Suchergebnisse

The second half of the 19th century finds Sighișoara in a fast economic and social transformation. Obvious steps on the path of modernization had a positive impact upon the Romanian population of the town. The present study highlights that, similar to other towns from Transylvania, here one can witness a diversification of the composition of the Romanian elite. The number of the priests remains high, but there is also a significant percentage of nonclerical elites. To these categories, one needs to add the emergence of a tenuous but increasing craft and commercial elite, which will show signs of exponential growth during the first decades of the 20th century.

Chondoism is a 20th-century Korean pantheistic religion, based on the 19th-century Tonghak movement. Originally, Chondoism was recognized as the national religion of Korea, unlike Buddhism and Christianity. Being a patriotic movement, Chondoism was able to develop itself in North Korea when North Korea was liberated from the Japanese occupation (1910–1945). Despite the nature of the North Korean regime, Chondoism is still present in the North Korean society. Like other religious groups in North Korea, the Chondoist religion today serves political aims in this country as the Chondoist Chongu Party belongs to the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea. On the other side, its influence cannot be neglected when understanding the society of North Korea.

The study presents an analysis of traditional forms of clothing serving for women's veiling in Central Asia in the period from the second half of the 19th century to the 20th century, focusing on its occurrence and importance in both everyday and ceremonial practices. The study addresses particular types of veiling, their common features, and differences related to the manner of wearing, as well as the materials and the decorative designs used. An important part of the study is a catalogue representing individual types of clothing from the above determined period from the museum collections of the Russian Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg and the National Museum – the Náprstek Museum in Prague.

The study presents an analysis of traditional forms of clothing serving for women's veiling in Central Asia in the period from the second half of the 19th century to the 20th century, focusing on its occurrence and importance in both everyday and ceremonial practices. The study addresses particular types of veiling, their common features, and differences related to the manner of wearing, as well as the materials and the decorative designs used. An important part of the study is a catalogue representing individual types of clothing from the above determined period from the museum collections of the Russian Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg and the National Museum – the Náprstek Museum in Prague.

The availability of automatic data analysis tools and large databases have enabled new ways of studying language and communication that were not possible in the pre-information era. Here we apply a quantitative analysis to a large dataset of USA congressional speeches made over a period of 138 years. The analysis reveals that the readability index of congressional speeches increased consistently until the 96th congress, and then started to decline. Congressional speeches have also become more positive over time, and in general express more sentiments compared to speeches made in the 19th century or early 20th century. The analysis also shows statistically significant differences between Democratic and Republican congressional speeches.

Esta pequeña monografía tiene la intención de subrayar algunas notas importantes sobre la conformación de la nación española, en lo que fue un largo proceso de nacionalización que acabó triunfando en las postrimerías del Antiguo Régimen, y que, tras ser llevado a la práctica en los primeros años del siglo XIX, culminaría en el Estado-nación romántico decimonónico. ; This brief paper seeks to emphasize some important notes about the configuration of Spanish nation. It was a large nationalization process that succeeded at the end of the Old Regime and that culminated in the 19th century romantic nation-state after being applied in the early years of this century. ; peerReviewed

In this article, the author examines the history of exclusion and sex-based discrimination against U.S. women workers seeking to join unions established by men. The author describes how groups of women and girls working in fabric mills in the 19th Century took strike action against work speed up and increased production requirements, making demands for higher wages, equal pay with men, improved working conditions, clean water, health care and time off. Then, in the early 20th century, women teachers formed their own unions to gain increased pay and pension plans, and for social justice. These unions continue to the present seeking also social justice and exercising political power.

In late 2017, protesting the ongoing forced slaughter of indigenous reindeer herds in Norway, a young Sámi artist traveled to Oslo to set up a "curtain" of some 400 reindeer skulls in front of the national parliament. The demonstration drew considerable attention, both nationally and internationally, and mobilized a complex range of historical resonances—from the first Sámi protests against the Alta hydroelectric project, half a century earlier, to the vast piles of bison skulls that accumulated during the US campaign against the Plains Indians in the 19th century. Situating the curtain in a context of chronic state violence, indigenous invisibility, and crisis biopolitics, the article examines the multiple apocalyptic logics summoned in the work.

