The history of translation in 19th century Spain is characterized above all by the fact that it was a period of transition between the concept of translation effective prevalent in the 18th century – restricted to the country's cultural elites – and the contemporary concept, which developed mainly from the second half of the 19th century onwards and continued into the 20th century. In the 19th century, the bourgeoisie embraced culture to an ever-greater extent, increasing public awareness of translations and, consequently, of translators. Thus, the notion that translations 'improved' the originals in order to adapt them to neoclassical norms gradually lost ground over the course of the century. On the other hand, there are other specific areas of research into the history of translation in Spain in the 19th century, some of which merit greater attention from researchers. These include, inter alia, the relationship between translation and exile, especially in the first decades of the century; the disappearance in practice of editorial censorship in the second half of the century and, consequently, the end of self-censorship; the progressive dignification of the status of the translator, prompted by the intellectual protection of authors' and translators' rights on an international scale; the deliberate use of translation as a vehicle for the transmission of new political, artistic and scientific ideas and, lastly, the decisive increase in literacy rates in the Spanish population, which turned literature into a consumer product. Finally, in the 19th century the Spanish translation industry experienced a gradual decline in the almost monopolistic influence that French culture and French as a source language had exerted upon it ever since the 18th century, from the arrival of the Bourbon dynasty onwards.
The 19th Century Pamphlets Online project was sponsored by Research Libraries UK (RLUK), funded by JISC and led by t he University of Southampton. Other partners included JSTOR, Mimas, and the Universities of Bristol, Durham, Liverpool, LSE, Manchester, Newcastle and UCL. The overall aim of the project was to provide researchers, teachers and learners with online access to significant collections of 19th century pamphlets held within UK research libraries. In order to achieve this aim, the project drew on the pamphlet holdings of seven research libraries (Bristol, Durham, Liverpool, LSE, Manchester, Newcastle and UCL), choosing collections that focused on the political, social and economic issues of the day. The project scanned these collections within the University of Southampton Library's specialist BOPCRIS Digitisation Centre and then sent the datasets to JSTOR for archiving and delivery via their online publishing platform. Mimas enabled links to the digitised pamphlets to be added to the national Copac catalogue and to local library catalogues. A supporting website was developed to hold information about the collections and educational resources to support researchers, teachers and students. The 19th Century Pamphlets Online project sought to build on previous work and expertise. It followed on from a large retrospective cataloguing project, which included many of the same partners and was also sponsored by RLUK. Metadata created within this previous project was extended and linked to the digitised pages and text. The project drew on the considerable digitisation experience of BOPCRIS, the delivery platform of JSTOR, and existi ng resource discovery channels available via JSTOR and Mimas (such as Google Scholar and Copac). In addition to building on the past, the project was concerned to leave a good legacy for the future. A problem facing large consortia digitisation projects is how to preserve and sustain the resources they create. Which of the many partners will take on this responsibility? How will it be paid for? To address this problem, the UK partners chose to enter into a long (25 year) agreement with JSTOR over the care and delivery of the collection. JSTOR would preserve the data and make it available free of charge to UK users, and it would pay for this by making the content available on commercial terms to others.
