Suchergebnisse

U radu se na temelju arhivskih izvora, stručne literature i onovremenoga tiska analizira povratak jugoslavenskih iseljenika iz Argentine i ostalih dijelova Južne Amerike u prvim godinama nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata. Prati se priprema, organizacija, brojnost, transport, dolazak, smještaj i razmještaj iseljenika u domovini. Analizira se i stručna, nacionalna i spolna pripadnost iseljenika povratnika. Posebna pozornost posvećena je odnosima dviju država, Jugoslavije i Argentine, u ovom pitanju. ; Diplomatic, consular and economic relations between the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Argentina were established on 16 September 1946. The agreement was signed by General Ljubo Ilić, chief of the Yugoslav diplomatic mission in South America, and Juan Atilion Bramuglia, Argentinian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Religion. In the first decade after World War II, the two states had some open problems and unresolved issues such as the question of commercial agreements, Yugoslav political emigration in Argentina, especially the Ustasha movement, Argentine nationalised property in Yugoslavia, visas for entering Argentina etc. Following World War II, Argentina became the country with the most emigrants of Yugoslav origin in the entire Latin America. The major part of those were Croats and Slovenes, while emigrants from Montenegro and Serbia made up a smaller proportion. The issue of Yugoslav immigrants in Argentina was of the greatest importance in the relations between two countries. In the late 1940s, the interests of Yugoslavia and Argentina in this matter were opposed. Both sides wanted to use a qualified work force for building their own country. Yugoslavia tried to recruit immigrants to come back and take part in fulfilment of the Five-Year Plan established in 1947. Argentina on the other hand, wanted to keep able-bodied people for building its own industry. The Yugoslav government sent ships for immigrants and organised housing and jobs for them upon their return. The majority of them were construction, agriculture, and textile workers. The peak of the repatriation was 1948, when 83% of Yugoslav immigrants returned from Argentina. There was another problem, and that was the different treatment of immigrants with dual citizenship, which especially referred to the children of Yugoslav immigrants who were born on Argentine soil. According the law, they were Argentine citizens, but Yugoslav authorities still thought of them as their own. According to official data, of all the people to return in Yugoslavia in the 1946–51 period, a total of 1,748 arrived from Argentina, which was 10.84% of the total number of returning Yugoslav citizens. Only France was ahead of Argentina in this period in terms of numbers of returns, with 3,914, while Canada was behind, with 1,727.

Autor u radu na temelju dostupne arhivske građe i relevantne literature analizira metode djelovanja komunističkoga represivnog aparata u Narodnoj Republici / Socijalističkoj Republici Hrvatskoj protiv Katoličke crkve od 1951. do 1965. godine. U radu se prvi put navode brojčani podaci o suradnicima Udbe iz crkvenih redova te organizacija i pojedinaca usko povezanih s Katoličkom crkvom. ; After the establishment of communist rule in Yugoslavia and the elimination of all political opponents, the Catholic Church remained the only strong and well-organised institution in which the communists saw a possible opponent. This is why the communist authorities carried out a series of repressive and political measures in order to prevent its public activities and weaken its influence in society. Bishops and priests were assassinated or imprisoned, Church property was confiscated, religious publications and seminaries were banned, religious schools were closed and ordinands pressured to give up on studying for priestly vocations, a propaganda campaign was launched against the Church and its priests, priests were scrutinized (especially through clerical associations) and recruited as informants for the secret services, and a series of other measures was carried out with the goal of weakening the influence of the Church in society. The main operational role in the implementation of these measures was played by law enforcement services, primarily the State Security Administration and the other services of the Secretariat of the Interior as well as the Counterintelligence Service, which concerned itself mostly with ecclesiastical persons performing compulsory military service in the Yugoslav People's Army. These services' annual reports for Croatia from 1951 to 1965 and their analyses and studies, which only became available to the public in the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb in 2017, offer us insights into law enforcement's views on the conditions in the Catholic Church, their assessments of its 'hostile' activities, and the ways in which they planned their activities and carried out certain anti-Church measures. In addition, this paper is the first to present the actual numerical indicators of priests and other Church officials or persons closely connected to the work of the Church who were in various ways employed as a part of the collaborator networks of communist secret services in their activities regarding the Catholic Church in the stated period. It is important to highlight that the vast majority of these persons agreed to collaborate due to pressure or blackmail, for the most part failed to produce the results that the State Security Administration had expected of them, and were therefore often removed from the collaborator network. The State Security Administration benefited little from this network, and the fact that it failed to achieve its goals in its struggle against the Catholic Church confirms this.