The article of record as published may be found at http://cimsec.org/developing-new-tacticsand-technologies-in-naval-warfare-the-mdusv-example/39436 ; The United States Department of Defense [DoD] and the military services have employed wargaming for well over a century to prepare for war and other operations. The Naval War College first employed naval wargames in the late 19th century at the tactical and strategic levels. During the period between world wars, Plan Orange wargaming at the Naval War College was a key contributor to the strategic plan that led to the defeat of the Japanese Empire in 1945. Since that conflict, wargaming techniques have become widespread within U.S. organizations and throughout the world.

Thailand: Enchantment of the World describes the southeast Asian nation of Thailand with recent photographs, maps, and figures accompanying the text. Graphic and text elements together build a description of Thailand today. History and geography are discussed as is the natural environment and a changing economy. Characteristics important to the establishment of the nation as a 21st century leader in its region are discussed. Students will enjoy a wide and deep range of photographs of Thai peoples, culture, and landforms from early in the 19th century through recent years. This book facilitates students' development of an understanding of the influences contributing to similarities and differences among Thailand and other nations.

The history of professional war gaming is usually understood to have begun around the turn of the 18th to the 19th century and mainly associated with the Prussian Kriegsspiel, with chess-based predecessors traceable down to a game published in 1664 by Christoph Weickmann. Yet already a century before Weickmann and more than two centuries before the invention of the Prussian Kriegsspiel a Hessian nobleman published a game of cards that was intended to be used both for preparing young noblemen for military decision-making and for supporting command and control in the field. It thus may well have been the earliest professional war game of the post-medieval period.

When the world seems poised on the brink of a never ending cycle of terrorism, the present paper polemically explores some of its historical roots. The first anarcho-terrorists in 19th century, fought to improve the working conditions of people. Some of them used violent tools, hosting civilians as targets. Others, convinced by the futility of their efforts to change the order, opted for organizing workers in factories. It is widely accepted that tourism came from the social, political, technological developments in the nineteenth century. We compare terrorist attacks with workers' strikes, because they come from the same developments. We explore the thesis that tourism is terrorism by other means.

2011/2012 ; I studied the relationships between politics and religion around the sites of memory in North Adriatic border region in late modern age. This means that I have discovered how the National tradition developed in German and Austrian culture in 19th century, synthetically defined by G. Mosse's category Nationalization of the Masses, became a foundamental paradigm both in Italian and Slovenian civil religions of the region, until the second half of 20th century. Using both Italian and Slovenian sources, I am trying to analyze the relation of Italian and Slovenian border society with their history and memory, and how these influences had affected public opinion and collective conscience. ; XXV Ciclo ; 1981

The constitutional changes that are taking place in Latin America have meant, for many of these countries, a profound reform (or, sometimes, rupture) in the "Model of Constitutional State" that sustains their democratic systems. 19th century Legislative State (legalism as a legal theory), whose applicability practically extended to the 20th century and beyond, is being substituted on the whole by a Constitutional State configured in the paradigm of neo-constitutionalism, a prototype that we modern democracies are currently operating within. This is the case for Bolivia, wherein the 2009 Constitution established a "Plurinational Constitutional State", with all of the implications that this has meant for the design of the institutional aspect of the country.

Francisco Varela, a leading neurobiologist and cognitive scientist, made a 10‐year‐long incursion into immunology. His in‐depth contributions aimed to develop a systemic description to replace the standard stimulus/response/regulation scaffold that has governed immunology since its inception in the 19th century. Many of these efforts involved expansions of the notions introduced by Niels Jerne in his idiotypic network theory (Jerne, 1974a, 1974b) with the added notion of organizational closure, derived from the autopoietic theory. However, today, just like yesterday, the immunological community remains inclined to neglect these efforts and instead rests satisfied with half‐a‐century old clonal selection concepts (Burnet, 1959). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.