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For over two hundred years, 19th-century British literature was being translated in Russia. The process of literary translation has suffered two radical changes in translation norm within that time. The first had happened after the 1917 revolution; the second after the perestroika of the early 1990s. Before the revolution there were no established principles of translation: very often different translations of the same text were published at the same time; in some cases translation was reduced to retelling the story. In the Soviet era there was a concept of the ultimate 'ideal' translation of each work of literature, but the question of the translation method came into dispute. Initially translation accuracy was recognized as the most important factor, but later so called 'formalism' was stigmatized and more domesticating method was recognized as the only proper approach. After perestroika multiple translations of the same text started to appear, and the translations of the 19thcentury came back into print. The article reviews the details of each of those periods, the influence of economic, cultural, and political issues on publishing practice, methods of translation and commentary, problems of authorship, editing, censorship, and the choice of target audience. Particular attention is paid to the practice of reusing pre-revolution translations. The problem of professional translation criticism that could help readers make sense of several coexisting translations, is discussed.

The article is dedicated to the insufficiently studied problem of N.F. Fyodorov's projective aesthetics research connected to his interpretation of Russian painting of the 19th century. The objects of the analysis are such works of the philosopher as "The Question of Restoration of Kinship among Mankind. The Means for the Restoration of Kinship (Sobor)" (1880s), "About the Kremlin Walls Paintings" (1893), "Kremlin Walls" (1893), "The brilliant robber. (About Ge's Painting "The Crucifixion")" (1894), "Moscow Rumyantsev's Museum by the Kremlin and the Monument to the Founder of this Museum in the Kremlin" (1898) and other works. The article considers N.F. Fyodorov's analysis of paintings by A.A. Ivanov, N.N. Ge, V.V. Vereschagin, and I.E. Repin. The comparative investigation of the aesthetic program and artistic ideas of Ivanov and Fyodorov is based on the analysis of the painting "The Apparition of Christ before the People" (1858). The article traces the influence of the artist's works on the conceptual and compositional creation of the "pictorial demonstration" of Fyodorov's aesthetic supramoralism. It uncovers the specificity of the philosopher's religious-philosophical discourse, defined by the iconographic traditions and imaginary system of Christian art. The analysis of Fyodorov's texts dedicated to the paintings by Ge and Repin, reveals that he does not accept the aesthetic program of realism. The article defines the meaning of projective ecphrasis in Fyodorov's critical account of Ge's "Biblical cycle" as a theurgical project. The reception of Vereschagin's painting is considered in the context of the historiosophical ideas of Fyodorov, based on the principles of Christian eschatology.

В статье автор анализирует литературную практику на основе материалов популярного либерального издания «Эдинбургского обозрения, или критического журнала». Это было издание, специально посвященное критическим обзорам книг, вышедших в Британии, Париже, Берлине и других городах мира. Их тематика охватывала широкий круг тем по политике, экономике, общественным пробле-мам и истории. Рецензии освещали либеральный взгляд на историю в контексте идей Просвещения. Авторы обзоров восприняли теоретическое осмысление исторического процесса шотландскими просветителями. Они предполага-ли, что все люди в своем развитии проходят одни и те же стадии: дикость, варварство и цивилизацию. В контексте идей о стадиях развития рецензенты рассматривали труды, где говорилось о путешествиях, встречах с иной культурой чиновников, миссионеров и военных. При несовершенстве предложенной схемы вслед за авторами книг рецензенты оценивали уровень развития народов и племен, населявших Африку, Америку и Азию. Как правило, они относили их к стадии дикости и варварства. Полагая, что британцы до-стигли высшего уровня — цивилизации, авторы ряда книг и рецензенты выдвигали планы по цивилизации этих народов.
The author analyses the literary practice liberal edition "The Edinburgh review, or critical journal". It was original special edition with review of books from Britain, Paris, Berlin and other towns of the world. Their problems spread all themes over economy, politics, civil problems, etc. and history from liberal opinions on them from enlightenment position. The authors of journal shared Scotland enlightenment's theo-retical opinion about historical development. They thought all people gone same stages: savage, barbarity and civilization. From that opinion the authors analyzes books wrote about travels meeting with another culture. As the author of books reviewers thought the tribes and people of America, Asia and Africa were at the stages of savage and barbarity. And Britons as civilized nation should bring civilization to them.