U Hrvatskoj su nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata za prehranu i opskrbu ratnih zarobljenika i osoba osuđenih na lišenje slobode s prisilnim radom uvedeni i korišteni novčani bonovi. Za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenica u Zavodu za prisilni rad Požega bonovi su uvedeni najvjerojatnije 1946. (izdanje: Zavod za prisilni rad Požega), bonovi za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenika na prisilnom radu u Fužinama uvedeni su najvjerojatnije 1950. (izdanje: Narodna Republika Hrvatska Uprava osuđeničke radne snage "Hidroelektra" Fužine), a bonovi za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenika na prisilnom radu u Sisku uvedeni su najvjerojatnije 1951. (izdanje: Uprava osuđeničke radne snage Sisak-Predgrađe). Zatvorski/logorski bonovi u Hrvatskoj 1945.-1951. malo su poznati, iako su zanimljiv prilog poznavanju represivnoga sustava, a i novčarske povijesti u razdoblju "narodne demokracije" u Jugoslaviji. ; After the Second World War money coupons were introduced and used in Croatia for the food and supplies of war prisoners and persons deprived of freedom with forced labour. Coupons for the food and supplies of women prisoners in the Forced Labour Institution in Požega were probably introduced in 1946 (issued by the Požega Institution for Forced Labour), coupons for the food and supplies of prisoners sentenced to forced labour in Fužine were probably introduced in 1950 (issued by the People's Republic of Croatia, "Hidroelektra" Fužine Administration for Prisoners' Labour), and coupons for the food and supplies of prisoners sentenced to forced labour in Sisak were probably introduced in 1951 (issued by the Sisak-Predgrađe Administration for Prisoners' Labour). The prison/camp coupons in Croatia from 1945-1951 are not well known although they are an interesting aspect of knowledge about the repression system and monetary history in the period of the "peoples' democracy" in Yugoslavia.

U ovome se radu istražuju osobna imena Župe Miholec od Drugog svjetskog rata naovamo. Nakon kratkog osvrta na povijest te demografski i vjerski sastav navedene župe, istražuju se osobna imena u četirima razdobljima: u razdoblju 1947. – 1951., 1971. – 1975., 1991. – 1995. i 2010. – 2014. Takvom smo vremenskom podjelom htjeli istražiti sastav osobnoimenskog fonda Župe Miholec (omjer narodnih, tradicionalnih kršćanskih i novih imena) u posljednjih sedamdesetak godina i utvrditi jesu li i u kojoj mjeri velike društveno-političke promjene u Hrvatskoj u navedenim razdobljima utjecale na promjene u osobnoimenskom fondu jedne jezično i društveno konzervativnije sredine. ; This paper provides research on first names in the Parish of Miholec since the Second World War. Following a brief review of the history of the parish, as well as its demographic and religious composition, the research on first names – which is divided in four significant periods (1947–1951, 1971–1975, 1991–1995, and 2010–2014) – is given. By dividing the research into such periods, we wanted to investigate the structure of the contemporary anthroponymicon in the Parish of Miholec (the amount of national, traditional Catholic names and new, non-traditional names) in the last 70 years and determine the impact of social and political changes in Croatia in the mentioned periods on the repertoire of first names in a linguistically and socially conservative environment.

Osim globalnih organizacija, u svijetu je formiran i velik broj regionalnih organizacija koje djeluju na svim kontinentima. Početni oblik integracije bilo je formiranje Zone slobodne trgovine, zatim Carinske unije, Zajedničkog tržišta, Monetarne unije, pa sve do najsloženijeg oblika Ekonomske unije. Danas sve zemlje svijeta sudjeluju u nekim oblicima integracija, dok su neke članice i više regionalnih organizacija. Proces integracije nije lak i jednostavan put, već dugotrajan i složen. Neki od razloga zašto se zemlje odlučuju ući u razne regionalne ekonomske organizacije su proširenje svog tržišta, povećanje konkurentnosti, bolje korištenje resursa, efikasnija proizvodnja i sl. Integracija podrazumijeva da se zemlje članice prilagode određenim pravilima, te da se povežu u smislu razvijanje međusobne suradnje i da tako ostvare cilj radi kojeg se organizacija i formirala. Kao primjer najuspješnije regionalne ekonomske organizacije zasigurno je Europska unija koja se formirala još davne 1951. godine te djeluje i danas s time da povećava broj svojih članica te širi svoj teritorij na Europskom kontinentu. ; In addition to global organizations, a lot of regional organizations have been formed across all continents. The initial form of integration was the establishment of a Free-trade zone, then a Customs Union, a Common Market, a Monetary Union, and finally the most complex form of organization an Economic Union. Today all countries in the world participate in some form of integration, and some even participate in multiple regional organizations. The integration process is not an easy and simple process, but a long and complex one. Some of the reasons why countries decide to participate in various regional economic organizations are the expansion of their markets, increase of competitiveness, better use of resources, more efficient production etc. The integration means that Member States have to conform to certain rules, and to connect in terms of development cooperation, in order to achieve the goal for which the organization was formed. An example of one the most successful regional economic organizations is certainly the European Union, which was formed back in 1951. It is still active today, increasing the number of its members and expanding its territory on the European continent.

