Suchergebnisse

Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: Relations between Lithuania and Poland: from the end of World War I to L. Żeligowski occupation of Vilnius (November 1918 - October 1920) : a collection of documents

Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The idea and practice of the unity of the Baltic States: 1918 - 1940

Zsfassung in engl. u. dt. Sprache

World War II started in Lithuania on June 14, 1940 when the Soviet army violated the border of a democratic neutral country. Though some people say that this occupation ended only in 1993, when the last Soviet soldier had left Lithuania, but the article deals with a shorter period: dividing of Lithuania, Soviet occupation, domination of Nazi and the return of the Soviet Army. The attention is focused on how people of a small parish of Šunskai outlived all these events, their social position and religious practices in the parish. Šunskai to some extent suffered less than other places because there was no holocaust as there was no Jewish community; there was no post-war resistance movement. The parish community was rather safe as it appeared to be farther from bigger centers. The parish was not scattered, the church building survived during the war actions, people prayed, hopefully waiting for better times. Nevertheless, people suffered together with all Lithuania. Occupation and war made a great moral and economic damage to Šunskai people and its surroundings.

World War II started in Lithuania on June 14, 1940 when the Soviet army violated the border of a democratic neutral country. Though some people say that this occupation ended only in 1993, when the last Soviet soldier had left Lithuania, but the article deals with a shorter period: dividing of Lithuania, Soviet occupation, domination of Nazi and the return of the Soviet Army. The attention is focused on how people of a small parish of Šunskai outlived all these events, their social position and religious practices in the parish. Šunskai to some extent suffered less than other places because there was no holocaust as there was no Jewish community; there was no post-war resistance movement. The parish community was rather safe as it appeared to be farther from bigger centers. The parish was not scattered, the church building survived during the war actions, people prayed, hopefully waiting for better times. Nevertheless, people suffered together with all Lithuania. Occupation and war made a great moral and economic damage to Šunskai people and its surroundings.

World War II started in Lithuania on June 14, 1940 when the Soviet army violated the border of a democratic neutral country. Though some people say that this occupation ended only in 1993, when the last Soviet soldier had left Lithuania, but the article deals with a shorter period: dividing of Lithuania, Soviet occupation, domination of Nazi and the return of the Soviet Army. The attention is focused on how people of a small parish of Šunskai outlived all these events, their social position and religious practices in the parish. Šunskai to some extent suffered less than other places because there was no holocaust as there was no Jewish community; there was no post-war resistance movement. The parish community was rather safe as it appeared to be farther from bigger centers. The parish was not scattered, the church building survived during the war actions, people prayed, hopefully waiting for better times. Nevertheless, people suffered together with all Lithuania. Occupation and war made a great moral and economic damage to Šunskai people and its surroundings.

The founding of own army in the years of Wars of Independence was not considered as a necessity for a society, and the volunteer forces of Lithuanian army was poorly organized and could hardly defend the frontiers of the country and consolidate its autonomy. A great number of men did not want to join the army, so were hiding or running away to foreign countries. Every five – six mobilized or called up men refused to join the Lithuanian army. The number of Lithuanian army deserters in years 1919 – 1920 exeeded 20.000. This fact was determined by both interior and exterior reasons: the threat from external enemies, the army preparation and maintenance problems, the lack of national recruiters, the absence of national and political consciousness. Inherent negation of authority and anti – militarism during mobilization was men's prevalent attitude. Every three – four men (26 - 35%) tried to evade th military service. The great part of lithuanians did not realized the significance and necessity of independence. One part of lithuanian men were recruited in the German prisoner – of – war camps or mobilized by the government of Poland and served in the Polish army. In the first half – year of 1920 the great number of soldiers who had gone over to Lithuanian army was noticed. 48% of all Polish army men who had deserted were mobilized from the districts of Suvalkai, Vilnius and Gardin. Deserters in the War if Independence were of different age, different social status and education, with various life experience. According to special mobilization data the percent of men who had refused military service was 31,42%, medical doctors – 29, 41%. Mobilized men were mostly children of farmers and landowners, therefore the deserters number decrease strongly interrelates with the issue of land disposal: the possibility to get a strip of land after the mobilization was the main factor in determining the relation between the state and its people. In 1930 when the conscription for the army in Klaipeda Region had started, the integration of people of Klaipeda Region through the Lithuanian army was initiated. However this process was not as successful as expected. In spite of great efforts of the military government a big part of men from Klaipeda Region had kept their identity and hadn't assumed any engagements towards Lithuania.

