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Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt zunächst eine Darstellung des durchschnittlichen Bruttojahresverdienstes der vollzeitbeschäftigten Arbeiter und Angestellten in ausgewählten Wirtschaftszweigen in Bayern in den Jahren 1992 und 1993. Im weiteren werden die Daten für die Jahre 1980 und 1993 verglichen und in Relation gestellt. Die Steigerung der Verdienste wird, nach Arbeitern und Angestellten differenziert, analysiert. Jeweils werden auch geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in die Untersuchung einbezogen. (SH)

The objective of this descriptive study was to analyze the contents of self‐help books for parents of adolescents that were published from 1980 to 1993. Child developmentalists, counselors, and family life educators endeavor to provide valid information about child and adolescent development to parents through various media, including popular books, in order to assist in parenting. We examined the scope of topics presented and the authors' views about parenting practices to determine the extent to which these parenting books reinforce or debunk cultural stereotypes about adolescents. The most frequently occurring topic across the books concerned the significant role of the family in shaping adolescent development. Although the information presented in these books does not explicitly reinforce stereotypes of adolescence, few authors devoted attention to refuting existing myths.

Now nearly everyone accepts the fact that institutions matter. However, institutions matter in more than one way. While sound institutions may help to reduce uncertainty and create order in human interactions, flawed institutions may produce results that go contrary to their designers' wishes, no matter what these wishes are. Defects in institutional arrangements may provide "wrong" opportunities, place "wrong" constraints, create "wrong" incentives, reward "wrong" behaviors and above all, structure human interactions in "wrong" ways. This article investigates what makes institutions defective and why defective institutions may cause ineffectiveness. It first identifies the fundamental underpinnings of effective institutions and probes their importance in generating efficiency. It then tries to explain why, in the absence of some of these key elements, defective institutions cannot deliver what effective institutions can. The case of fiscal relations in China is used to highlight the key propositions of the article.