: The article analyzes the features of Byronism and Georgesandism as
sociocultural myths that arose in the post-revolutionary era and embodied the totality of socio-aesthetic gender representations. On the basis of the historical-typological approach, taking into account the trends of modern comparative studies, the
origins of the gender opposition of male and female — the Hero and the Heroine —
are regarded in the poetics of personified myths — Byronism and Georgesandism,
which acquired an all-European scale in European culture of the first half of the 19th
century.
At the Enlightenment stage of mastering the specifics of the intimate and the
public, the development of the ideas of civil society, the destruction of the paradigms
of mental and universal laws of aesthetics, in public life and literature of the 18th
century there was an increase in the gender consciousness of society. In the article
it is correlated with the French tradition — the sentimentalist novel by J.-J. Rousseau
Julia, or the new Eloise and the romantic concepts of the hero and the heroine in the
works of Germain de Stael, where the conflict, antithesis, dichotomy of the feminine
and the masculine began to be artistically meaningful from the standpoint of social
and psychological egalitarianism.
It is proved that Byronism and Georgesandism were complementary and oppositional to each other as socio-aesthetic currents, systems, paradigms, myths, in
which variously interpreted skepticism and the individualistic concept of the Hero,
the poet, are opposed to optimism and utopia, the feminine myth of the Heroine —
in the works and biography of George Sand. The gender originality of typologically
related romantic value ideas is considered: aspiration for the absolute, spiritual
maximalism with a clear priority of the male myth in the image of Byron and his
work — and the female, socialistically marked in George Sand.
Biographical and biographically related material, the work of each in the first
half of the century formed the basis of sociocultural and romantic symbolizations
that characterize and form the gender specificity of the text of romantic culture.

Территория, подотчетная Барнаульскому духовному правлению, в начале XIX в. состояла из приходов 24 церквей, полностью укомплектованы клириками были только три из них. Образовательный уровень причта был невысок (в семинарии обучались лишь 20 из 122). Со временем положение с укомплектованием штата церквей еще ухудшилось. Строительство новых церквей и образование новых приходов требовало все большего числа священнослужителей, естественный прирост сибирских клириков не мог решить эту проблему, начали переводить представителей духовенства из епархий Европейской России. Материальное обеспечение клириков на протяжении первой половины XIX в. неуклонно возрастало. Нехватка священнослужителей в Сибири приводила к частым нарушениям с их стороны. Наказаний не боялись, поскольку заменить их в условиях дефицита кадров было невозможно. Однако среди причта церквей Барнаульского духовного правления было достаточно много истинных ревнителей христианства, исполнявших свой долг с должным уважением, примерным усердием и прилежанием. Увеличение числа духовных лиц и улучшение их материального обеспечения обостряло конкуренцию в их среде, что привело к улучшению их морального облика и образовательного уровня в середине XIX в.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2016)2-30 ; The territory, accountable to the spiritual governing of Barnaul in the early 19th century, consisted of 24 parishes churches; fully staffed with clergy were only three of them. The educational level of the clergy was low (only 20 of 122 trained in the Seminary). Later, the situation with staffing of churches deteriorated. The construction of new churches and the formation of new parishes demanded a growing number of clergy, the natural growth of the Siberian clergymen could not solve this problem. They begin to transfer the clergy from the dioceses of European Russia. Material support of the clergy during the first half of the 19th century steadily increased. Lack of priests in Siberia led to frequent infringements on their part. They were not afraid of punishments because to replace them in the conditions of shortage of personnel was impossible. However, among the clergy of churches of the Barnaul spiritual Board there were a lot of the true adherents of Christianity who performed their duty with due respect, exemplary zeal and diligence. The increase in the number of clergy and improvement of their financial security aggravated the competition in their environment, which led to the improvement of their moral character and educational level of the mid 19th century.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2016)2-30

Статья посвящена актуальной проблеме формирования сословно-поземельной политики царского правительства после окончания Кавказской войны. В работе проводится сравнительный анализ поземельных отношений в регионе до начала Кавказской войны и после окончания боевых действий. В ней рассматриваются особенности феодальных отношений Дагестана, причины консервации зависимых отношений крестьян к ханско-бекскому сословию в условиях крестьянской реформы в Российской империи. В качестве теоретико-методологической базы исследования мы руководствовались основными принципами исторического исследования: принципы историзма, критичности и объективности. Использование историко-ситуационного метода позволило детально рассмотреть социальную картину дагестанского общества в контексте развития феодальных отношений в регионе.