Engl. Zsfassung

The purpose of this study is to analize Lithuanian inland waterways shipping in 1919-1940 Also it seeks to indentify the budgetary institutions of Kaunas Waterway District (KVKR), boatmens, the major ports of Nemunas and the fleet used during the investigation period. During the meaning period KVKR mainly in the Nemunas section Kaunas-Smalininkai have been doing management works deepening and cleaning Nemunas shallow waterways also engaged the construction of hydro facilities. Each year the state budget for inland waterway operation allocated approximately 800 000 litas. About half of this money went to KVKR, but river transport was a loss to the state, despite its importance of transports. In 1919−1940 Lithuania had a lack of skilled boatmens because there were no courses for boatmens. Despite of this fact often occurred incidents in Lithuanian rivers. Both KVKR and private steamship employees were hired only for the navigation season. Thats why most of the boatsmen were bachelors. Since 1928 all private passenger steamships were introduced with uniforms, which were different from1927 adopted uniforms of government boatmens. The largest and most important port of Nemunas was Kaunas which had eiling. Also in Kaunas port ships were recovered. In Kaunas port the ships were carring cargo about 80 000 tonnes per year. Other ports have been used mainly for specialized. Kalnėnai and Uostadvaris ports were using for wintering the goverments ships. In 1934 oppened Jurbarkas port was used for wintering steamships but there cargo was carried. Smalininkai port was the most versitalitie of Nemunas port. Where the ships were wintering also the infrastructure was put through the port to carry passengers and cargo. During the period Lithuanian inland waterways were using approximately about 220 vessels, mostly to the germans belonging barges, steamers and motor boats. Government had about 40 vessels. The majority of used steamships were old and builded before the First World War. Lithunian inland waterways goverment have tried to improve comfort and conditions of the steamships. Some of steamships had cabins, electricity generators, heating and buffets.

The purpose of this study is to analize Lithuanian inland waterways shipping in 1919-1940 Also it seeks to indentify the budgetary institutions of Kaunas Waterway District (KVKR), boatmens, the major ports of Nemunas and the fleet used during the investigation period. During the meaning period KVKR mainly in the Nemunas section Kaunas-Smalininkai have been doing management works deepening and cleaning Nemunas shallow waterways also engaged the construction of hydro facilities. Each year the state budget for inland waterway operation allocated approximately 800 000 litas. About half of this money went to KVKR, but river transport was a loss to the state, despite its importance of transports. In 1919−1940 Lithuania had a lack of skilled boatmens because there were no courses for boatmens. Despite of this fact often occurred incidents in Lithuanian rivers. Both KVKR and private steamship employees were hired only for the navigation season. Thats why most of the boatsmen were bachelors. Since 1928 all private passenger steamships were introduced with uniforms, which were different from1927 adopted uniforms of government boatmens. The largest and most important port of Nemunas was Kaunas which had eiling. Also in Kaunas port ships were recovered. In Kaunas port the ships were carring cargo about 80 000 tonnes per year. Other ports have been used mainly for specialized. Kalnėnai and Uostadvaris ports were using for wintering the goverments ships. In 1934 oppened Jurbarkas port was used for wintering steamships but there cargo was carried. Smalininkai port was the most versitalitie of Nemunas port. Where the ships were wintering also the infrastructure was put through the port to carry passengers and cargo. During the period Lithuanian inland waterways were using approximately about 220 vessels, mostly to the germans belonging barges, steamers and motor boats. Government had about 40 vessels. The majority of used steamships were old and builded before the First World War. Lithunian inland waterways goverment have tried to improve comfort and conditions of the steamships. Some of steamships had cabins, electricity generators, heating and buffets.