Polazeći od pretpostavke da je rješenje političkog, pravnog, kulturnog i društvenog položaja manjina u nekom društvu mjerilo demokratizacije i modernizacije tog društva, odnos prema migrantima mjerilo je stupnja svijesti o tome da poštivanje univerzalnih ljudskih prava, određenih u dokumentima UN-a, podrazumijeva i pravo migranata na razvoj i na to da ne žive u siromaštvu. Ženevska konvencija (1951.), koja se odnosi na status izbjeglica, izmijenjena Protokolom iz New Yorka (1967.), bila je osnova za razvoj zajedničke azilantske politike Europske unije. Od 1999. godine EU je počela stvarati tu politiku, što je rezultiralo Dublinskom regulativom (2013.). U 2015. godini više od milijun izbjeglica s Bliskog istoka i iz Sjeverne Afrike došlo je u Europu, iz dva razloga, prvo, da sačuvaju živote uslijed ratnih sukoba u svojim zemljama i drugo, da pronađu političku i ekonomsku sigurnost, prvenstveno u Njemačkoj i skandinavskim zemljama. Način na koji su države članice EU nastojale da europski odgovor na migrantsku krizu bude u skladu sa međunarodnim i pravom EU, posebno (ne)prihvaćanje sustava kvota – preraspodjele migranata u državama članicama, zatvaranje tzv. Balkanske rute, koja je izbjeglice vodila od Turske, preko Grčke, Makedonije i Srbije ka zemalja članicama EU, njihovo kolektivno vraćanje, zbog čega su balkanske zemlje u strahu da će postati tampon zona, a izbjeglice da će ostati blokirane na Balkanu, otvorio je pitanje poštivanja ljudskih prava i revizije azilantske politike EU. Zato se javila i potreba stvaranja novog područja međunarodne zaštite prava migranata, posebno prava na rad i razvoj, čime se bavi ovaj znanstveno-istraživački rad. ; Starting from the premise that the political, legal, cultural and social status of minorities may be used to measure the degree of democracy and modernization reached by a particular society, attitudes towards immigrants may be used to measure the degree of awareness indicating that respect for universal human rights recognized in relevant United Nations documents, including the right to development and living above the poverty. The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Geneva, 1951) and its Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (New York, 1967) underpin the creation of a Common European Asylum System (CEAS). Since 1999, the EU has been working to create a CEAS, resulting in common rules laid down in the Dublin Regulation (2013). In 2015, more than a million refugees fled their Middle Eastern and North African homelands and came to Europe for two reasons. Firstly, they were literally running to save their lives, and secondly, they were fleeing in search for a secure livelihood and political stability (primarily, to Germany and the Scandinavian countries). The way in which EU Member States sought to ensure compliance with international and EU legislation in their response to the refugee crisis, in particular by: (not)accepting the proposed quota system – distribution of migrants across EU member states, closing the gates along the so-called Western Balkan Route, the main transit route for migrants heading towards EU member states from Turkey, via Greece, Macedonia and Serbia, and their collective return, which caused Balkan countries fear of becoming buffer zone for refugees and the refugees fear of being trapped in the Balkans, raised the issue of human rights and revision of the European Asylum Policy. Therefore, there is a need to create a new segment of international protection of the rights of migrants, in particular the right to work and development, which is a subject that is dealt with in this research paper.

Osim globalnih organizacija, u svijetu je formiran i velik broj regionalnih organizacija koje djeluju na svim kontinentima. Početni oblik integracije bilo je formiranje Zone slobodne trgovine, zatim Carinske unije, Zajedničkog tržišta, Monetarne unije, pa sve do najsloženijeg oblika Ekonomske unije. Danas sve zemlje svijeta sudjeluju u nekim oblicima integracija, dok su neke članice i više regionalnih organizacija. Proces integracije nije lak i jednostavan put, već dugotrajan i složen. Neki od razloga zašto se zemlje odlučuju ući u razne regionalne ekonomske organizacije su proširenje svog tržišta, povećanje konkurentnosti, bolje korištenje resursa, efikasnija proizvodnja i sl. Integracija podrazumijeva da se zemlje članice prilagode određenim pravilima, te da se povežu u smislu razvijanje međusobne suradnje i da tako ostvare cilj radi kojeg se organizacija i formirala. Kao primjer najuspješnije regionalne ekonomske organizacije zasigurno je Europska unija koja se formirala još davne 1951. godine te djeluje i danas s time da povećava broj svojih članica te širi svoj teritorij na Europskom kontinentu. ; In addition to global organizations, a lot of regional organizations have been formed across all continents. The initial form of integration was the establishment of a Free-trade zone, then a Customs Union, a Common Market, a Monetary Union, and finally the most complex form of organization an Economic Union. Today all countries in the world participate in some form of integration, and some even participate in multiple regional organizations. The integration process is not an easy and simple process, but a long and complex one. Some of the reasons why countries decide to participate in various regional economic organizations are the expansion of their markets, increase of competitiveness, better use of resources, more efficient production etc. The integration means that Member States have to conform to certain rules, and to connect in terms of development cooperation, in order to achieve the goal for which the ...