The author studies the specifics of lace in the territory of the South Black Earth Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The author has analyzed the history of lace crafts in the Yelets and Mtsensk districts of the Orlovsk province, and in the Zadonsk district of the Voronezh province. Based on archive materials the article determines such features of lace crafts development as the uniqueness of lace; the dependence of the growth of the influence of buyers on the pace of industry development; presence of the qualitative indicators of the manufacturing process inversely proportional to the quantitative; expanding the range of manufactured lace; the expansion of the sales area of lace; activation of the attention of individuals and public institutions to revive the specificity and individuality of local products lace. It was concluded that the impact of identified features on the pace of development of the lace industry in the South Black Earth Russia and on the development of Russian business in general.

Analyzing the history of lace crafts, the author describes the conditions of industrial activity lace, which showed the formation of the capitalist forms of lace makers' work. The features of the capitalist forms of labour which characterized crafts activity are pointed out. The peculiarities of lace sales organization in local and distant markets are studied. In addition to interprovince and interdistrict markets the author investigates the material on exporting goods abroad. The main reasons for the expansion of sales geography determine the change in product mix.

The author raises the issue related to the history of the preservation of unique lace made following the traditions of Russian folk art of their ancestors. The problem consisted in the fact that the buyers were not interested in the originality and identity of the goods. As a result, this led to the reduction of the original performance by increasing the amount of work on the standard models.

The author analyzes the administrative measures taken in the Black Sea region, which was bordered with hostile nations in 1880-1910-s. The article describes the features of measures aimed at regulation of migration, control of civilians outflow, mobilization of loyal foreign subjects into the Russian army, detection, exclusion and resettlement of unreliable persons inland empire. Forethought and efficiency of measures, allowed preserving political and ethno demographic stability in strategically important region, are emphasized. ; В статье автор анализирует меры административного характера, осуществленные в конце XIX - начале XX вв. на территории Черноморской губернии, граничившей с враждебными России в то время государствами. Дается характеристика мероприятий, направленных на регулирование миграционных процессов, сдерживание оттока населения, мобилизацию в действующую русскую армию лояльных иностранноподданых, выявление, выдворение или переселение вглубь империи неблагонадежных лиц. Подчеркивается продуманность и эффективность рассматриваемых изменений, позволивших сохранить политическую и этнодемографическую стабильность в стратегически важном регионе.

The article studies the main aspects of 19th Serbia's industrial production establishment and development, more particularly, military, mining, textile, etc. Close attention is paid to the problems underlying foreign investment and experience attraction to these processes as well as their role and place in Serbia's economic development as a whole. The author draws a conclusion that Serbian state policy in the sphere of national industry support was of low efficiency and counted excessively on foreign business's participation. ; Рассматриваются основные аспекты становления и развития промышленного производства в Сербии в XIX в., в частности оборонной, добывающей, текстильной и других отраслей. Уделяется внимание проблемам, связанным с привлечением к этим процессам иностранного опыта и капитала, а также их роли и месту в экономическом развитии Сербии в целом. Делаются выводы о слабой эффективности государственной политики в области поддержки отечественной промышленности и преувеличенном расчете на результативность западного предпринимательства в сербской экономике.

