Suchergebnisse

The thesis explores the history of the Knights of Lithuania (K of L) in the USA from the time of their establishment in 1913 to the end of the 1950's. The K of L is unique among Lithuanian-American organizations in that it consciously articulated a dual identity and can also be related to the American tradition of fraternalism. The study covers the organization's history starting at the time of its establishment, when the Lithuanian and Catholic dimensions of their identity were firmly defined, to the end of the 1950's, when the American element was being fully articulated. The manifestation of dual identity in ritual form is analyzed, relating this particular tradition with the phenomenon of American fraternalism. Certain influential phenomena dating back to the XIX century are also evaluated. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the historical development of identity and its forms of expression among the K of L, with particular emphasis on the influence of American cultural and social environment. The thesis is formulated by analyzing the following historical issues: the role of religion as an integral dimension of identity in the context of the K of L's creation, the influence of the American cultural environment on the operational strategies adopted by the K of L, the changing role of language as an element of identity and conscious reflection on this process, the growth of American patriotism and the development of a dual identity among the K of L, the expression of dual identity in the social and political spheres, the synthesis of compound identity in the form of ritual, the relation of ritual to the American fraternal tradition, and features of the K of L in the context of other fraternal organizations in the US. On the basis of this study it can be claimed that the ideological incongruities in the Lithuanian-American community cemented the Catholic position of the K of L, and their desire to compete with ideologically incompatible organizations. Internal as well as external strategies of social activism were adopted from contemporary organizations, including fraternal orders. Eventually, the transformation of identity ensued. The K of L came to terms with the waning role of the Lithuanian language and managed to justify their ethnic identity by basing it on ideological allegiance. The Second World War served as a catalyst for the adoption of an American identity and subsequently, the conscious articulation of a dual identity. Post-bellum, American civic consciousness was appropriated for the political defense of Lithuanian interests. The K of L ritual served as a means of expressing dual identity internally. The system of degrees and the ritual form can be traced to the American fraternal tradition. In comparison and contrast of the K of L with other fraternal orders, it is possible to explain the adoption of ritual traditions in particular by the K of L giving priority to symbolically coneyable ideals and values.

The thesis explores the history of the Knights of Lithuania (K of L) in the USA from the time of their establishment in 1913 to the end of the 1950's. The K of L is unique among Lithuanian-American organizations in that it consciously articulated a dual identity and can also be related to the American tradition of fraternalism. The study covers the organization's history starting at the time of its establishment, when the Lithuanian and Catholic dimensions of their identity were firmly defined, to the end of the 1950's, when the American element was being fully articulated. The manifestation of dual identity in ritual form is analyzed, relating this particular tradition with the phenomenon of American fraternalism. Certain influential phenomena dating back to the XIX century are also evaluated. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the historical development of identity and its forms of expression among the K of L, with particular emphasis on the influence of American cultural and social environment. The thesis is formulated by analyzing the following historical issues: the role of religion as an integral dimension of identity in the context of the K of L's creation, the influence of the American cultural environment on the operational strategies adopted by the K of L, the changing role of language as an element of identity and conscious reflection on this process, the growth of American patriotism and the development of a dual identity among the K of L, the expression of dual identity in the social and political spheres, the synthesis of compound identity in the form of ritual, the relation of ritual to the American fraternal tradition, and features of the K of L in the context of other fraternal organizations in the US. On the basis of this study it can be claimed that the ideological incongruities in the Lithuanian-American community cemented the Catholic position of the K of L, and their desire to compete with ideologically incompatible organizations. Internal as well as external strategies of social activism were adopted from contemporary organizations, including fraternal orders. Eventually, the transformation of identity ensued. The K of L came to terms with the waning role of the Lithuanian language and managed to justify their ethnic identity by basing it on ideological allegiance. The Second World War served as a catalyst for the adoption of an American identity and subsequently, the conscious articulation of a dual identity. Post-bellum, American civic consciousness was appropriated for the political defense of Lithuanian interests. The K of L ritual served as a means of expressing dual identity internally. The system of degrees and the ritual form can be traced to the American fraternal tradition. In comparison and contrast of the K of L with other fraternal orders, it is possible to explain the adoption of ritual traditions in particular by the K of L giving priority to symbolically coneyable ideals and values.