The author illustrates the relations in Italy between industry and the medical-hygienic situation in the XIX century. Italy started industrial processes raher late, about 1840, and between 1840 and 1870, for the first rime, a remarkable quantity of publications about working class life conditions appeared. Special attention was given to spinning-mill workers, who -as Tonini, Ripa and Bonomi describe in their treatises - suffered a very hard life and working conditions, cold, damp, a very poor diet based on stale bread, furthermore, women ha dangerous pregnacies and their babies were extremely undernourished, because of bottle-feeding caused by the impossibility of mothers to take their infants with them. These conditions produced numerous gastric, rheumatic and respiratory diseases. At the end of the XIX century Mantegazza defined, for the first time, professional diseases from a clinical and social point of view. Investigations acquired a more rigorous and scientific character by dividing into a series of subjects such as, for instance, the study of "unhealthy industries". Legislation was adapted quite late, and produced in 1888 the "Crispi act". Key words: Industrial-Social disease - XIX century
Grundtvig og nationalismen i det 19. århundredeAf Lorenz RerupArtiklen beskæftiger sig med Grundtvigs folkelighedsbegreb i sammenh.ng med fremkomsten af nationalismen i Europa i det 18. og 19. århundrede. Grundtvig opførte sig ved visse lejligheder som en nationalist af den type, man almindeligvis tager afstand fra. Men Grundtvigs opførsel kan altid forklares ud fra det danske riges tilstand i de situationer, hvor Grundtvig udtalte sig nationalistisk.Dette eksemplificeres med truslen om adskillelse mellem Danmark og Norge under Napoleonskrigene i 1813, den slesvig-holstenske krig i 1848 og sejren ved Isted i 1850 - situationer, hvor Grundtvig lod Danmark repræsentere Gud og retfærdighed eller lod en dansk sejr være baggrund for Danmarks ret til Slesvig. Grundtvig fremtræder her som en tidstypisk nationalist, og ikke mindst de nutidige begivenheder i eksempelvis det tidligere Jugoslavien går det naturligt for mennesker, der lever i dag, at tage afstand fra denne form for nationalisme. Men vi finder i Grundtvigs forfatterskab også en anden form for nationalisme, udviklet især i sammenh.ng med den danske, nationale bevægelse i Slesvig. Grundtvig følger i udviklingen af denne form for nationalisme Herder, der havde peget på den ulærde jævne mand, modersmålet og undervisning på modersmålet som bærer af, hvad Herder kalder 'Volksgeist' og Grundtvig folke.nd. For Herder repræsenterer de gudgivne kultur-og sprogfællesskaber mere end datidens dynastiske statsdannelser forskellige sider af den humanitet, der udgør historiens ml. Herders tanker blev i tiden efter den franske revolution en inspirationskilde for ikke mindst de mange ikke-tyske folkeslag i det habsburgske rige, idet disse folkeslag lærte at værdsætte deres nationale egenart og sprog. Men i de følgende årtier ændredes Herders ideer. Ideen om de ulærde mennesker som bærere af national identitet svækkedes, og den tyske idealisme i Fichtes skikkelse indordnede den Herderske tanke om et folks særpræg i en tolkning af historien som en fortsat vakst i dannelse, hvor et folks uddannede elite fremstår som bærere af folkeånden. Fichtes tanker inspirerede det 19. århundredes nationalisme. Således opfattede de danske og tyske nationalliberale sig som bærere og igangsættere af den nationale vækkelse, der følger på fremkomsten af ideen om nationalitet. En tretrinsmodel kan opstilles som gældende for nationalismens udvikling inden for de europæiske nationer: A) fremkomsten af nationalitetsideen i lærde kredse, B) en periode med patriotisk agitation og C) fremkomsten af en national massebevægelse. I de små nationer - hermed menes ikke blot kvantitativt sm., men nationer, der styres udefra - forløb udviklingen anderledes end i de store, politisk selvstændige nationer, hvor nationalitetsideen blev et redskab for tredjestandens kamp for indflydelse, for liberalisering og modernisering. Andre problemer end national selvstændighed læstes i de store nationer gennem nationalitetsideen: i Tyskland stod kampen for politisk enhed, i Danmark problemet med oplysningen af monarkiet i centrum. De store nationer havde institutioner og traditioner, sprog, litteratur og een institutionaliseret historie. Beklageligvis kunne de store nationers moderniseringsproces da også. f.re til undertrykkelse af minoriteter, til germanisering eller fordanskning. Men dette billede skal selvfølgelig suppleres af det faktum, at danskerne i hertugdømmet Slesvig hører til de sm. nationer. I kraft af forbundetheden med det tyske hertugdømme Slesvig trængte tysk sprog i perioden fra det 13. til det 19. århundrede ind i det oprindeligt danske Slesvig som administrationssprog og elitesprog og i de sydlige egne skolesprog og kirkesprog. I det tidlige 19. århundrede