State chancellery was the chancellery of the State Council, the supreme advisory body in the Russian Empire. Its role in the political life of Russia differed in the various periods of its existence. Its power was at its highest between 1810 and 1812, when it was headed by M.M. Speransky. His power was virtually unlimited, and he remained in direct contact with the Tsar. In later periods, neither the chancellery nor its leader achieved similar levels of importance. Nonetheless, there were times when it played an important role in the Empire's lawmaking process. Its importance correlated with the eminence of its leader. The chancellery was the institution which initiated the transition to rational forms of administering the Empire. ; Государственная канцелярия – канцелярия высшего законосовещательного органа Российской империи, Государственного совета. В разные периоды своего существования она играла неодинаковую роль в политической жизни страны. Эпохой всевластия государственной канцелярии стали 1810–1812 гг., когда ее возглавлял М.М. Сперанский. Его власть была безграничной, он непосредственно контактировал с императором. Впоследствии такого положения государственная канцелярия и ее руководитель никогда не достигали. Тем не менее были времена, когда она играла заметную роль в законодательной политике империи. Эта роль была тем более значимой, чем выше было реноме ее руководителя. С Государственной канцелярии в империи начался переход на рациональные формы управления.Kancelaria państwa – kancelaria wyższego organu doradczego w Imperium Rosyjskim, czyli Rady Państwa. W różnych okresach swojego funkcjonowania odgrywała ona niejednakową rolę w życiu politycznym kraju. Epoką wszechwładzy kancelarii państwowej były lata 1810–1812, kiedy na jej czele stanął M.M. Sperański. Jego władza była nieograniczona, pozostawał w bezpośrednim kontakcie z imperatorem. W późniejszym czasie ani kancelaria, ani jej naczelnik nigdy nie osiągnęli takiej pozycji. Niemniej jednak zdarzały się okresy, kiedy odgrywała ona istotną rolę w polityce prawodawczej Imperium. Jej znaczenie było tym ważniejsze, im większą renomą cieszył się jej naczelnik. Od kancelarii państwa rozpoczęło się przejście do racjonalnych form zarządzania w Imperium.

The paper proposes a new interpretation of the traditional view on the Brothers Grimm as armchair scientists far removed from politics. The role and significance of the Brothers' participation in the major political events in Germany and Europe in the first half of the 19th century were analyzed on the basis of published personal sources and those of the people around them. On the one hand, the Brothers Grimm in their scientific work and social activities were supporters of the constitutional system and civil society, and on the other – of a strong monarchical state and national traditions development. This reflects the contradictory nature of the foundations of German political culture of the Modern epoch. ; В статье предложена новая интерпретация традиционного образа братьев Гримм как далеких от политики кабинетных ученых. На основе опубликованных источников личного происхождения братьев и людей их круга дан анализ степени и значения их участия в основных политических событиях на территории Германии и Европы в первой половине XIX в. Братья Гримм в своем научном творчестве и общественной деятельности с одной стороны предстают сторонниками конституционного строя и гражданского общества, а с другой – сильного монархического государства и развития национальных традиций. В этом проявлялся противоречивый характер основ политической культуры Германии эпохи модерна.

The article studies the establishment of Russian diplomatic missions in the Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) in late 18th - 19th century. Studying the outset of the Russian-Arab relations is a significant task for both science and diplomacy. Although there are several works dating from the Soviet era, the issue remains little-studied. The article draws on the documents from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, some already published, others introduced into scientific use for the first time. Analysis of archival sources allows to consider the problem of first contacts of the Russian Empire and the Maghreb states in its entirety, to identify Russian interests in each of three countries, to define important internal and external factors that prompted the countries to establish relations. The author has revealed that at the first stage of the Russian-Maghreb relations its economic component had a priority: foreign representatives in the Maghreb were enlisted as non-staff Russian consuls in order to protect the interests of seamen-merchants trading in the Mediterranean under the Russian flag. At the second stage priority was given to the political component in the Russian-Maghreb relations. The great power directly involved in the settlement of the Eastern Question, the Russian Empire had to consider Algerian, Tunisian and Moroccan factors in setting its European agenda. The Russian government saw the Barbary states of Algeria and Tunisia as formally belonging to the Ottoman Empire. Russian political interest in these countries strengthened as the European powers, primarily, France and Great Britain, were fighting to establish their influence, and Turkey strived to preserve its sovereignty. Although it remained independent throughout the 19th century, Morocco also was an object of the European powers' rivalry. Russian diplomatic missions in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco were established with an eye toward keeping track of all twists and turns of the European powers fighting over the North African colonies and in order use this factor in setting its own agenda.