The thesis explores the history of the Knights of Lithuania (K of L) in the USA from the time of their establishment in 1913 to the end of the 1950's. The K of L is unique among Lithuanian-American organizations in that it consciously articulated a dual identity and can also be related to the American tradition of fraternalism. The study covers the organization's history starting at the time of its establishment, when the Lithuanian and Catholic dimensions of their identity were firmly defined, to the end of the 1950's, when the American element was being fully articulated. The manifestation of dual identity in ritual form is analyzed, relating this particular tradition with the phenomenon of American fraternalism. Certain influential phenomena dating back to the XIX century are also evaluated. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the historical development of identity and its forms of expression among the K of L, with particular emphasis on the influence of American cultural and social environment. The thesis is formulated by analyzing the following historical issues: the role of religion as an integral dimension of identity in the context of the K of L's creation, the influence of the American cultural environment on the operational strategies adopted by the K of L, the changing role of language as an element of identity and conscious reflection on this process, the growth of American patriotism and the development of a dual identity among the K of L, the expression of dual identity in the social and political spheres, the synthesis of compound identity in the form of ritual, the relation of ritual to the American fraternal tradition, and features of the K of L in the context of other fraternal organizations in the US. On the basis of this study it can be claimed that the ideological incongruities in the Lithuanian-American community cemented the Catholic position of the K of L, and their desire to compete with ideologically incompatible organizations. Internal as well as external strategies of social activism were adopted from contemporary organizations, including fraternal orders. Eventually, the transformation of identity ensued. The K of L came to terms with the waning role of the Lithuanian language and managed to justify their ethnic identity by basing it on ideological allegiance. The Second World War served as a catalyst for the adoption of an American identity and subsequently, the conscious articulation of a dual identity. Post-bellum, American civic consciousness was appropriated for the political defense of Lithuanian interests. The K of L ritual served as a means of expressing dual identity internally. The system of degrees and the ritual form can be traced to the American fraternal tradition. In comparison and contrast of the K of L with other fraternal orders, it is possible to explain the adoption of ritual traditions in particular by the K of L giving priority to symbolically coneyable ideals and values.

The goal of my thesis - to emphasise the main methods of art censorship, for instance the biggest \"sins\" of the greatest artist for the system. Furthermore ,to overlook personalities directly responsable for art cenzorship and to discuss why there were no bigger resistance for ideological pressure and what kind of relation was there with the censors in the Baltic states ( e. c. Estonia). Here i also distinguish the main overcoming methods used by censors. The thesis is divided into six chapters: 1. Introduction. 2. Censors and their action methods. 3. Typology of \"sins\"/ Features of censorship. 4. Censors' overcoming methods. 5. Emigration and its connections with abroad 6 .Conclusion. Main body of the thesis starts with overlooking the general situation in the early 70's and the case of Kisarauskai ( 1960 date is symbolic due to the beginning of confrontation between Kisarauskas and the government ). Then the censors are described. People responsible for the exhibitions' policy , for instance, Pranas Gudynas and those in high government positions , like Genrikas Zimanas, are also included in this category. Later the main \"sins\" of the artists' are being overlooked. Six major \"faults\" are emphasised : 1. Abstractionism / Formalism 2. Religious motifs. 3. Social parasitism 4. Disregarding hierarchy of genres. 5. Imoderate deformation. 6. \"Wrong\" depiction of party members. While inrpreting the main \"deviations\" the concept of socialrealism is being discussed, a short excursion is being made overlooking Estonian painters' situation during soviet period. Then i overview if relations between Estonia, the union centre and the dissidents was influencing the radical artists' positions. Despite the exclusion of \"sins\" the major censors overcoming methods , based on Tomas Venclova text in \"Akiračiai\", are described: 1. Metonymy 2. Metaphor 3. \"Encoding\" of meaning 4. \"Reversed\" tactics using an antagonist. 5. Tactics of official name. Examples are given to describe each method. The relations between ...