vågnede en national bevægelse, der fulgte den ovennævnte tretrinsmodel for fremkomsten af en nationalistisk bevægelse, således som det er tilfældet med udviklingen af det danske sprog.Den tyske, nationale bevægelse havde en elitær tendens, hvorimod den danske bevægelse udviklede sig i demokratisk retning, dels fordi den sigtede mod den brede befolkning af dansktalende binder og samarbejdede med den danske nationalliberale bevægelse, dels fordi den stod under Grundtvigs indflydelse.Grundtvigs discipel Christian Flor hyldede den grundtvigske, Herder-inspirerede tanke om, at de mennesker, der ikke havde været udsat for en latinsk, dvs. fremmed uddannelse, er bærere af folkeånden. Dette gav almindelige mennesker en enestående stilling i den nationale vækkelse. To tiår senere aflæstes den ældre nationalliberale nationalisme i kongeriget Danmark af denne strømning, der repræsenterer den emanciperende art af nationalisme og først og fremmest spredtes gennem højskolebevægelsen, der gav den danske bondebefolkning en stærk følelse af selvrespekt. Denne form for nationalisme er ikke enerådende i Danmark, og den skal ikke fremhæves som finere end den almindelige europæiske nationalisme. Men den kan - som det også ses af den danske politik overfor Færøerne og Island - ikke bruges til undertrykkelse af andre folk. Den kan derfor bruges i nutidens Europa som model for en ikke-undertrykkende nationalisme, og den minder os om, at moderne samfunds kulturelle rammeværks politiske og sociale kultur ikke kan adskilles fra national ideologi. Derfor er det bedre at modernisere de nationale ideologier, dvs. dreje nationalismen i en folkelig retning fremfor at undertrykke den.
Siberian Jews have long been a well-established subject of research in Jewish Studies. Scientific publications of the 19th – early 21st century mainly focus on the problems pertaining to social adaptation of Jews in Siberia in the 19th – early 20th century. At the same time, much fewer works describe features distinguishing the economic development of the Jewish community and its place and role in the growth of specific economic sectors in Siberian regions. The article deals with the starting period that saw the formation of the Jewish community in Western Siberia. This period has not been closely looked at in historiography. The analysis here is based on archival data and elaborates on governmental policies by Alexander I and Nicholas II towards Jews living in Siberia as well as the consequences of these policies by the mid 19th century. The paper is using materials from various archives and published sources to formulate key features of the economic activities undertaken by the Jewish community in Western Siberia in the 19th century. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s2p207
This study aims to explain trading activities at the Air Bangis harbor during the Dutch Colonial Government. Since the early 19th century, the Dutch Colonial Government had been more ambitious than before to utilize as much forest and agricultural products as possible in the hinterland of the West Coast of Sumatra. This intention was also supported by the improvement of the functions of harbor cities along the West Coast of Sumatra, including Air Bangis. The improvement per se had allowed a small-scale trade to be upgraded to export-oriented free harbors. The high level of trading activity in the Air Bangis harbor was made possible by its hinterland which is rich in export commodities. Among the types of the export commodities were gold, camphor, myrrh, rattan, dammar, coffee and pepper. The Air Bangis harbor had a role in lifting the spirits of the foreign nations, such as Aceh, VOC, English, and the Dutch Colonial Government, to build their influences in the harbor. The competition often caused friction which resulted in a conflict and power overtaking. The winners would take over the power from the losers, established their hegemony and monopolized the trade in the area of Air Bangis. The prosperity of the maritime activities in Air Bangis reached its peak in the first quarter of the 19th century, but it did not last long. In the last quarter of the 19th century, maritime activities in Air Bangis harbor started to decline. Nevertheless, sea voyage and trading activities in Air Bangis harbor had given a specific color to the maritime world in the West Sumatera Coast.
The inadequate care and treatment of the poor and sick reflected the lack of affordable private health insurance or a government sponsored universal social security system in 19th century Victoria. The seriously ill poor, and especially the small group of Chinese lepers, relied on the charity of local Christian philanthropists in Ballarat and Melbourne mostly organised by the Rev. William Young, a Presbyterian missionary in Ballarat. The delivery of assistance was managed by Sergeant Larner, a kindly disposed member of the Victoria Police.
