Suchergebnisse

At head of title: Published by the authority of the government of New South Wales for the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The connection between the spatial pattern of the urban growth spurt of the 1880s and the mortgage market is an aspect of the familiar capital market segmentation hypothesis that has received little attention. Although mortgage lending expanded most rapidly in the smaller western cities during the decade, I conclude that an underlying pattern of segmentation impeded urbanization in these areas at least until 1890. The initial advantage that segmentation conferred on borrowers in the East was reduced to some extent by binding usury ceilings along the Atlantic seaboard.

Ledger book of miscellaneous accounts, addresses, map locationsBIOGRAPHICAL NOTE The Day Family were anglo Indian traders, on the Navajo Reservation in eastern Arizona. The collection includes the personal and business papers of Sam Day, Sr. (1845-1925) surveyor, Indian trader, legislator and United States Indian Commissioner; Anna Day, Sam Sr.'s wife (1872-1932); and of their children, Charles L. Day (1879-1918), Samuel Day, Jr. (1889-1944), United States deputy Marshall. The collection includes information on Navajo culture, stories and legends; the looting of Canyon del Muerta, and the Frank Dugan murder.

Innovations introduced in connection with the New Enterprises in Iceland in the second half of the 18th century have long been considered largely unsuccessful, but a more detailed analysis of the reception of particular innovations has been lacking. After a series of unsuccessful experiments in cereal cultivation a decision was made early in the 1770s to start the import of unground grain and revive indigenous quernstone production all around Iceland. The revival was successful beyond expectations and quernstone production was continued into the early 20th century. The aim of this thesis was threefold: 1) to piece together the historical chain of events and analyse the ideology behind the revival of indigenous quernstone production, 2) to identify which aspects in the revivals' management, introduction and public participation were crucial for its progress and eventual success, and 3) identify any potential changes in Icelandic quernstone typology that may have taken place in connection with this late 18th century revival. The analysis is based on available historical information regarding the revival's execution and its key participants; general models of Icelandic pre-industrial social structure and economy; the availability of indigenous raw materials and a typological analysis of the Icelandic quernstone assemblage from first settlement into modern times. As an example of innovation acceptance in a rural society, the revival of quernstone production in Iceland gives a rare chance to analyse both the process and its archaeological consequences. The analysis is mainly structured around diffusion of innovation theory developed within American rural sociology in the mid-20th century. There is clear correspondence between the defined parameters that need the most attention for successful innovation diffusion in an underdeveloped rural society, and the methods employed by the Danish-Icelandic government during the successful introduction of the quernstone in the late 18th century. A clear change can be detected in Icelandic quernstone design towards a simpler but highly varied form after the revival, which can be traced to the influence of imported quernstone models and the Icelandic farming craftsmen's non-specialised experience in general handicraft. The quernstones' history in Iceland shows that it was neither ingrained conservatism nor stagnation that caused many of the innovations introduced by the New Enterprises to fail. A poor and uneducated class of farmers in a society built on subsistence farming had no reason to value innovations in terms of the wider improvement ideology of the state. The quernstone could be assimilated into society from within, without radical changes in social structure or economy and it was made widely accessible to the general public. It was quickly and clearly advantageous to the whole community and suitable for further production and development in the recipients' immediate environment, which helped to integrate them successfully into society in the long term. Beyond Iceland this research gives clear insights into the nature of the evaluation, adaptation and developments in the reception of new technologies in pre-industrial farming societies. ; Nýjungar sem teknar voru upp í tengslum við Innréttingarnar um miðja 18. öld hafa lengi verið taldar að stórum hluta misheppnaðar. Ýtarlegar greiningar á ástæðum mismunandi velgengi einstakra nýjunga hefur hinsvegar skort. Eftir mistækar tilraunir með innlenda kornrækt var tekin sú ákvörðun á 7. áratug 18. aldar að hefja innflutning á ómöluðu korni og endurvekja innlenda kvarnarsteinaframleiðslu um allt Ísland. Sú endurvakning gekk framar vonum og var framleiðslunni haldið við fram á 20. öld. Markmið þessa doktorsverkefnis var þríþætt: 1) að greina þá hugmyndafræði og atburðarás sem leiddi til endurvakningar á innlendri kvarnarsteinaframleiðslu, 2) að greina hvaða þættir skiptu sköpum fyrir framgang þessarar 18. aldar endurvakningar og 3) að greina hvort breytingar urðu í hönnun íslenska kvarnarsteinsins fyrir og eftir viðreisn innlendrar framleiðslu. Byggt var á tiltækum upplýsingum um framkvæmd kvarnarsteinaverkefnisins og þátttakendur þess, um almenna samfélagsgerð og hagkerfi tímabilsins, um framboð á nýtanlegum innlendum hráefnum, og gerðfræðilegri greiningu á íslenska kvarnarsteinasafninu frá landnámi til nútíma. Sem dæmi um viðtöku nýjunga í fábreyttu samfélagi veitir endurvakning kvarnarsteinaframleiðslu á Íslandi fágætt tækifæri til að greina bæði ferlið sjálft og fornleifafræðilegar afleiðingar þess. Byggt er á kenningum um viðtöku nýjunga (diffusion of innovation theory) sem þróaðar voru um miðja 20. öld innan bandarískrar landsbyggðafélagsfræði (rural sociology). Greinilegt samræmi er á milli kennilegra skilgreininga á þeim vandamálum sem leysa þarf til þess að nýjung breiðist út, og þeim aðferðum sem stjórnvöld beittu í kynningu kvarnarsteinsins á 18. öld. Sjá má breytingar í átt að einfaldara en þó mun fjölbreyttara formi og útliti í hönnun íslenskra kvarnarsteina eftir endurvakninguna sem m.a. er hægt að rekja til nýtingar á innfluttum kvarnarsteinafyrirmyndum og lítilli sérhæfingu íslenskra handverksmanna. Saga kvarnarsteinsins á Íslandi sýnir að það var ekki inngróin íhaldssemi og stöðnun sem orsakaði að ýmsar aðrar nýjungar Innréttinganna náðu ekki fótfestu. Fátæk og lítt menntuð bændastétt í samfélagi sem byggði á sjálfsþurft hafði hvorki forsendur né ástæðu til að meta nýjungar út frá utanaðkomandi efnahagslegum sjónarmiðum ríkisvaldsins. Kvarnarsteinar voru nýjung sem hægt var að aðlaga samfélaginu innan frá án róttækra breytinga á samfélagsgerð eða hagkerfi. Þegar kvarnarsteinarnir voru kynntir var þeim útbýtt víða og voru því vel sýnilegir. Þeir voru fjótt tilfinnanlega hagkvæmir og hentugir til frekari framleiðslu og mótunar í nánasta umhverfi viðtakenda sem allt hjálpaði til þess að frekar var hægt að aðlaga þá að samfélaginu til langs tíma litið. Út fyrir landsteinana gefur rannsóknin greinilegar vísbendingar um eðli aðlögunar og þróunar í viðtöku tækninýjunga í fábreyttum og strjálbýlum bændasamfélögum. ; Háskóli Íslands, Minjastofnun Íslands, Fornleifastofnun Íslands, Margrét Baldursdóttir

Detached copy. ; (In the American labor legislation review. New York city, 1924. 23 cm. v. XIV, no.2, p. 226-233) ; Mode of access: Internet.