Рассматривается процесс модернизации лесной отрасли Российской империи с точки зрения усовершенствования системы лесоуправления и лесоохраны в течение 30–60‑х гг. XIX в. Образование Министерства государственных имуществ в 1837 г. существенным образом изменило принципы управления лесной отраслью. Начался обратный процесс централизации управления различными категориями лесов в руках одного ведомства, полномочия которого были расширены. Перед Министерством государственных имуществ и Лесным департаментом была поставлена задача повышения доходности казенного лесного хозяйства. Огромная роль в реформировании системы управления государственными имуществами, в том числе лесами, принадлежала министру графу П.Д. Киселеву. Для оптимизации системы управления лесами был образован Корпус лесничих, служба в котором строилась на основе военной дисциплины и субординации. Военизированный статус Корпуса лесничих сохранялся до 1867 г. Служба в лесной страже в рассматриваемый период приравнивалась к военной, а лесники приобретали все права и обязанности военнослужащих.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2016)2-26 ; This article examines the process of modernization of the forest industry of the Russian Empire to improve forest management and forest protection in the '30s and '60s of the 19th century. The Formation of the Ministry of State Property in 1837 significantly changed the management principles of the forest industry. A reverse process of management centralization of various forest types in the hands of one agency started, and its powers were extended. The Ministry of State Property and Forest Department were tasked with increasing the profitability of the state forestry. Minister, Count P.D. Kiselev played a major role in reforming the managing system of state property, including forests. To optimize the forest management system the Corps of Foresters was established; it was based on military discipline and subordination. The paramilitary status of the Corps of Foresters remained until 1867. Serving in the Corps of Foresters in the reporting period was equal to the military service, and the foresters acquired all the rights and duties of military personnel.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2016)2-26

The subject. The reorganization of the district police in Siberia in the second half of the XIX century is comprehensively examined in the article on the basis of pre-revolutionary legislation. Special attention is paid to the organizational and legal issues of the activities and structure of the district police.The purpose of the paper is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the practice of implementing legislative innovations on the status of internal affairs bodies in Siberia in the 19th century was characterized by systematic seizures and violations.The theoretical and methodological basis of the study includes the principles of historical knowledge – objectivity, historicism, alternative and social approach. These principles let use an unbiased approach to the analysis of the studied problems, as well as a critical attitude to the sources.The main results and scope of their application. The author concludes that the powers of the police bodies in the region had their own specifics and were much broader than in the central provinces of the Russian Empire. Reorganization of the general police in Siberia in the second half of the XIX century changed the structure and method of staffing the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It was not principled, but rather external. Returning to the forgotten traditions of the organization and activities of the police, it is important to take full account of the historical experience that has been accumulated over the centuries. It is also necessary, taking into account modern realities, to take a fresh look at the already known facts and events in order to overcome old myths and misconceptions and prevent the birth of new ones.Conclusions. The police reform of 1867 in Siberia left almost unchanged the limits of power, the distribution of duties, procedures, responsibility and accountability of the general police. A large range of prerogatives remained for the police. In addition, many police officers continued to work the old-fashioned way, trying to ignore changes in the current legislation. The legislator failed to put the Siberian internal Affairs bodies in the strict framework of the law, it was recognized by local leaders and visiting auditors. ; На основании дореволюционного законодательства комплексно рассматривается реорганизация органов окружной полиции в Сибири во второй половине XIX в. Особое внимание уделяется организационно‐правовым вопросам деятельности и структуре окружной полиции. Теоретико‐методологической основой исследования стали принципы исторического познания: объективность, историзм, альтернативность и социальный подход, – которые предполагают непредвзятость при анализе изучаемых проблем, а также критическое отношение к источникам. Делается вывод, что полномочия окружных полицейских органов в Сибири имели свою специфику и были значительно более широкими, чем в центральных губерниях Российской империи. Реорганизация окружной полиции в Сибири во второй половине XIX в. изменила структуру и способ комплектования органов МВД. Она имела не принципиальный, а скорее внешний характер. Полицейской реформой 1867 г. в Сибири были оставлены почти без изменений пределы власти, предметы ведомства, распределение обязанностей, порядок действий, ответственность и отчетность общей полиции, впредь до преобразований административно‐хозяйственного управления и судоустройства. За органами полиции остался довольно большой круг прерогатив. Кроме того, многие полицейские продолжали работать по старинке, стараясь игнорировать изменения в действующем законодательстве. Законодателю не удалось, как это признавали местные руководители и приезжие ревизоры, поставить сибирские органы внутренних дел в строгие рамки закона.