Suchergebnisse

"Auf einer Ebene, die von den Ereignissen schon weitgehend abstrahiert, wäre die Frage anzusiedeln, ob und in welchem Maße die Bildungstheorie um 1800 utopische Momente enthält oder gar als eine Utopie besonderer Art angesprochen werden kann. Bevor ich mich dieser Bildungstheorie zuwende und ihre Modelle rekonstruiere, möchte ich das soeben angesprochene Problem näher erläutern, indem ich es auf einer weniger abstrakten Ebene entfalte. Die preußische Bildungsreform ist im allgemeinen Bewußtsein vor allem mit dem Namen von Wilhelm von Humboldt verknüpft, denn in seiner Person verbinden sich Theorie und Anwendung. ... Hier wäre also das Verhältnis von Entwerfen, Planen und Ausführen, d. h. von Konstrukt, Organisation und verwaltungsmäßiger Durchführung, exemplarisch zu studieren. Es ist meine Hypothese, daß sich die Struktur dieses Verhältnisses um 1810 unterscheidet von früheren, namentlich aber auch von späteren Phasen." (Autorenreferat)

The lack of success of the 1807–1809 Embargo by the United States has generally been attributed, first, to a lack of effective enforcement, and, second, to an inability to inflict greater economic damage on Great Britain than was suffered by the United States. This paper challenges both explanations. It is argued, first, that the Embargo did effectively reduce both countries to autarky. It is argued, second, that in autarky the relative price in Britain of agricultural products that had previously been imported rose by more than the relative price in the United States of manufactured goods that had previously been imported.

Marginality in social change, ie minor modifications in social values & economic structures, is studied in Colombia during the War of Independence (1809-1830). Traditional colonialist values survive, to provide an "unfinished revolution." Revolution comes closer around 1852 when an ideological counter-elite is formed. However, it is coopted by the liberal oligarchy. This is compared with another counter-elite that appeared in the 1920's, to be likewise coopted, thus frustrating the revolutionary impulse. The guerrilla movement in Latin America is analyzed from the social organization point of view, its goals, & leadership, to point up the moral challenge to the "system" that it represents. An analysis of "unfinished revolutions" is made for Latin America, in search of explanation for cycles of frustration. Urbanization, industrialization, technological diffusion, & regional integration are studied as social change processes & found wanting. Agrarian reform & community development are likewise criticized. There are negative group & personality factors that hinge upon these frustrations as a result of insistent cooptation. Cooptation is seen as a key reactionary mechanism explaining unfinished revolutions in Latin America. AA.

In April 1809—less than four years after Austerlitz—Austria declared war on France and entered the field as the champion of a vanquished German Empire. In their analyses of the Habsburg bid to restore the old order in the Germanies, historians have stressed certain internal developments within the Austrian Empire that made war possible: a revitalized army, a strong feeling of German nationalism, an embittered émigré lobby, and a powerful war party. This article explores the importance of the factions within the imperial family in relation to these events and points up an irony in the Austrian decision. For while the emperor Francis viewed the war as a final effort to save the dynasty, Count Philipp Stadion, his chief minister and leader of the war party, capitalized on the divergent points of view within the family to attain his own ends. His principal concern was to restore the old political order, to reverse the terms of the Treaty of Pressburg (1805), and to reconstruct the Holy Roman Empire in Germany. By skillful manipulation of ideology and dynastic ambition, he won most of the imperial princes to his side. They, in turn, persuaded the emperor to commit himself to a foreign policy that jeopardized his monarchy for the sake of a war whose diplomatic goals interested him scarcely at all.