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Federico Varese, La société des vory-v-zakone, 1930-1950. Cet article étudie une confrérie de criminels qui prospérait dans le Goulag soviétique, la société des vory-v-zakone. Il s'appuie sur trois types de sources : témoignages publiés, mémoires inédits et rapports officiels conservés aux Archives d'État de la Fédération de Russie. La première partie décrit les caractéristiques principales de cette société, ses rituels, son code de conduite, et les réunions où les vory débattaient des affaires d'intérêt commun et prononçaient des jugements sur les autres vory et les personnes extérieures à la confrérie. La deuxième partie explore les origines de la société. Bien que le terme vory-v-zakone ne soit attesté qu'à l'époque soviétique, la société peut avoir vu le jour antérieurement. Une comparaison avec les arteli pré-révolutionnaires met en évidence des différences fondamentales entre ces derniers et la société, comme par exemple la dimension nationale de celle-ci. Il en

International audience ; Between the mid-1950s and the early 1960s, housing became a major political issue in Franco's Spain. The genuine deterioration of living conditions among Madrileños, brought about by the influx of people from the countryside, was identified as a crisis. As the situation developed, all eyes turned to the precarious dwellings erected without building permits in the outskirts of the capital, which were commonly known as chabolas. Analysis of the archives of the General Directorate of Urban Planning in Madrid shows that the notion of a crisis was reached both because of the potential threat posed to public order and also because the occupation of large areas of land was an obstacle to new housing policies aimed at kick-starting construction (which were key to Franco's social project for the protection of workers). The old problem of self-built housing in deprived areas had been growing in significance, and now the problem of the shacks and shanties became a foremost social concern. This problem provided grounds for an interventionist housing policy with a threefold economic, social, and political goal. The schemes that were devised to curb the development of shacks led to the production of key documents to understanding the chabolas, thus paving the way for a specific policy of re-development. While the administration organized the demolition of such dwellings, the citizens of Madrid began to organize in the background. ; Entre le milieu des années 1950 et le début des années 1960, le logement devient une question politique majeure dans l'Espagne de Franco. L'aggravation bien réelle des conditions d'habitation des Madrilènes, sous la pression de l'exode rural, conduit à un diagnostic de crise. Dans ce contexte, les regards se focalisent sur les bâtiments précaires construits sans permis en périphérie, qu'on appelle les chabolas. L'analyse des archives du Commissariat chargé de l'aménagement de la capitale montre que c'est à la fois du fait de la menace qu'elles représentent pour l'ordre ...

International audience ; Between the mid-1950s and the early 1960s, housing became a major political issue in Franco's Spain. The genuine deterioration of living conditions among Madrileños, brought about by the influx of people from the countryside, was identified as a crisis. As the situation developed, all eyes turned to the precarious dwellings erected without building permits in the outskirts of the capital, which were commonly known as chabolas. Analysis of the archives of the General Directorate of Urban Planning in Madrid shows that the notion of a crisis was reached both because of the potential threat posed to public order and also because the occupation of large areas of land was an obstacle to new housing policies aimed at kick-starting construction (which were key to Franco's social project for the protection of workers). The old problem of self-built housing in deprived areas had been growing in significance, and now the problem of the shacks and shanties became a foremost social concern. This problem provided grounds for an interventionist housing policy with a threefold economic, social, and political goal. The schemes that were devised to curb the development of shacks led to the production of key documents to understanding the chabolas, thus paving the way for a specific policy of re-development. While the administration organized the demolition of such dwellings, the citizens of Madrid began to organize in the background. ; Entre le milieu des années 1950 et le début des années 1960, le logement devient une question politique majeure dans l'Espagne de Franco. L'aggravation bien réelle des conditions d'habitation des Madrilènes, sous la pression de l'exode rural, conduit à un diagnostic de crise. Dans ce contexte, les regards se focalisent sur les bâtiments précaires construits sans permis en périphérie, qu'on appelle les chabolas. L'analyse des archives du Commissariat chargé de l'aménagement de la capitale montre que c'est à la fois du fait de la menace qu'elles représentent pour l'ordre public et parce que l'occupation extensive qu'elles font du foncier est un obstacle à la politique du logement (partie prenante du projet social franquiste de protection des travailleurs) et de relance de la construction. Le phénomène ancien des lotissements pauvres d'auto-construction, dont l'importance s'accroît alors, est ainsi érigé en question sociale de premier plan : le problème des baraques. Celui-ci permet de légitimer une politique du logement interventionniste dont la finalité est à la fois économique, sociale et politique. Les dispositifs créés pour limiter le développement des baraques conduisent alors à la production d'une documentation qui en donne une meilleure connaissance, ouvrant la voie à une politique spécifique de résorption des baraques à partir des années 1960, dans le contexte de l'essor d'un mouvement citadin.