Due to various reasons a great part of the Lithuanian people were living in emigration in the middle of the 20th century. Emigrants have always established organizations, published periodicals. The main aim of this thesis is to reveal the history of forgotten journal "Darbas", published in the USA in 1947–1960. For this aim the following tasks were set: to reveal ideas of LDD and DDT, the influence on and contributions to the journal of these organizations and their members; to explore the attempts to attract other persons to become authors of "Darbas" and the contribution they made; to complement the already known in historiography reasons why negotiations with liberals inviting them to write for "Darbas" and to have a common journal were unsuccessful; to explore the problems of publishing, to find out the reasons why publishing had to be stopped, to reveal the attempts to continue publishing and to create new journals on the base of "Darbas" idea; to reveal the ideas proposed in and the content of "Darbas". Established in 1932 to oppose authoritarian tendencies among Lithuanian communists in the USA, LDD gradually became a social democratic organization, which began to publish journal "Darbas" in 1947. Members of this organization (J. V. Stilsonas, K. Bielinis, St. Kairys, etc.) were the editors, the administrators and the authors of "Darbas". Established in 1954, DDT was the organization that united the leftist youth. Members of DDT J. Repečka, J. Kiznis were chief editors of the journal for a short time. After creation of a financial fund to support "Darbas", having financial and intellectual "arguments" in its hands, DDT almost took "Darbas" to its ownership. But because of various reasons they never did it. Not only the members of DDT or LDD wrote for "Darbas". Known persons, such as J. Vilčinskas, K. Barėnas, A. J. Greimas, J. Mačiunas, M. Gimbutienė, used to write on various topics too. DDT tried to invite liberal youth to publish "Darbas" together, but because of ideological differences, bad personal relationships and distrust, all negotiations failed. During the period of 1947–1960, the publishers of "Darbas" often had financial, publishing problems, and problems of relationship between editorial staff, which combined led to stopping of the publication of the journal. Ideologically "Darbas" was a social democratic journal. Socialism was understood as ideology that was able to renew and rethink itself. Authors of "Darbas" gradually refused marxism. "Darbas" identified itself as an enemy of communism, which was critisized by the authors of "Darbas" as a dogmatic idea that betrayed the idols of socialism. Authors of "Darbas"were interested in revisionism among communists in Eastern Europe. In "Darbas" the idea of communication with occupied Lithuania was proposed, the methods to understand its life were being searched for. Political and cultural life of the Lithuanian diaspora was often revealed in "Darbas".

Due to various reasons a great part of the Lithuanian people were living in emigration in the middle of the 20th century. Emigrants have always established organizations, published periodicals. The main aim of this thesis is to reveal the history of forgotten journal "Darbas", published in the USA in 1947–1960. For this aim the following tasks were set: to reveal ideas of LDD and DDT, the influence on and contributions to the journal of these organizations and their members; to explore the attempts to attract other persons to become authors of "Darbas" and the contribution they made; to complement the already known in historiography reasons why negotiations with liberals inviting them to write for "Darbas" and to have a common journal were unsuccessful; to explore the problems of publishing, to find out the reasons why publishing had to be stopped, to reveal the attempts to continue publishing and to create new journals on the base of "Darbas" idea; to reveal the ideas proposed in and the content of "Darbas". Established in 1932 to oppose authoritarian tendencies among Lithuanian communists in the USA, LDD gradually became a social democratic organization, which began to publish journal "Darbas" in 1947. Members of this organization (J. V. Stilsonas, K. Bielinis, St. Kairys, etc.) were the editors, the administrators and the authors of "Darbas". Established in 1954, DDT was the organization that united the leftist youth. Members of DDT J. Repečka, J. Kiznis were chief editors of the journal for a short time. After creation of a financial fund to support "Darbas", having financial and intellectual "arguments" in its hands, DDT almost took "Darbas" to its ownership. But because of various reasons they never did it. Not only the members of DDT or LDD wrote for "Darbas". Known persons, such as J. Vilčinskas, K. Barėnas, A. J. Greimas, J. Mačiunas, M. Gimbutienė, used to write on various topics too. DDT tried to invite liberal youth to publish "Darbas" together, but because of ideological differences, bad personal relationships and distrust, all negotiations failed. During the period of 1947–1960, the publishers of "Darbas" often had financial, publishing problems, and problems of relationship between editorial staff, which combined led to stopping of the publication of the journal. Ideologically "Darbas" was a social democratic journal. Socialism was understood as ideology that was able to renew and rethink itself. Authors of "Darbas" gradually refused marxism. "Darbas" identified itself as an enemy of communism, which was critisized by the authors of "Darbas" as a dogmatic idea that betrayed the idols of socialism. Authors of "Darbas"were interested in revisionism among communists in Eastern Europe. In "Darbas" the idea of communication with occupied Lithuania was proposed, the methods to understand its life were being searched for. Political and cultural life of the Lithuanian diaspora was often revealed in "Darbas".

