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Societal and environmental change not only coincide during the period 1250–1380, they interact: What has been long discussed as the 'Crisis of the 14th Century' is happening during a shifting climatic regime, from the Medieval Climate Anomaly to the onset of the Little Ice Age. The volume highlights this 'teleconnections' between environment and society with a set of interdisciplinary and regionally diverse contributions on Europe and beyond.

This book discusses the 3rd–11th century developments that led to the formation of the three Scandinavian kingdoms in the Viking Age. Wide-ranging studies of communication routes, regional identities, judicial territories, and royal sites and graves trace a complex trajectory of rulership in these pagan Germanic societies. In the final section, new light is shed on the pinnacle and demise of the Norwegian kingdom in the 13th–14th centuries.

Nicolo Machiavelli, born in 1469, wrote his most renowned work, The Prince, in 1513. Since the sixteenth century, there have been those who have condemned the work such as Cardinal Reginal Pole, who in 1536 assailed it as a product of the devil. Francis Bacon noted, 'Machiavelli dealt with men as they are, not as they ough to be.' Today, the work remains controversial. One aspect of Machiavelli's work that has stirred less controversy, however, is that it reflected the violent and chaotic political conditions in sixteenth century Italy. In this paper, I will attempt to demonstrate that this political condition, now called Machiavellianism, was indeed practiced extensively in the Iberian Peninsula more than a century before Machiavelli's birth. I am, of course, aware of the anachronistic nature of such a statement. Nevertheless, I believe that I may demonstrate the synthesis of concepts which the term 'Machiavellianism' embraces was indeed practiced in fourteenth century Iberia. ; N/A

Southeast Asia has often been seen as economically static and self-sufficient until the arrival of late 19th century capitalism, for no better reason than lack of evidence to the contrary. This volume seeks to lay a basis for more solid analysis of the precolonial record through accumulating one type of data (exports) for which the record is long and continuous. By compiling data series for each of the Southeast Asian products which dominated long-term exports (cloves, pepper, coffee and sugar), it reveals a dynamic pattern of rises and falls in the economic record of a region. Co-published with ISEAS

1 — Introduction, the Royal Family of Majapahit about 1350 A.D. -- 2 — Majapahit, the Capital, about 1350 A.D. -- 3 — Tributaries and neighbours of Majapahit, establishment of the Royal authority by emissaries taken from the ecclesiastical officers -- 4 — The Royal Progress of 1359 from Majapahit through the eastern districts of Java, and back to Singasari -- 5 — Notes on the Kings of the House of R?jasa, from 1182 till 1343, and on their religious domains -- 6 — The Royal Chase in the neighbourhood of Singasari -- 7 — The return from the Royal Progress of 1359, from Singasari to Majapahit -- 8 — The Royal Progresses of 1360 and 1361 to Tirib, Sömpur and Blitar -- 9 — The posthumous ceremony in honour of the R?japatn?, in 1362, her shrines and her cult -- 10 — The Royal Progress of 1363 from Majapahit to Simping and back -- 11 — Gajah Mada's death in 1364, the new officials -- 12 — List of domains belonging to the Royal Family and to religious communities -- 13 — Organization of the clergy and Royal authority -- 14 — The annual Court festival in Majapahit -- 15 — Conclusion -- Commentary on the N?gara-K?rt?gama colophons -- Nawanatya -- R?japatigu % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaca % WGUbaaleaacqGHflY1aeqaaOWaaCbeaeaacaWGKbaaleaacqGHflY1 % aeqaaaaa!3CE0! $$\mathop n\limits_ \cdot \mathop d\limits_ \cdot $$ ala -- Purw?digama preamble -- Praniti Raja Kapa-kapa -- Sarwadharma charter of 1269, found in P?nampihan -- Decree Jaya Song, 1350, found in Bendosari -- Ferry charter of 1358, found in Trawulan and P?l?m -- Batur charter, found in Batur -- Biluluk charters of 1366–1395, found in Bluluk -- R?n?k charter of 1379, found near Majapahit -- Wala % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaca % WGUbaaleaacqGHflY1aeqaaOWaaCbeaeaacaWGKbaaleaacqGHflY1 % aeqaaaaa!3CE0! $$\mathop n\limits_ \cdot \mathop d\limits_ \cdot $$ it charter of 1381–1405, found in P?nañjangan -- Patapan charter of 1385, found in Trawulan -- Karang Bog?m charter of 1387, found in Trawulan -- Kati % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaca % WGKbaaleaacqGHflY1aeqaaaaa!3960! $$\mathop d\limits_ \cdot $$ en charter of 1392, found in Trawulan -- Shela Ma % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagCart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaca % WGUbaaleaacqGHflY1aeqaaOWaaCbeaeaacaWGKbaaleaacqGHflY1 % aeqaaaaa!3CE0! $$\mathop n\limits_ \cdot \mathop d\limits_ \cdot $$ i charters of 1394–1396 -- 1 — Social order in 14th century Majapahit -- 2 — Religious belief and ecclesiastical organization in 14th century Majapahit -- 3 — Economy and commerce in 14th century Majapahit -- 4 — Material culture in 14th century Majapahit -- 5 — Art, language and literature in 14th century Majapahit -- 6 — Plays and games in 14th century Majapahit -- 7 — Political order in the 14th century Majapahit realm -- 8 — The Royal Court in the 14th century Majapahit realm -- 9 — The Royal Family in the 14th century Majapahit realm -- 10 — The N?gara-K?rt?gama and its poet at the 14th century Majapahit Court -- Illustrations: drawings by Professor Galestin after stone reliefs of 14th century East-Javanese temples -- VI. A ferry. At the left a man, walking, while looking back at his companion, an oarsman with curly hair. At the right the same pair is seen sitting in a boat on a river. The tale illustrated by the relief is as yet unknown. In a following relief the passenger is seen disappearing into the water and entering the realm of the King of snakes. Drawn after a relief of the east side of the terrace of Candi Panataran, dated 1375 A.D. -- XII. A cock-fight, freely drawn after a modern Balinese picture by Ida Bagus Madé Nad?ra (about 1940).