Japan is located in the Western North Pacific basin, the most active tropical cyclone region in the world. For the most recent normal period (1981-2010), an annual average of 25.6 typhoons formed in the basin with 5.4 of those storms coming within 300 km of the four main islands of Japan. Throughout the history of Japan, typhoons have been a major hazard bringing strong winds, high waves, and heavy rainfall with flooding and landslides to the country nearly every year. With or without potential changes in typhoon frequencies and intensities caused by anthropogenic climate change, typhoons are a significant problem for Japan. Most studies of typhoons in the Western North Pacific depend on modern data dating back only to 1951 with the more accurate satellite observations beginning in 1965. As a result, our understanding of typhoon behavior over the long term and under differing global climatic conditions remains incomplete. However, records and data do exist for earlier periods and can be used to reconstruct typhoon histories. Such records can used for periods that have no instrumental data and to add detail to periods with limited data. In our research, we use data from historical documents to reconstruct a list of typhoons affecting Japan in the 19th century and to describe and map these typhoons. We use data from: 1) Japanese historical documents including official and private diaries that have been entered into a Historical Weather Database; 2) Japanese government and academic compilations; 3) weather observations and compilations from outside Japan; 4) English language newspapers published in Japan; 5) Japan Imperial Meteorological Observatory Maps and Records. Combining data from these multiple sources makes it possible to reconstruct a meaningful record of typhoons of the past. This paper will review the data and methods we used, discuss some results to date, and preview potential uses for this research.
"Not a history, but a group of historical portraits placed against their proper background. They include Charles X, Louis Philippe, Louis Napoleon, Lamartine.Thiers, Gambetta, McMahon, Grévy, Sadi-Garnot, Boulanger, & others.prominent in the French politics of the century. The Revolution of '48 is here.the coup d'etat, the Prussian invasion, & the terrible reign of the commune. Her style is strong, clear & praphic." Literary world, 1893. ; Mode of access: Internet.
The 19th century Georgian print media present unique, so far unexamined materials and may be of remarkable interest for researchers thanks to the following: a.Georgian print journalism originated shortly after the European; b. It was distinguished by broad coverage, readability and relevance of issues covered; c. It provides interesting evidence for the history of journalism as well as for world history; d. It cites reputed foreign periodicals, thereby reflecting the perspectives of its contemporary international print media. This paper aims to reveal how and to what extent the 19th century Greece was reflected in the Georgian print media. The question deserves close attention as even against the marvelous millennial history, 19th century Greek political life attracts attention by its dynamic character: The Greek uprising and the liberation from a four hundred year yoke, the accompanying struggle for territories and the related processes, attempts to address problems, formation of a new national discourse, national self-identification and so on. It is interesting to find out how print media in Russian Tsarism-dominated Georgia responded to it, to what extent the Georgian reader was informed about the events unfolding on the territory of its historical partner and how the Georgian population evaluated these events, whether Georgian journalists were biased or objective and how they obtained material. No less important is to scrutinize the 19th century coverage of events from modern journalistic and historical perspectives.
In this article I will attempt to present how some western historianswho deal with the Balkan past perceived Macedonia as it wasduring the last century of the Ottoman rule. The focus of this paper willbe on how 19th century Ottoman Macedonia is represented in the generalhistory books on the Balkans written in the west. In writing this paperI made use of those works that have been, up to now, most widelyused by the historians, as well as the ordinary people, who like and appreciatehistorical literature. The main accent in this article is stressedon several issues namely - the territory, the population, political history,economical and social life. In this instance I made use of booksdealing with the history of the Balkans published after WWII, i.e., afterthe creation of the modern Macedonian state. One should bear in mindthat Macedonia was not authors primary focus of research and writing,and for this reason the mistakes that appear, and which we all makewhen we write, are understandable, but not acceptable. We must notethat, despite all the criticism that might be directed at them, they havemade an honest attempt, to their best of their knowledge and ability, toportray the situation in Ottoman Macedonia in the 19th century, payingattention not to favor any one side.Key words: OTTOMAN MACEDONIA, TERRITORY, MRO,POPULATION, HISTORY
In this paper, we try to measure the impact of the changes in French bankruptcy law in the 19th century focusing on the behaviour of economic agents as users of bankruptcy law for the sake of finding the best solution to their economic problems. Debtors used bankruptcy law in order to minimize their debt level when facing difficulties in servicing it, but they had to convince their creditors and/or the courts of their good faith, and faced the adverse effects of bankruptcy on their reputation and on the smooth functioning of their business. Creditors used bankruptcy law in order to force their debtors to pay, if they could. Judges - who in the French system of specialized commercial courts were elected entrepreneurs - applied the law within a specific economic context (both a specific local context and at a specific moment in the business cycle) which could affect them. The first part of the paper presents the evolution of French bankruptcy law during the 19th century in its historical context. The second part briefly describes the theoretical model we use in order to understand the choices facing debtors and creditors in the face of financial distress. The last part proposes some major stylized facts concerning bankruptcies during that period (based on contemporary official statistics) and tries to understand their relationship with the legal evolution described before. ; Cet article propose une méthode pour évaluer l'impact des changements du droit des faillites sur l'économie en se concentrant sur le comportement des agents utilisant les dispositifs juridiques disponibles pour régler au mieux leurs difficultés. Les débiteurs utilisent le droit des faillites pour minimiser leur niveau de dette lorsqu'ils font face à des difficultés de paiement, mais doivent convaincre les créanciers et les tribunaux de leur bonne foi et anticipent les effets négatifs de la faillite sur leur réputation et sur la survie de leur entreprise. Les créanciers utilisent si nécessaire le droit pour forcer les débiteurs à payer, sachant ...
