kaip savo studijų kalbos, žodyną ir labiau pažinti save. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad siekiant sukurti kūrybiškumą skatinančią studijų aplinką studijuojant dalyką Kūrybinis rašymas, svarbu atsižvelgti į studentų požiūrius į save kaip į kūrybišką asmenį, į tai, kaip jie supranta kūrybiškumo ir kūrybinio rašymo prigimtį ir reikšmę bei į tai, ko jie tikisi iš dalyko Kūrybinis rašymas studijų. Rekomenduojama pasibaigus kursui išanalizuoti studentų kūrybinio rašymo dalyko studijavimo patirtį. Tokio tyrimo rezultatai gali prisidėti prie studijų aplinkos, skatinančios kūrybiškumą, tobulinimo.

Purpose – the purpose of this article was to present the main features of classical rhetoric and to reveal their transformations, focusing, in particular, on Aristotle's theory of categories of persuasion, an important technique of rhetoric applied in modern public discourse. Design/methodology/approach – the paper is based on scientific literature analysis and comparative analysis of different types of public speeches from ancient times to the present day. Findings – the final thesis of this article states that, although the requirements for public speech have been modified throughout history, the ability to reach rhetorical persuasion depends on the capacity to speak under the canons of classical rhetoric. Moreover, the most effective communication strategy is based on the synthesis of logos, ethos and pathos categories and their application in modern public discourse. Practical implications – the paper reveals several practical implications important for leadership development. Ethical and effective eloquence is the key to leadership, encouraging young members of contemporary society to be equally responsible for preserving common values and overcoming global issues. The modern public discourse demonstrates an obvious tendency towards opposition in speaking and acting processes. This situation is conditioned by an obvious lack of synthesis of the logos, ethos and pathos categories in daily rhetoric activities. Although it is common to speak eloquently and convincingly, spoken words do not always match the actions taken, particularly in political discourse. Therefore, rhetoric values, such as res non verba taken from Antiquity, the cradle of European culture, ought to be included in the education and development system of future leaders. Research limitations/implications – the speakers selected for the scope of this review differ in terms of their intentions, purposes, and types of speeches, i.e. some are informative, while others are emotional or appealing. The difference in structure and type of public speeches limits the scope of the analysis. Moreover, an additional factor of distinct variables has to be taken in consideration analyzing modern public discourse, namely historical period, culture, age, religion, gender and occupation, and, last but not least, the circumstances of a public speech which can all have a negative impact on the evaluation of paper making the analysis superficial and incomplete. Originality/Value – within the great variety of rhetoric theories and conventions, some have been modified over time, although the fundamental ones remain unchanged to this day. This has not, however, reduced the significance of public speaking quite on the contrary public speaking has become a daily activity in everyone's life. Therefore, Aristotle's theory of rhetorical categories is an important approach to every public speaker and the most effective strategy leading to rhetorical persuasion. Moreover, the dissemination of rhetoric is promoted by a significant growth of communication throughout the world. Furthermore, stylistics, structural poetics, text linguistics, logic, advertising theory, pedagogy, psychology and other sciences are also based on the research of classical rhetorical traditions and transformations. By comparison, in the context of cultural integration, eloquence and the ability to communicate has become particularly important in social, political, educational or entrepreneurship activities.