Due to various reasons a great part of the Lithuanian people were living in emigration in the middle of the 20th century. Emigrants have always established organizations, published periodicals. The main aim of this thesis is to reveal the history of forgotten journal "Darbas", published in the USA in 1947–1960. For this aim the following tasks were set: to reveal ideas of LDD and DDT, the influence on and contributions to the journal of these organizations and their members; to explore the attempts to attract other persons to become authors of "Darbas" and the contribution they made; to complement the already known in historiography reasons why negotiations with liberals inviting them to write for "Darbas" and to have a common journal were unsuccessful; to explore the problems of publishing, to find out the reasons why publishing had to be stopped, to reveal the attempts to continue publishing and to create new journals on the base of "Darbas" idea; to reveal the ideas proposed in and the content of "Darbas". Established in 1932 to oppose authoritarian tendencies among Lithuanian communists in the USA, LDD gradually became a social democratic organization, which began to publish journal "Darbas" in 1947. Members of this organization (J. V. Stilsonas, K. Bielinis, St. Kairys, etc.) were the editors, the administrators and the authors of "Darbas". Established in 1954, DDT was the organization that united the leftist youth. Members of DDT J. Repečka, J. Kiznis were chief editors of the journal for a short time. After creation of a financial fund to support "Darbas", having financial and intellectual "arguments" in its hands, DDT almost took "Darbas" to its ownership. But because of various reasons they never did it. Not only the members of DDT or LDD wrote for "Darbas". Known persons, such as J. Vilčinskas, K. Barėnas, A. J. Greimas, J. Mačiunas, M. Gimbutienė, used to write on various topics too. DDT tried to invite liberal youth to publish "Darbas" together, but because of ideological differences, bad personal relationships and distrust, all negotiations failed. During the period of 1947–1960, the publishers of "Darbas" often had financial, publishing problems, and problems of relationship between editorial staff, which combined led to stopping of the publication of the journal. Ideologically "Darbas" was a social democratic journal. Socialism was understood as ideology that was able to renew and rethink itself. Authors of "Darbas" gradually refused marxism. "Darbas" identified itself as an enemy of communism, which was critisized by the authors of "Darbas" as a dogmatic idea that betrayed the idols of socialism. Authors of "Darbas"were interested in revisionism among communists in Eastern Europe. In "Darbas" the idea of communication with occupied Lithuania was proposed, the methods to understand its life were being searched for. Political and cultural life of the Lithuanian diaspora was often revealed in "Darbas".

The subject of the of doctoral dissertation is socioeconomic and sociocultural processes in Klaipėda Region from 1945 to 1960. These processes are investigated in the context of the Klaipėda Region sovietization processes. On the basis of unpublished archival materials, historiography, periodical publications and collected memories of the Klaipėda Region inhabitants dissertation investigate the legal issues of political dependence of the Klaipėda Region 1944-1948, the creating of the Soviet administrative-territorial system, migratory processes, the problem of the remaining property in Klaipėda Region, the implementation of the Soviet agricultural system, Soviet cultural and anti-religious policy in the Region during 1945-1960.

The subject of the of doctoral dissertation is socioeconomic and sociocultural processes in Klaipėda Region from 1945 to 1960. These processes are investigated in the context of the Klaipėda Region sovietization processes. On the basis of unpublished archival materials, historiography, periodical publications and collected memories of the Klaipėda Region inhabitants dissertation investigate the legal issues of political dependence of the Klaipėda Region 1944-1948, the creating of the Soviet administrative-territorial system, migratory processes, the problem of the remaining property in Klaipėda Region, the implementation of the Soviet agricultural system, Soviet cultural and anti-religious policy in the Region during 1945-1960.

The subject of the of doctoral dissertation is socioeconomic and sociocultural processes in Klaipėda Region from 1945 to 1960. These processes are investigated in the context of the Klaipėda Region sovietization processes. On the basis of unpublished archival materials, historiography, periodical publications and collected memories of the Klaipėda Region inhabitants dissertation investigate the legal issues of political dependence of the Klaipėda Region 1944-1948, the creating of the Soviet administrative-territorial system, migratory processes, the problem of the remaining property in Klaipėda Region, the implementation of the Soviet agricultural system, Soviet cultural and anti-religious policy in the Region during 1945-1960.

The subject of the of doctoral dissertation is socioeconomic and sociocultural processes in Klaipėda Region from 1945 to 1960. These processes are investigated in the context of the Klaipėda Region sovietization processes. On the basis of unpublished archival materials, historiography, periodical publications and collected memories of the Klaipėda Region inhabitants dissertation investigate the legal issues of political dependence of the Klaipėda Region 1944-1948, the creating of the Soviet administrative-territorial system, migratory processes, the problem of the remaining property in Klaipėda Region, the implementation of the Soviet agricultural system, Soviet cultural and anti-religious policy in the Region during 1945-1960.

Zsfassungen teilw. engl., teilw. lit.