In this paper, we try to measure the impact of the changes in French bankruptcy law in the 19th century focusing on the behaviour of economic agents as users of bankruptcy law for the sake of finding the best solution to their economic problems. Debtors used bankruptcy law in order to minimize their debt level when facing difficulties in servicing it, but they had to convince their creditors and/or the courts of their good faith, and faced the adverse effects of bankruptcy on their reputation and on the smooth functioning of their business. Creditors used bankruptcy law in order to force their debtors to pay, if they could. Judges - who in the French system of specialized commercial courts were elected entrepreneurs - applied the law within a specific economic context (both a specific local context and at a specific moment in the business cycle) which could affect them. The first part of the paper presents the evolution of French bankruptcy law during the 19th century in its historical context. The second part briefly describes the theoretical model we use in order to understand the choices facing debtors and creditors in the face of financial distress. The last part proposes some major stylized facts concerning bankruptcies during that period (based on contemporary official statistics) and tries to understand their relationship with the legal evolution described before. ; Cet article propose une méthode pour évaluer l'impact des changements du droit des faillites sur l'économie en se concentrant sur le comportement des agents utilisant les dispositifs juridiques disponibles pour régler au mieux leurs difficultés. Les débiteurs utilisent le droit des faillites pour minimiser leur niveau de dette lorsqu'ils font face à des difficultés de paiement, mais doivent convaincre les créanciers et les tribunaux de leur bonne foi et anticipent les effets négatifs de la faillite sur leur réputation et sur la survie de leur entreprise. Les créanciers utilisent si nécessaire le droit pour forcer les débiteurs à payer, sachant ...
In this paper, we try to measure the impact of the changes in French bankruptcy law in the 19th century focusing on the behaviour of economic agents as users of bankruptcy law for the sake of finding the best solution to their economic problems. Debtors used bankruptcy law in order to minimize their debt level when facing difficulties in servicing it, but they had to convince their creditors and/or the courts of their good faith, and faced the adverse effects of bankruptcy on their reputation and on the smooth functioning of their business. Creditors used bankruptcy law in order to force their debtors to pay, if they could. Judges - who in the French system of specialized commercial courts were elected entrepreneurs - applied the law within a specific economic context (both a specific local context and at a specific moment in the business cycle) which could affect them. The first part of the paper presents the evolution of French bankruptcy law during the 19th century in its historical context. The second part briefly describes the theoretical model we use in order to understand the choices facing debtors and creditors in the face of financial distress. The last part proposes some major stylized facts concerning bankruptcies during that period (based on contemporary official statistics) and tries to understand their relationship with the legal evolution described before. ; Cet article propose une méthode pour évaluer l'impact des changements du droit des faillites sur l'économie en se concentrant sur le comportement des agents utilisant les dispositifs juridiques disponibles pour régler au mieux leurs difficultés. Les débiteurs utilisent le droit des faillites pour minimiser leur niveau de dette lorsqu'ils font face à des difficultés de paiement, mais doivent convaincre les créanciers et les tribunaux de leur bonne foi et anticipent les effets négatifs de la faillite sur leur réputation et sur la survie de leur entreprise. Les créanciers utilisent si nécessaire le droit pour forcer les débiteurs à payer, sachant ...