The exchanges between the Writers' Unions during the communist era are an important part of the cultural policies of the "people's democracies". The circulation of writers in the East-European space has to ensure a certain homogenization of literary practices. This is why literary exchanges between the Communist states are intense but also strongly controlled. Nevertheless, the study of the literary encounters allows us to question this "idea of a great socialist literary community" and also to see, beyond a certain solidarity and some common literary practices, a number of difficulties, differences, inequalities, and even conflicts that often broke out between the brother countries.

Tese de doutoramento, Estudos de Literatura e de Cultura (Estudos Ingleses), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2015 ; A dissertação visa duas linhas de investigação: uma centra no pensamento da protagonista, Srª Dora Russell, segunda esposa do pensador Bertrand Russell, a outra num movimento de mulheres pela paz que ela mobilizou em resposta não só à ameaça nuclear nos anos 1950, mas também em reação às manifestações anti-nucleares que, segundo ela, não constituíram uma resposta construtiva. As duas linhas acabam por estar interligadas: a caravana das mulheres pela paz incorpora uma parte essencial da sua filosofia, que por sua vez é exemplificada à medida que o contexto histórico e sócio-cultural pós-guerra se desenrola numa narrativa de descoberta. O que sempre determinou o percurso da história humana, dizia a Srª Russell já nos anos 1920, foi a mente humana na sua interrelação com o corpo, o meio ambiente e o universo. Opunha-se à explicação corrente que considerava o homem inventor de instrumentos e / ou o homem económico responsável pelo percurso civilizacional. Tendo registado a visão dela como uma possível hipótese, prossegue-se fazendo um estudo do desenvolvimento político-social pós-guerra, recriando o pano de fundo contra o qual os movimentos pela paz se irão desenrolar. Ao analisar o projeto Manhattan que, devido à situação da Segunda Guerra Mundial, se desenvolveu sobre sigílio absoluto, mostra-se como o secretismo político-militar sobre a administração militar criou condições para facilitar a satisfação de certos grupos de interesse sem qualquer limitação. O sucesso da produção da bomba gerou uma narrativa heroica, envolvendo cientistas, militares e indústria, que encontraram o seu eco no meio político conservador nos Estados Unidos. A partir desta narrativa desencadeou-se todo um conjunto de apostas pelo poder, motivadas por interesses próprios - militares, económicos, políticos e científicos. Para justificar a corrida aos armamentos, mesmo depois de terminada a guerra, criou-se um ...