The purpose of this study is to analize Lithuanian inland waterways shipping in 1919-1940 Also it seeks to indentify the budgetary institutions of Kaunas Waterway District (KVKR), boatmens, the major ports of Nemunas and the fleet used during the investigation period. During the meaning period KVKR mainly in the Nemunas section Kaunas-Smalininkai have been doing management works deepening and cleaning Nemunas shallow waterways also engaged the construction of hydro facilities. Each year the state budget for inland waterway operation allocated approximately 800 000 litas. About half of this money went to KVKR, but river transport was a loss to the state, despite its importance of transports. In 1919−1940 Lithuania had a lack of skilled boatmens because there were no courses for boatmens. Despite of this fact often occurred incidents in Lithuanian rivers. Both KVKR and private steamship employees were hired only for the navigation season. Thats why most of the boatsmen were bachelors. Since 1928 all private passenger steamships were introduced with uniforms, which were different from1927 adopted uniforms of government boatmens. The largest and most important port of Nemunas was Kaunas which had eiling. Also in Kaunas port ships were recovered. In Kaunas port the ships were carring cargo about 80 000 tonnes per year. Other ports have been used mainly for specialized. Kalnėnai and Uostadvaris ports were using for wintering the goverments ships. In 1934 oppened Jurbarkas port was used for wintering steamships but there cargo was carried. Smalininkai port was the most versitalitie of Nemunas port. Where the ships were wintering also the infrastructure was put through the port to carry passengers and cargo. During the period Lithuanian inland waterways were using approximately about 220 vessels, mostly to the germans belonging barges, steamers and motor boats. Government had about 40 vessels. The majority of used steamships were old and builded before the First World War. Lithunian inland waterways goverment have tried to improve comfort and conditions of the steamships. Some of steamships had cabins, electricity generators, heating and buffets.

\"This master's thesis explored how Anykščiai region was represented in photography in 1900-1940.\" \"The aim of the work was to study the archive of photographs stored at the Anykščiai Antanas Baranauskas and Antanas Vienuolis-Žukauskas Memorial Museum and to reveal the main themes, objects and personalities of the country's representation. Photographers living and working in Anykščiai region were named, their professional paths, cultural, political and economic conditions were analyzed, which determined their photographic heritage. The national press was reviewed: periodicals, specialized and representative publications, analyzed how the Anykščiai region was\" \"depicted in it, distinguishing the most important depictions, main objects and personalities.\"

\"This master's thesis explored how Anykščiai region was represented in photography in 1900-1940.\" \"The aim of the work was to study the archive of photographs stored at the Anykščiai Antanas Baranauskas and Antanas Vienuolis-Žukauskas Memorial Museum and to reveal the main themes, objects and personalities of the country's representation. Photographers living and working in Anykščiai region were named, their professional paths, cultural, political and economic conditions were analyzed, which determined their photographic heritage. The national press was reviewed: periodicals, specialized and representative publications, analyzed how the Anykščiai region was\" \"depicted in it, distinguishing the most important depictions, main objects and personalities.\"

\"This master's thesis explored how Anykščiai region was represented in photography in 1900-1940.\" \"The aim of the work was to study the archive of photographs stored at the Anykščiai Antanas Baranauskas and Antanas Vienuolis-Žukauskas Memorial Museum and to reveal the main themes, objects and personalities of the country's representation. Photographers living and working in Anykščiai region were named, their professional paths, cultural, political and economic conditions were analyzed, which determined their photographic heritage. The national press was reviewed: periodicals, specialized and representative publications, analyzed how the Anykščiai region was\" \"depicted in it, distinguishing the most important depictions, main objects and personalities.\"