Excavations of two significant archaeological sites were carried out in 2020 in Akmola and North Kazakhstan regions of Kazakhstan. The mausoleum of Janibek and the mausoleum on Kyzyloba site were examined. Brief descriptions and characteristics of these archaeological sites are given. Only the found Juchid coins are considered in detail in this paper. The analysis of numismatic material showed: 1. the burial in Janibek's mausoleum contains 13 coins of the 14th century and dates from the first half of the 760s/1360s; 2. the burial in Kyzyloba's mausoleum contains 4 coins of Khan Uzbek and dates from the second half of the 730s/1330s. The authors compare the coins with similar finds from other graves of the 14th century in Central Kazakhstan. The obtained data indicate a possibly different dynamics and scale of the spread of plague in Saryarka compared to the Volga region. A larger statistics of coin finds in 14th-century burials is required for relevant conclusions.

In medieval iconography, one of the main properties of evil is its multiplicity and changeability. As we know from the works on medieval demonology published by Alexander Makhov, such fluidity of forms was often equated with disorder and contrasted with an orderly hierarchy of the sacred. The author demonstrates that this applied not only to demons, but also to figures of non-Christians, primarily Jews and Romans in scenes of the Passion of Christ. The author of the present article takes the case of the Fitzwarin Psalter, one of the most extraordinary manuscripts illuminated in England in the 14th century. He shows that the variations of forms and colors in the figures of demonized enemies of Christ were sometimes organized in the rhythmic sequences which gave disorder a partial ordering. However, even in images of saints, in which symmetry and hierarchy dominated for a long time, variations were constantly introduced. They complicated (made more "live") the static composition and led the viewer's gaze. These observations suggest that many of the transformations of markers of otherness that researchers have long noted should be seen not only as visual figures of evil, but also as particular instances of the desire for varietas characteristic of medieval aesthetics in general

The Byzantine Emperor Constantine the Great [306-337 AD] transformed Rome and the Holy Land into magnets of Christian pilgrimage. The first surviving account of a pilgrim's journey to Jerusalem dates to the year 333 AD; however the Holy Places of Palestine have been visited by pilgrims since the early days of Christianity. The earliest known Palestinian pilgrims were, for the most part, devout souls, many of them clergy or in religious orders. The increasing flow of pilgrims to the various shrines in Europe and the Holy Land required the organisation of hospice services for sick and needy pilgrims throughout the pilgrim routes. One such hospital set up in North Italy along the still uncivilized route between Lucca and Genoa apparently had financial interests in Sicily and the Maltese Islands during the fourteenth century. ; peer-reviewed

The author compares a gravestone of a Brunei sultan in the early 14th century with some Muslim gravestones found in Quanzhou, China. He discusses the genealogy of the sultans of Brunei and believes that the gravestone excavated in Brunei was made and engraved in Quanzhou about A.D. 1301 and then shipped to Brunei. The discovery of the sultan's gravestone provides evidence of a Muslim Kingdom established in Brunei during the late 13th century and the early 14th century. (DÜI-Sen)

As noções correlatas de senhorio(Herrschaft) e liberdade foram estudadas na IdadeMédia de forma diferente de hoje. Em inúmerosdocumentos encontra-se a menção de liberdadeda gleba, direito de locomoção, direito de disporda propriedade. Os acadêmicos de fins do séculoXIII e do século XN haverão de volver-se paraeste problema devido à disputa entre o papa e aautoridade civil. Sem dúvida, o que mais aprofundoua questão foi Guilherme de Ockham, ao examinara condição dos fiéis dentro da Igreja.