In the framework of French-Sino relations during the Maoist period (1949-1978), the industrial cooperation between the two countries can be considered as a remarkable success. From a steady beginning in the 1950s, their economic relations principally developed in the industrial domain in the following decade, so as to reach their peak in the 1970s because of three favorable factors. Above all, the establishment of their diplomatic relations in 1964 offered the opportunity to create stable indispensable connections of bilateral economic contacts in the future, then the two governments also played a role as coordinators of this industrial cooperation. Besides, the improvement of Sino-American relations and the political liberalization of East-West commerce promoted by Nixon, provided a propitious international environment for the Sino-Occidental commercial development. Last but not the least, economic the plan of the Chinese government, based on the importation of Western technologies and materials, particularly the "43 plan", provided a financial basis for the industrial cooperation with France.The results of this cooperation are considerable: Sino-French commerce obtained a large scale of obvious development; French companies benefiting from the economic openness of the Chinese market during the period of the Cultural Revolution; thanks to the implementation of these cooperation projects, particularly the "key-in-hand factories", China accelerated the modernization of diverse industries in electricity, fertilizers, chemical fibers, communication, etc., -- while maintaining the balance of its economic development. ; Dans le cadre des relations francochinoises durant la période maoïste (1949-1978), la coopération industrielle entre les deux pays peut être considérée comme une réussite remarquable. Pondérées à l'origine dans les années 1950, leurs relations économiques vont se développer principalement dans le domaine de l'industrie pendant la décennie suivante, pour arriver à leur apogée dans les années 1970, ...

In the framework of French-Sino relations during the Maoist period (1949-1978), the industrial cooperation between the two countries can be considered as a remarkable success. From a steady beginning in the 1950s, their economic relations principally developed in the industrial domain in the following decade, so as to reach their peak in the 1970s because of three favorable factors. Above all, the establishment of their diplomatic relations in 1964 offered the opportunity to create stable indispensable connections of bilateral economic contacts in the future, then the two governments also played a role as coordinators of this industrial cooperation. Besides, the improvement of Sino-American relations and the political liberalization of East-West commerce promoted by Nixon, provided a propitious international environment for the Sino-Occidental commercial development. Last but not the least, economic the plan of the Chinese government, based on the importation of Western technologies and materials, particularly the "43 plan", provided a financial basis for the industrial cooperation with France.The results of this cooperation are considerable: Sino-French commerce obtained a large scale of obvious development; French companies benefiting from the economic openness of the Chinese market during the period of the Cultural Revolution; thanks to the implementation of these cooperation projects, particularly the "key-in-hand factories", China accelerated the modernization of diverse industries in electricity, fertilizers, chemical fibers, communication, etc., -- while maintaining the balance of its economic development. ; Dans le cadre des relations francochinoises durant la période maoïste (1949-1978), la coopération industrielle entre les deux pays peut être considérée comme une réussite remarquable. Pondérées à l'origine dans les années 1950, leurs relations économiques vont se développer principalement dans le domaine de l'industrie pendant la décennie suivante, pour arriver à leur apogée dans les années 1970, ...

In the framework of French-Sino relations during the Maoist period (1949-1978), the industrial cooperation between the two countries can be considered as a remarkable success. From a steady beginning in the 1950s, their economic relations principally developed in the industrial domain in the following decade, so as to reach their peak in the 1970s because of three favorable factors. Above all, the establishment of their diplomatic relations in 1964 offered the opportunity to create stable indispensable connections of bilateral economic contacts in the future, then the two governments also played a role as coordinators of this industrial cooperation. Besides, the improvement of Sino-American relations and the political liberalization of East-West commerce promoted by Nixon, provided a propitious international environment for the Sino-Occidental commercial development. Last but not the least, economic the plan of the Chinese government, based on the importation of Western technologies and materials, particularly the "43 plan", provided a financial basis for the industrial cooperation with France.The results of this cooperation are considerable: Sino-French commerce obtained a large scale of obvious development; French companies benefiting from the economic openness of the Chinese market during the period of the Cultural Revolution; thanks to the implementation of these cooperation projects, particularly the "key-in-hand factories", China accelerated the modernization of diverse industries in electricity, fertilizers, chemical fibers, communication, etc., -- while maintaining the balance of its economic development. ; Dans le cadre des relations francochinoises durant la période maoïste (1949-1978), la coopération industrielle entre les deux pays peut être considérée comme une réussite remarquable. Pondérées à l'origine dans les années 1950, leurs relations économiques vont se développer principalement dans le domaine de l'industrie pendant la décennie suivante, pour arriver à leur apogée dans les années 1970, ...